梗阻性结直肠癌导管减压后3D腹腔镜与开腹手术的疗效比较

目的:比较梗阻性结直肠癌导管减压后行3D腹腔镜与开腹根治术的疗效。方法:回顾性分析2011年5月—2013年6月96例行手术治疗的梗阻性结直肠癌患者资料,所有患者术前均行肠梗阻导管置入减压,然后50例行3D腹腔镜下行结直肠癌根治术3D(腹腔镜手术组),46例行传统开腹结直肠癌根治手术(开腹手术组),比较两组患者的相关临床指标。结果:两组患者术前资料具有可比性;腹腔镜手术组平均手术时间长于开腹手术组(5.9 h vs.5.2 h,P0.05),平均总住院费用高于开腹手术组(3.3万元vs.2.7万元,P0.05),但平均术后排气时间(2.4 d vs.3.0 d,P0.05)、留置尿管时间(2.7 d vs.3.9 d,P0.05)、住院时间(15.2 d vs.23.8 d,P0.05)均明显短于开腹手术组;两组患者术后吻合口瘘、切口感染、腹腔脓肿和肠梗阻发生率差异均无统计学差异(均P0.05);两组患者3年无瘤生存率无统计学差异(80.0%vs.82.6%,P=0.744)。结论:3D腹腔镜手术治疗导管减压后梗阻性结直肠癌术后恢复快,且围手术期并发症与预后方面与开腹手术相似,可作为梗阻性结直肠癌治疗的手术方式。     

腹腔镜与开腹结直肠癌根治术近期疗效对比

目的分析对比腹腔镜与开腹结直肠癌根治术的近期疗效。方法回顾性分析我院2010年1月~2013年10月收治的120例结直肠癌患者的临床资料,其中腹腔镜手术组62例,开腹手术组58例。观察对比两组患者手术时间、出血量、肠蠕动时间、平均住院时间、术后恢复情况及并发症情况,并对肿瘤根治的有效性及安全性给予分析。结果两组患者均成功完成手术,无死亡病例。腹腔镜手术组手术时间长于开腹手术组(P0.05);术中出血量、术后引流量少于开腹手术组(P0.05);切口长度短于开腹手术组(P0.05);排气时间及住院时间短于开腹手术组(P0.05)。腹腔镜手术组术后并发症发生率为4.8%,明显低于开腹手术组的17.2%(P0.05)。结论腹腔镜根治性治疗结直肠癌是一种安全、微创、有效的手术方式,近期疗效满意,且具有创伤小、疼痛轻、恢复快、住院时间短等优点,值得临床广泛推广应用。     

腹腔镜及开腹结直肠癌根治术的临床对比

目的:比较腹腔镜和传统开腹结直肠癌根治术的临床疗效.方法:回顾性分析由同一手术组完成的45例腹腔镜下结直肠癌根治术和同期49例开腹结直肠癌根治术患者的临床资料对比两组的手术安全性、手术时间、出血量、术后恢复、肿瘤根治性随访结果.结果:两组均无严重并发症,均无手术死亡病例.腹腔镜组在术中失血、术后恢复、住院时间、术后止痛药剂量、并发症发生率、进食时间明显优于开腹组(P＜0.05),但在切除标本中淋巴结个数与开腹组无差统计学异(p＞0.05).结论:腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术创伤小、术后恢复快、安全可靠.     

腹腔镜下D3淋巴结清扫联合盆底自主神经保留术在直肠癌患者中应用的疗效及安全性

目的分析腹腔镜下D3淋巴结清扫联合盆底自主神经保留术在直肠癌患者中应用的安全性及疗效。方法对2015年3月至2016年10月期间彭州市人民医院胃肠外科收治的73例行保留盆底自主神经的直肠癌D3淋巴结清扫术患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,根据手术方式分为腹腔镜手术组(38例)和开腹手术组(35例),比较2组患者术中及术后的相关指标,同时比较2组男性患者术前及术后1个月时的排尿和性功能情况。结果 (1)2组患者的性别、年龄、肿瘤直径、TNM分期及肿瘤部位比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)腹腔镜手术组的手术时间要明显长于开腹手术组(P0.05),但是腹腔镜手术组的术中出血量明显少于开腹手术组(P0.05),2组患者的淋巴结清扫数目比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。(3)腹腔镜手术组的肛门恢复排气时间和住院时间均明显短于开腹手术组(P0.05)。腹腔镜手术组患者术后感染、肠粘连及肠梗阻并发症发生率明显低于开腹手术组(P0.05)。(4)2组内男性患者术后IPSS评分均较术前明显升高(P0.05)、IIEF-5评分均较术前明显下降(P0.05),但是2组男性患者术前及术后1个月时的IPSS及IIEF-5评分比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论从本组有限的病例初步得出,腹腔镜下D3淋巴结清扫联合盆底自主神经保留术在直肠癌患者中应用是安全、有效的,相对于传统开腹手术能减轻手术创伤,降低术后并发症发生率,促进术后康复和愈合。     

腹腔镜结直肠癌手术与开放手术远期疗效的对比研究

目的 比较腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术与开腹手术的远期临床疗效.方法系统性回顾分析2008年1月至2011年1月5年间在本院行结直肠癌根治性手术的80例患者的临床资料,根据其手术方式分为腹腔镜手术组和开腹手术组,每组40例,比较两组患者的一般资料、手术时间、手术出血量、淋巴结数目、肛门排气时间、术后住院时间、术后并发症及术后无瘤生存率.结果腹腔镜组和开腹手术组相比较,出血量（120ml vs 150 ml）、肛门排气时间（3.5天vs 4.5天）、术后住院时间（13天 vs 15天）,腹腔镜组优于开腹手术组（P〈0.05）;两组手术时间（210分钟 vs 200分钟）、淋巴结数目（10 vs 9）及术后并发症发生率（22% vs 26%）差异无统计学意义;腹腔镜组术后5年无瘤生存率为60.5%,开腹手术组为50.5%,两组之间的差异无统计学意义.结论腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术与开腹手术的远期疗效差异无统计学意义,腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术有望成为结肠癌的手术治疗的标准术式,值得推广使用.     

腹腔镜胃癌手术的相关并发症及影响因素

目的：探讨腹腔镜胃癌手术的手术并发症的预防及处理办法。 方法：回顾性分析2009年1月—2013年6月197例接受腹腔镜胃癌根治术（腹腔镜组）和同期275例接受常规胃癌根治术患者（开腹组）的临床资料。比较两组的手术并发症发生率,并分析腹腔镜胃癌手术并发症的影响因素。 结果：腹腔镜组手术并发症发生率和传统的开腹组差异无统计学意义（10.66% vs. 10.55%,P>0.05）。患者年龄、术前合并症、淋巴结转移程度、手术时间、术者经验等腹腔镜胃癌手术并发症的影响因素（均P<0.05）。 结论：腹腔镜胃癌手术的手术并发症的发生与多种因素有关,应注意结合相关因素、患者实际情况制定相应的预防和干预策略。     

不同年龄直肠癌患者行腹腔镜与行开腹根治术的比较

目的 探讨腹腔镜直肠癌根治术在不同年龄患者中受益程度的差别.方法 从2008年1月至2009年3月期间我院对76例患者行直肠癌根治术,大于70岁的老年组34例,其中行腹腔镜根治术16例,开腹根治术18例;小于70岁的中青年组42例,其中行腹腔镜根治术23例,开腹根治术19例.对这2组患者围手术期的各项数据进行回顾性分析,并分别比较2组行腹腔镜与开腹根治术的差异.结果 2组均无手术死亡病例;在术后通气、进食及住院时间方面,2组中的腹腔镜根治术患者均明显短于开腹根治术患者(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);术中出血量及术后镇痛比例也更少(P＜0.01);在平均手术时间及淋巴结清扫数目方面两种手术之间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).在中青年组,除切口感染率LR明显低于OR(P＜0.05)外,在并发症发生率和术后生活自理比例方面,腹腔镜根治术与开腹根治术患者比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);而在老年组,腹腔镜根治术患者的各项并发症发生率均明显低于开腹根治术患者(P＜0.05),而术后生活自理比例则显著增高(P＜0.01).结论 腹腔镜下直肠癌根治术可以安全地用于老年及中青年患者.相比较而言,在术后并发症发生率及术后生活质量方面,老年直肠癌患者接受腹腔镜根治术的获益则显得更加明显,腹腔镜根治术对于老年直肠癌患者可能有更好的应用前景.     

基层医院腹腔镜直肠癌根治术后并发症影响因素分析

目的:分析腹腔镜直肠癌根治术后并发症及其相关影响因素。方法:回顾分析2012年9月至2019年9月97例行腹腔镜直肠癌根治术患者的临床资料,分析其并发症发生情况及相关因素。结果:97例行腹腔镜直肠癌根治术,19例(19.6%)术后发生并发症。分析结果显示,患者性别、体质量指数、术前合并症、肿瘤位置、肿瘤大小及术者经验与腹腔镜直肠癌根治术后并发症的发生有关;Logistic回归分析结果显示,患者性别、术前合并症、肿瘤位置、术者经验是术后并发症发生的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论:腹腔镜直肠癌根治术的并发症与多种因素有关,应注意提高术者手术技巧,结合相关因素、患者情况制定相应的预防与干预措施。     

低位直肠癌腹腔镜治疗临床分析

目的探讨低位直肠癌腹腔镜规范化治疗效果。方法回顾性分析2013年6月到2015年9月行手术治疗的低位直肠癌患者134例,根据手术方式将患者分为腹腔镜组(75例)和开腹组(59例),用SPSS 16.0统计软件进行数据分析,术中术后恢复指标用(±s)表示,两组间差异比较采用t检验;并发症发生率和术后随访结果以(%)表示,卡方检验用于两组间差异比较;P0.05有统计学差异意义。结果腹腔镜组的术中出血量、切口长度均低于开腹组(P0.05);腹腔镜组的手术时间、手术切缘距齿状线距离高于开腹组(P0.05);腹腔镜组术后肛门排气时间、术后进流食时间、术后自主下床时间、住院时间均低于开腹组,且差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。腹腔镜组术后并发症发生率5.3%(4例)显著低于开腹组16.9%(10例),且差异具有统计学意义(χ2=4.762,P0.05);腹腔镜组术后随访3年无瘤生存率(71例,93.3%)高于开腹组(49例,81.3%),且差异具有统计学意义(χ2=4.505,P0.05)。结论腹腔镜下低位直肠癌根治术的近期和远期疗效均好于开腹手术。     

腹腔镜和开腹手术治疗局部复发直肠癌的疗效分析

目的 比较腹腔镜和开腹手术治疗局部复发直肠癌的手术疗效.方法 回顾性分析由同一手术组医师施行的38例腹腔镜与70例开腹切除术治疗局部再发直肠癌患者的临床资料,并进行比较.结果 腹腔镜组和开腹手术组患者术前在年龄、性别、肿瘤分期方面差异均无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).腹腔镜组的术中出血量、术后止痛剂用量、切口感染数明显少于开腹组(均P＜0.05).腹腔镜组与开腹手术组并发症发生率分别为23.7％和32.9％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 腹腔镜手术治疗局部复发性直肠癌安全有效,与开腹手术相比创伤更小,恢复快,值得临床推广应用.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.