不同结肠息肉内窥镜资料和癌变率的回顾性对比分析

本回顾分析了本院1986年1月至1996年6月经活检、电切及手术病理证实的426例结肠息肉病人，共583枚息肉。结果显示：最常见的为炎性息肉、其次为管状腺瘤；息肉好发部位为直肠和乙状结肠。息肉好发年龄在50—69岁肿瘤性息内的平均年龄较肿瘤样息肉明显为高，而腺瘤癌变平均年龄更高；各种肿瘤性息内和幼年性息肉的直径均较炎性息肉和血吸虫卵性息肉等为大，而腺瘤癌变直径更大；本组病例中发生癌变均为腺瘤性息肉，占腺瘤病人的3．99％，其中管状腺瘤、乳头状腺瘤，混合性腺瘤癌变率分别为1．72“，30“、25％，女性乳头状腺瘤癌变率则高选44．44％。这提示对于年龄较大，息肉直径较大，腺瘤样息内，尤其是乳头状腺瘤及混合性肿瘤应高度警惕其癌变可能，对女性乳头状腺瘤更要特别注意。     

740例结直肠息肉内镜、病理表现和临床特征分析

背景:近年随着生活方式和环境的改变,结直肠癌的发病率逐年上升。结直肠息肉是结直肠癌重要的癌前病变,内镜下早发现、早诊断对防治结直肠癌具有重要意义。目的:探讨结直肠息肉内镜、病理表现和临床特征。方法:纳入2014年1月—2016年6月深圳市第三人民医院的结直肠息肉患者,并对患者的一般资料、内镜下表现、病理类型和癌变情况进行回顾性分析。结果:共检出740例结直肠息肉患者,男女之比为1.75∶1,年龄40岁者559例(75.5%)。70.4%的息肉位于左半结肠,病理类型以炎性息肉(29.0%)、增生性息肉(29.6%)和管状腺瘤(30.3%)为主。38例息肉患者发生癌变,癌变率为5.1%,癌变息肉的类型为管状腺瘤、管状绒毛状腺瘤和绒毛状腺瘤;多数(87.2%)癌变息肉直径1.5 cm,多数(76.9%)癌变息肉位于左半结肠。结论:性别、年龄、病理类型、直径可能对息肉癌变有影响,应高度重视年龄40岁、男性、息肉直径1.5 cm以及病理类型为管状绒毛状腺瘤和绒毛状腺瘤的息肉患者并进行随访。     

老年人结直肠腺瘤性息肉178例临床特点分析

背景:结直肠腺瘤性息肉与结直肠癌关系密切,是重要的癌前病变。目的:分析老年人结直肠腺瘤性息肉的临床特点。方法:选取2011年1月-2014年7月南京医科大学第一附属医院经结肠镜和病理检查证实为结直肠腺瘤性息肉的老年患者178例,对患者的性别、年龄、腺瘤部位、腺瘤大小、病理类型、异型增生、癌变等因素进行回顾性分析。结果:不同性别、年龄、大小的腺瘤分布差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。随着腺瘤直径的增大,管状腺瘤的检出率下降,绒毛-管状腺瘤的检出率增高(P0.01),腺上皮中重度异型增生的发生率增加,腺瘤的癌变率增加(P0.01),且绒毛-管状腺瘤的腺上皮异型增生程度和癌变率明显高于管状腺瘤(P0.01)。结论:随着腺瘤直径的增加,老年腺瘤性息肉患者绒毛-管状腺瘤的发生率、异型增生程度以及腺瘤癌变率均明显增加,早期发现并治疗腺瘤性息肉可有效减少老年结直肠癌的发生。     

结肠息肉与结肠癌的关系

目的探讨结肠腺瘤样息肉与结肠癌的关系．方法本文回顾性总结分析我院1985／1998间进行结肠镜2037例，其中检出腺瘤样息肉86例，检出率为4．22％．息肉高频电切除41例，切除率为47．6％．86例腺瘤样息肉中，男64例，女22例，年龄17岁～81岁结果息肉分布：直肠15例，占17．4％，乙状结肠32例，占37．20％，为多发，与结肠癌好发部位相一致．86例腺瘤样息肉13例癌变，癌变率为15．11％．息肉大小、形态及病理与癌变有明显的关系．腺瘤直径越大，癌变率越高，直径2cm以上的癌变率为61．11％，而1cm～2cm仅占6．06％在形态上无蒂息肉癌变率比例高，占18．6％．表面不光滑呈桑椹式分叶状，癌变率明显增高，达35％，是光滑息肉的四倍．病理上绒毛状腺瘤癌变率高，占35．7％，管状腺瘤癌变率仅占11．26％．腺瘤伴非典型增生与癌变成正相关，重度非典型增生癌变占87．5％．另外，息肉电切后送检病理不容忽视，4例腺瘤样息肉电切后病理为癌变；2例炎性增生性息肉电切后为腺瘤样息肉，1例为直肠类癌．结论结肠腺瘤样息肉与结肠癌有密切的关系，结肠腺瘤的大小、形态、病理类型及异型性增生是癌变的潜在因素，绒毛成分越多，异型性增生越重，体积越大，基底越宽，形态分叶其癌变危险性越高，应及早切除．同时注意电     

结肠息肉的临床特征分析

目的 研究结肠息肉内镜下的形态和病理组织学等临床特征.方法 回顾分析我院消化内镜中心2005年～2007年期间检出的结肠息肉病例,分析息肉的检出率、内镜下息肉形态、病理组织学类型、息肉癌变率、息肉术后复发、新生等情况.结果 633例电子肠镜检查共检出息肉病例138例,检出率为21.80%,以乙状结肠部位息肉数量最多,为52例,检出率8.21%,占息肉构成比37.68%(P<0.01).息肉直径在1～4 cm之间者90例,占息肉构成比65.22%(P<0.01);内镜下表现为有蒂息肉所占的比例(69.18%)明显高于无蒂息肉(P<0.05).从息肉病理组织学上分析,腺瘤性息肉为96例,占息肉构成比69.57%,明显高于增生性息肉(P<0.01);96例腺瘤性息肉中绒毛状腺瘤占62.50%,明显多于管状腺瘤(P<0.05);绒毛状腺瘤的癌变率为40%,明显高于管状腺瘤的16.67%(P<0.05).所有腺瘤性息肉经摘除术后(包括内镜下摘除和外科手术摘除)1年复查肠镜,发现绒毛状腺瘤和管状腺瘤的术后复发率分别为28.33%和8.82%(P<0.05),而新生率接近,分别为65%和88.24%(P>0.05).结论 结肠息肉的好发部位以乙状结肠居多;内镜下息肉大小多数在1～4 cm,以有蒂息肉居多;绒毛状腺瘤的癌变率、摘除术后1年的复发率均高于管状腺瘤,更具有恶变潜能.     

胆囊息肉样病变的癌变危险因素分析

目的探讨胆囊息肉样病变（PLG）的癌变危险因素。方法选择118例行手术治疗且经病理证实的PLG患者,对其临床特征、腹部超声表现及病理类型进行统计分析。结果118例PLG患者中,男女比例为1：2．03,平均年龄46．2岁,临床多无特异性症状;腹部超声诊断PLG的灵敏度为80．5％。PLG以非肿瘤性息肉为主,其中胆固醇性息肉占72．9％;肿瘤性息肉占9．3％,其中癌变1例（癌变率为0．8％）;118例PLG患者的平均息肉直径为7．86rain,息肉直径≥7mm者肿瘤性息肉占90．9％、非肿瘤性息肉占54．2％（P〈0．05）。肿瘤性息肉中单发者占63．6％,非肿瘤性息肉者占24．3％（P〈0．05）。结论PLG以胆固醇性息肉为主;年龄≥50岁、息肉直径≥7mm、单发或腹部超声表现为中低或等回声的PLG癌变可能性较大,应密切随访,观察息肉变化情况,必要时行外科手术治疗。     

大肠息肉与大肠癌的演变关系（附494例分析）

本组息肉患者４９４例，癌变者１０１例，随着息肉的增大，其癌变率也增加。恶变息肉主要分布在直肠（５７．４％），次为乙状结肠（１９．８％）。管状腺瘤瘤体较小，恶变率较低，绒毛型腺瘤瘤体较大，恶变率较高，且呈重度不典型增生多见。单发息肉癌变率１３．１％，２－５个息肉者癌变率２４．４％，６个以上者癌变率３８．０％，腺瘤病１２例全部癌变。息肉癌变时间１至１５年。癌变术后标本病理均见癌旁组织残存良性管状腺瘤或绒毛型腺瘤成份，从组织学上证明了息肉癌变过程。     

结直肠锯齿状腺瘤内镜和病理形态特征分析

目的 探讨锯齿状腺瘤（SA）内镜下形态和病理组织学特征.方法 回顾分析南方医院消化内镜中心2002年1月至2005年7月检出的大肠息肉病例,了解SA的检出率、内镜形态、腺管开口分型和病理组织学特征.结果 11894例肠镜检查共检出息肉病例1928例（2811枚）,检出率为16.21%,其中SA 61例（71枚）,检出率为0.51%,占息肉构成比为3.16%.SA直径＞1 cm者占39.44%,明显大于增生性息肉;内镜下表现为有蒂息肉所占的比例（26.76%）高于增生性息肉（13.25%）,但低于腺瘤性息肉（43.95%）.1815枚息肉进行腺管开口分型,SA多表现为Ⅲ型腺管开口（41.67%）,部分表现为Ⅳ型腺管开口（18.33%）,与腺瘤性息肉较接近.SA中度以上异型增生发生率介于管状腺瘤和绒毛状腺瘤之间,并有2.82%的癌变率.结论 SA内镜形态、腺管开口分型和病理学特点提示其本质上与增生性息肉不同,与肿瘤性息肉表现类似,具有恶变潜能.     

老年人大肠息肉内镜治疗106例

目的:探讨内镜治疗老年人大肠息肉的方法及价值.方法:通过对106例老年人大肠息肉的内镜治疗,研究老年患者大肠息肉的内镜和病理特征以及内镜治疗和随访的体会.结果:106例老年患者男65例,女41例,年龄60-87岁,平均69.4岁,伴随其他器官疾病23例,占21.7%;106例患者中共检出息肉213颗,息肉主要分布在直肠和乙状结肠(64.3%),次为升结肠和回盲部(15%);多发及带蒂息肉分别约占1/3,息肉直径大于2cm占21.1%,息肉与癌并存占11.3%;病理检查癌变率占腺瘤的27.9%,增生性息肉和炎性息肉无一例癌变;癌变的息肉除一例外直径均大于2cm.内镜下治疗手术成功率达100%,术中并发出血一例,并发症发生率占0.9%.术后有72例患者随访,随访率达67.9%,息肉复发率为29.2%,复发的息肉腺瘤.结论:(1)内镜下摘除息肉创伤小,安全有效且能反复应用,特别适合于老年人.本组老年患者有21.3%伴有其他器官疾病,术中均能耐受,术中及术后其合并症无加重现象.(2)息肉分肿瘤性(腺瘤)和非肿瘤性息肉,腺瘤是公认的癌前期病变,老年人大肠息肉以腺瘤居多,本组病例占57.5%,且癌变率高达27.9%,摘除腺瘤打断了腺瘤—腺癌的序贯过程,因此,可有效的降低大肠癌的发生率.(3)本组病例术后随访中息肉复发率为29.2%,复发的息肉中85.7%为腺瘤,且有一例息肉癌变,因此,腺瘤样息肉切除后定期结肠镜复查是很有必要的,他对预防大肠癌的再发生有很重要的作用.(4)我们认为对老年患者在结肠下作息肉摘除术,术前必须处理好其基础疾病合并症,充分的肠道术前准备是手术成功的前题,操作者技术熟练、动作轻柔是手术成功和减少及避免并发症的关键,术后加强护理也是必不可少的条件.     

胃息肉的临床特征总结

目的总结内镜下胃息肉形态学特征、病理类型分布并分析其与幽门螺旋杆菌感染、萎缩性胃炎的相关性.方法回顾我院自1998年至2002年胃镜下确诊胃息肉患者及对照组(慢性胃炎组和消化性溃疡组)的内镜下资料、病理资料、H.prlori相关检查资料(包括尿素酶、病理H-E染色、e呼吸试验、血清H.pylori抗体检测).以SPSS软件进行数据分析.结果51.3%的胃息肉患者年龄在50～70岁之间,山田Ⅰ型息肉占65.6%,64.7%的息肉直径小于0.5cm,炎性息肉占75.9%,腺瘤性息肉仅占1.28%;胃息肉患者中H.pylori的感染率为53.2%,萎缩性胃炎的发生率为8.2%,与对照组相比无显著性差异.结论胃息肉的好发年龄为50～70岁,在形态上以山田Ⅰ型多见,直径多＜0.5cm,病理类型以炎性息肉多见;H.pylori感染与炎性息肉相关;未发现胃息肉患者伴随萎缩性胃炎的发生率增高:腺瘤性息肉的发生率低,胃息肉癌变率低.     

Total colonic polyp diameter: a marker for the risk of malignancy?

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The correlation of the risk of malignancy with the sum of the diameters of small colonic polyps is unknown, and data regarding this topic are lacking. In this study, the relationship between the sum of the diameters of the total number of colonic polyps and poor histopathologic characteristics was examined. METHODS: A total of 920 neoplastic colon polyps were evaluated in 480 patients. The "total polyp diameter" (i.e. the sum of all polyp diameters identified during colonoscopy), which was calculated in each patient by adding the diameter of each polyp to a sum, was categorized as "small" (<10mm in diameter) or "large" (> or =10mm in diameter). The polyps were further categorized by histopathologic component as "unfavorable" or "favorable" and were divided into 2 groups: group 1 (those identified as carci noma, carcinoma in situ, villous adenoma, and tubulovillous adenoma with a villous component of more than 25%) and group 2 (mixed adenomatous polyps with various degrees of hyperplastic or inflammatory components and adenomas with a tubular component of more than 75%). RESULTS: Large polyps that had a total diameter greater than or equal to 10mm tended to have poor histopathologic characteristics (p<0.05). Polyps generally tended to localize in the left portion of the colon, and malignant polyps or those at risk for malignancy in particular tended to localize in the left colon (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Polypectomy is recommended for patients in whom the sum of the diameter of all colonic polyps exceeds 10mm.     

老年人与中青年人大肠息肉临床特点对比研究

目的探索老年人大肠息肉的临床特征。方法收集在上海中医药大学附属曙光医院2006年1月-2019年12月行电子结肠镜检查并且病理证实为大肠息肉的患者1000例,进行回顾性研究,按年龄分为老年组576例,中青年组424例。统计分析老年大肠息肉患者的临床症状、息肉大小、形态、部位、数目、息肉病理分型及其与息肉癌变的相关性,同时与中青年组比较。结果老年组最常见的临床表现为便血或粪隐血阳性(48.1%)及腹胀(45.8%),中青年组主要表现为腹胀(26.7%)和便秘(25.7%);2组患者均以无蒂、多发息肉多见,左半结肠是息肉好发部位;2组均以<2 cm的息肉多见;老年组≥2 cm的息肉多于中青年组(6.2%vs 3.6%,P=0.008);2组病理分型均以管状腺瘤为主,老年组管状绒毛状腺瘤比例高于中青年组(12.6%vs 7.6%,P=0.000);癌变率男女性间无差异;老年组息肉癌变率高于中青年组(9.7%vs 4.7%,P=0.004),左半结肠息肉、无蒂息肉、绒毛状腺瘤、>2 cm息肉癌变率高;老年组<2 cm息肉癌变率高于中青组(2.4%vs 1.0%,P=0.014)。结论腹胀、便血或粪隐血阳性是老年大肠息肉患者常见临床表现,老年患者大肠息肉癌变率高于中青年患者,大肠息肉的癌变率与年龄、息肉大小、部位、病理分型密切相关。     

Diagnostic value of high-resolution micro-endoscopy for the classification of colon polyps

AIM: To study a new imaging equipment, highresolution micro-endoscopy(HRME), in the diagnosis and pathological classification of colon polyps.METHODS: We selected 114 specimens of colon polyps, 30 of which were colon polyps with known pathological types and 84 that were prospective polyp specimens; 10 normal colon mucosa specimens served as controls. We obtained images of 30 colon polyp specimens with known pathological types using HRME and analyzed the characteristics of these images to develop HRME diagnostic criteria for different pathological types of colon polyps. Based on these criteria, we performed a prospective study of 84 colon polyp specimens using HRME and compared the results with those of the pathological examination to evaluate the diagnostic value of HRME in the pathological classification of different types of colon polyps. RESULTS: In the 30 cases of known pathological type of colon polyp samples, there were 21 cases of adenomatous polyps, which comprised nine cases of tubular adenoma, seven cases of villous adenoma and five cases of mixed adenomas. The nine cases of non-adenomatous polyps included four cases of inflammatory polyps and five cases of hyperplastic polyps five. Ten cases of normal colonic mucosa were confirmed pathologically. In a prospective study of 84 cases using HRME, 23 cases were diagnosed as inflammatory polyps, 11 cases as hyperplastic polyps, 18 cases as tubular adenoma, eight cases as villous adenoma and 24 cases as mixed adenomas. After pathological examination, 24 cases were diagnosed as inflammatory polyps, 11 cases as hyperplastic polyps, 19 cases as tubular adenoma, eight cases as villous adenoma and 22 cases as mixed adenomas. Compared with the pathological examinations, the sensitivities, specificities, accuracies, and positive and negative predictive values of HRME in diagnosing inflammatory polyps(87.5%, 96.7%, 94.0%, 91.3% and 95.1%), hyperplastic polyps(72.7%, 95.9%, 92.9%, 72.7% and 95.9%), tubular adenomas(73.7%, 93.8%, 89.3%, 77.8% and 92.4%), villous adenomas(75.0%, 97.4%, 95.2%, 75.0% and 97.4%), and mixed adenomas(75.0%, 93.3%, 88.1%, 81.8% and 90.3%) were relatively high.CONCLUSION: HRME has a relatively high diagnostic value in the pathological classification of colon polyps. Thus, it may be an alternative to confocal microendoscopy in lower-resource or community-based settings.     

The Sentinel Hyperplastic Polyp: A Marker for Synchronous Neoplasia in the Proximal Colon

We prospectively screened 129 asymptomatic subjects (mean age 64 yr) with flexible sigmoidoscopy. Colonoscopy was performed at a later date, regardless of the sigmoidoscopic result. Our intent was 1) to establish the prevalence of proximal neoplasms in patients with and without hyperplastic polyps within reach of the 60-cm sigmoidoscope and 2) to determine whether a distal (sentinel) hyperplastic polyp predicts the presence of synchronous neoplastic polyps higher up in the colon. Our results show that 15% of asymptomatic adult subjects without polyps on sigmoidoscopy have adenomas in proximal colonic segments that can be diagnosed only by colonoscopy. By comparison, proximal neoplasms were detected in 32% (p less than 0.05) and 37% (p less than 0.05) of patients when hyperplastic or adenomatous polyps, respectively, were present on the sigmoidoscopic examination. This finding suggests that a distal (sentinel) hyperplastic polyp by itself may be a marker for neoplastic polyps in proximal colonic segments. Also, the "index" adenoma and "sentinel" hyperplastic polyp may be equivalent for predicting the presence of proximal neoplasms. The observed detection rates for these polyps were both significantly higher than expected when compared to patients who did not have polyps in the distal colon or rectum. If these results can be confirmed by a larger prospective trial, then full colonoscopy for detection of proximal neoplasms may be indicated when either an index adenoma or sentinel hyperplastic polyp is detected by sigmoidoscopy.     

Hyperplastic Colonic Polyps as a Marker for Adenomatous Colonic Polyps

Hyperplastic colonic polyps are generally regarded as being of little or no clinical consequence. Recently, however, hyperplastic polyps have been found to share numerous functional similarities with colorectal carcinoma. To determine whether the presence of an isolated left-sided colonic hyperplastic (metaplastic) polyp could serve as a marker for more proximal synchronous adenomatous colonic polyps, we retrospectively analyzed all consecutive colonoscopic polypectomies performed over an 18-month period at two medical centers. It is the policy at both institutions to remove or biopsy all polyps, regardless of size. Indications for colonoscopy included known or previous colonic polyps or carcinoma, hemoccult positive stool, lower gastrointestinal bleeding, iron deficiency anemia, abnormal barium enema, inflammatory bowel disease, abdominal pain, and family history of colon cancer. The location of adenomatous polyps and hyperplastic polyps was recorded and compared. One hundred sixty-three of 845 consecutive patients (19.3%) had at least one colonic polyp. The prevalence of adenomatous polyps alone was 10.3%, hyperplastic polyps 9%, and both types 1.9%. The prevalence rate for an adenomatous polyp in patients without a hyperplastic polyp was 15%. In contrast, among patients with a hyperplastic polyp, 49% had a synchronous adenomatous polyp. Only 3.4% of patients had an adenomatous polyp proximal to the splenic flexure when no polyps were present in the left colon. Conversely, among the 29 patients in whom an isolated hyperplastic polyp was found in the left colon, there was a 32.5% prevalence of adenomatous polyps in the proximal colon (p less than 0.01). The results of this study suggest that left-sided hyperplastic colonic polyps (generally within the reach of a screening sigmoidoscopy) serve as a marker for neoplastic polyps.     

Study on Small Colorectal Polyps and Early Cancers

Abstract: We investigated the histopathological features of polyps with a diameter of less than 5 mm that had been resected by a snare or hot-biopsy (1, 357 lesions in 712 patients), and considered the problems associated with these techniques. 67.7% of the polyps were adenomas, 15.5% were metaplastic polyps, 0.6% were colon cancers, and 0.1% were carcinoids. Eighty percent of the polyps situated on the oral side of the descending colon were adenomas. Although adenomas occurred somewhat more frequently in the sigmoid colon, they tended to be distributed evenly throughout the entire colon. The reddened color of the surface of the polyps tended to accompany adenomas, while a whitish surface color was frequently associated with metaplastic polyps. Multiple polyps occurred in 57% of the patients and 33.7% of the patients had a large polyp with a diameter of more than 6 mm. In six out of eight cases of cancer the cancers were limited to the mucosa (m), the other 2 were submucosal invaded carcinomas. One of these cases was a depressd type of cancer and the other lesions were classified as being elevated type polyps. The elevated type of diminutive early colorectal carcinoma with a diameter of less than 5 mm was difficult to distinguish endoscopically from benign polyps, so we recommended that small colonic polyps should be removed when encountered during a colonoscopy.     

Narrow-band imaging colonoscopy--a pilot feasibility study for the detection of polyps and correlation of surface patterns with polyp histologic diagnosis

BACKGROUND: Colonoscopy is the preferred screening method for colorectal cancer. However, it has a substantial miss rate for colon polyps, and several techniques have been attempted to improve this limitation. Narrow-band imaging (NBI) is a novel technology that enhances the visualization of surface mucosal and vascular patterns. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the detection rate of additional polyps by NBI after removal of polyps visualized by standard white light colonoscopy (WLC) and to correlate the surface mucosal and vascular patterns with polyp histologic diagnosis. DESIGN: This was a prospective pilot feasibility study. SETTING: Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center. PATIENTS: Subjects referred for screening colonoscopy were prospectively enrolled. METHODS: Subjects underwent colonoscopy after enrollment. After intubation of the cecum, colonic segments were sequentially examined, initially with WLC with removal of polyps followed by re-examination of the same segment with NBI. Additional polyps seen with NBI were photographed for their surface patterns and then removed. The total number of polyps visualized by WLC and NBI was calculated and the surface patterns were then correlated with polyp histologic features. RESULTS: Forty patients were enrolled in the study, all men, 32 white. The mean age was 62 years. A total of 72 polyps were detected by WLC (43 tubular adenoma, 28 hyperplastic polyps), whereas NBI detected an additional 51 polyps, of which 29 were tubular adenomas and 22 were hyperplastic. Five different surface/vascular patterns were observed: fine capillary network with absent mucosal pattern, circular pattern with dots, round/oval pattern, tubular pattern, and gyrus pattern. The sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy of the first two patterns for hyperplastic polyps were 86%, 96%, and 92%, respectively, and of the latter three patterns for tubular adenomas were 96%, 86%, and 92%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study demonstrates the feasibility of polyp detection and histologic correlation with NBI. These findings need to be confirmed in future randomized controlled trials.     

Frequency of polyps in patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer

INTRODUCTION: Epidemiologic and molecular biologic studies have already demonstrated that adenomatous colonic polyps are precancerous diseases. The main indication of the colonoscopy in the surveillance of colorectal cancer treated patients is the diagnosis and resection of adenomatous polyps. AIM: To study the frequency of adenomatous polyps after surgically resection of colorectal cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty eight patients, mean age 59 years old, with total resection of colorectal cancer, submitted to various colonoscopies during the follow up were studied retrospectively. The histological type and the characteristics of the polyp were described. RESULTS: The frequency of polyps was 18%, being higher in the patients with more than 45 years (20%). The site of the polyps was in the left colon in 38% of the patients with cancer. The histological type of adenomas was tubular in 61%, villous in 22% and mixed in 17%. DISCUSSION: As described by other authors, the incidence of polyps were higher after 45 years old and more than a half of them were tubular. The frequency of polyps was higher in the first two years of follow up.     

Efficacy, risk factors and complications of endoscopic polypectomy： Ten year experience at a single center

AIM： To examine the efficacy and complications of colonoscopic resection of colorectal polypoid lesions. METHODS： We retrospectively reviewed 1354 polypectomies performed on 1038 patients over a ten- year period. One hundred and sixty of these were performed for large polyps, those measuring ≥ 20 mm. Size, shape, location, histology, the technique of polypectomy used, complications, drugs assumption and associated intestinal or extra intestinal diseases were analyzed. For statistical analysis, the Pearson χ2 test, NPC test and a Binary Logistic Regression were used. RESULTS： The mean patient age was 65.9 ± 12.4 years, with 671 men and 367 women. The mean size of polyps removed was 9.45 ± 9.56 mm while the size of large polyps was 31.5 ± 10.8 mm. There were 388 pedunculated and 966 sessile polyps and the most common location was the sigmoid colon （41.3%）. The most frequent histology was tubular adenoma （55.9%） while for the large polyps was villous （92/160 -57.5%）. Coexistent malignancy was observed in 28 polyps （2.1%） and of these, 20 were large polyps. There were 17 procedural bleeding （1.3%） and one perforation. The statistical analysis showed that cancer is correlated to polyp size （P 〈 0.0001）; sessile shape （P 〈 0.0001） and bleeding are correlated to cardiac disease （P = 0.034）, tubular adenoma （P = 0.016） and polyp size.CONCLUSION： The endoscopic resection is a simple and safe procedure for removing colon rectal neoplastic lesions and should be considered the treatment of choice for large colorectal polyps. The polyp size is an important risk factor for malignancy and for bleeding.     

Treatment of colonic polyps--practical considerations

The adenomatous colonic polyp, a neoplastic lesion, is the precursor of most if not all carcinomas of the colon and rectum. Confirmatory evidence is derived from epidemiological, histological and clinical data demonstrating a close parallelism between adenomas and cancer of the colon. Based on current knowledge, all colonic polyps should be removed to prevent the development of colonic cancer. However, since the risk of malignancy within an adenoma is related to its size, histology and the degree of dysplasia, practical considerations dictate that all polyps 1 cm in diameter or larger should be removed upon their detection by barium enema or colonoscopy since such adenomas are the ones most likely to contain malignancy. The endoscopic removal of colon polyps can be efficiently and safely accomplished when established principles of colonoscopy and electrosurgery are followed. This technique requires the proper equipment, a skilled endoscopy assistant, and an experienced endoscopist with the ability to adeptly perform colonoscopy, an understanding of the basic concepts of electrocautery and knowledge of the various structural configurations of colonic polyps. Colonoscopic polypectomy will avoid the need for surgical resection in most instances. Management of the malignant colonic polyp remains controversial. The patient with a sessile or pseudo-pedunculated polyp containing invasive cancer should undergo colonic resection. Surgery is not necessary for the majority of patients whose pedunculated adenomas contain invasive cancer, unless the malignancy is poorly differentiated, the cancer invades lymphatics or vascular channels, or tumour is seen at or near the resection margin. Surveillance colonoscopy after endoscopic polypectomy should be performed in most instances within one year to look for recurrent tumour, missed polyps or a metachronous adenoma. Subsequently, colonoscopy should be performed every two years in patients with multiple index polyps, and every three years after removal of a single index adenoma.