特利加压素联合埃索美拉唑治疗肝硬化上消化道出血患者肝静脉压力梯度的变化

目的比较奥曲肽和特利加压素分别联合埃索美拉唑治疗肝硬化上消化道出血患者的止血效果及对肝静脉压力梯度(HVPG)的影响。方法将73例肝硬化并发上消化道出血患者随机分为对照组36例和观察组37例,分别给予醋酸奥曲肽或特利加压素联合埃索美拉唑治疗,比较两组患者止血效果,检测肝静脉游离压(FHVP)、肝静脉锲入压(WHVP)及WHVP变化情况。结果治疗后1 w,两组止血率无明显差异(P0.05),观察组RBC、Hb和血肌酐水平差异无统计学意义(P0.05);与治疗前比,治疗后5~30 min两组FHVP、WHVP和HVPG均明显降低(P0.05),治疗后5 min观察组HVPG[(9.0±2.1)mm Hg]明显高于对照组[(7.4±1.2)mm Hg],10 min、20 min和30 min观察组HVPG[(6.0±0.9)mm Hg、(5.4±0.8)mm Hg、(5.3±1.1)mm Hg]明显低于对照组[(8.1±1.6)mm Hg、(7.8±1.5)mm Hg、(7.2±1.4)mm Hg](P0.05);观察组不良反应发生率为8.11%,对照组为19.44%,但两组间无明显差异(P0.05)。结论奥曲肽和特利加压素治疗肝硬化上消化道出血患者临床效果较好,奥曲肽可以快速降低HVPG,但作用时间短,特利加压素起效相对较晚,但作用时间长,持续降压效果较好。     

特利加压素消化道出血中的临床应用观察

目的探讨特利加压素在消化道出血的临床应用观察。方法选取我院2015~2016年收治的患有肝硬化及上消化道出血的患者60例,将这60例患者随机分为A组和B组,A组患者给予兰索拉唑、白眉蛇毒血凝酶、生长抑素进行治疗,B组在A组患者治疗的基础上给予特利加压素进行治疗,观察两组患者在临床上的效果以及消化道的止血情况。结果经过3天治疗后,A组患者的总效率为83.33%,B组患者的总效率为96.67%,B组总效率明显高于A组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。A组患者治疗后不良反应的发生率为16.67%,B组患者治疗后不良反应的发生率为3.33%,B组明显优于A组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对于患有肝硬化及上消化道出血的患者,给予兰索拉唑、白眉蛇毒血凝酶、生长抑素和特利加压素进行治疗,能够得到显著的疗效,且治疗后不良反应的发生率大大地降低,值得临床上应用。     

特利加压素与加倍剂量奥曲肽对肝硬化患者肝静脉压力梯度影响的比较

目的比较特利加压素与加倍剂量奥曲肽降低肝硬化患者肝静脉压力梯度(HVPG)的疗效。方法选取2014年6月~(-2)015年3月于山东大学附属省立医院确诊为肝硬化合并食管胃底静脉曲张的患者41例,随机分为特利加压素组(A组,n=22)和奥曲肽组(B组,n=19)。A组静脉推注特利加压素2 mg;B组静脉推注奥曲肽100μg,后以50μg/h维持静脉输注。分别于给药前及给药后10、20、30 min测定HVPG,观察2组患者用药前后HVPG降低幅度以及血压、心率变化情况。计量资料2组间比较采用t检验,计数资料2组间比较使用χ~2检验或Fisher确切概率法。结果给药前及给药10、20、30 min后,HVPG在A组由(18.86±5.66)mm Hg降至(16.75±5.54)、(16.14±5.43)、(15.25±5.93)mm Hg;B组由(19.91±6.68)mm Hg降至(16.58±5.86)、(17.03±6.14)、(17.66±6.09)mm Hg;每组给药后各时间点与治疗前比较差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为4.010、6.413、5.134、5.533、5.741、4.017,P值均0.05);但2组患者用药后HVPG降低幅度差异无统计学意义。2组患者用药后均出现不同程度心率降低和血压升高,A组心率下降幅度[(16.13±9.28)%]显著大于B组[(3.35±6.34)%],差异有统计学意义(t=-5.062,P0.001);A组血压升高幅度[(17.06±8.11)%]显著大于B组[(11.70±7.76)%],差异有统计学意义(t=2.178,P=0.037)。结论特利加压素与加倍剂量奥曲肽均能有效降低肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张患者HVPG,且随时间延长,特利加压素降低HVPG幅度更明显,但特利加压素对患者心率及血压影响更大。     

肝硬化消化道出血及出血后并发症治疗的临床研究

目的通过比较特利加压素联合急诊内镜及生长抑素联合急诊内镜治疗上消化道出血及出血后并发症的疗效,探讨肝硬化消化道出血及出血后并发症治疗的方法,分析可能的机制。方法纳入因肝硬化上消化道大出血急诊入住上海市公共卫生临床中心患者共128例,分为特利加压素联合急诊内镜组(60例)和生长抑素联合内镜组(68例)。入院后完善相关检查,给予基础治疗,及时行内镜下食管胃底静脉曲张套扎及"三明治"治疗,分别在内镜治疗前后给予特利加压素或生长抑素。观察治疗后患者的再出血情况、血压、24h尿量、肝肾功能及药物不良反应等。整理资料并进行统计学分析,计量资料组间比较采用t检验,计数资料组间比较采用χ2检验。结果两组患者经急诊内镜和药物治疗后均成功止血(100%),术后3d内均未出现再出血,止血效果相比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。特利加压素和生长抑素都能在一定程度上改善肝硬化出血后患者的血压(治疗前血压分别为72.70±18.00mmHg和75.00±17.50mmHg,治疗后分别为98.90±10.40 mmHg和88.80±9.60 mmHg;治疗前后比较P0.05)、增加尿量(治疗前尿量分别为270.0±115.0mL/24h和278.0±130.0mL/24h,治疗后分别为1 200.0±450.0mL/24h和730.0±310.0mL/24h;治疗前后比较P0.05)、改善肝肾功能(治疗前ALT分别为85.68±47.64U/L和93.14±50.12U/L,治疗后分别为57.52±27.21U/L和70.21±31.33U/L;治疗前后比较P0.05)、减少胸腹水(治疗前后腹水减少患者比例分别为46.9%和17.1%;差异有统计学意义,P0.05);两组间比较,特利加压素维持血压、改善肝肾功能、增加尿量、减轻胸腹水疗效优于生长抑素。特利加压素相较于生长抑素更容易使患者发生腹泻(两组腹泻发生率分别为16.6%和4.4%,差异有统计学意义),但通过减慢滴速或减少用量能够缓解,并未发生危重的不良反应。结论特利加压素联合急诊内镜与生长抑素联合急诊内镜治疗消化道出血效果相同,多环套扎治疗食管静脉曲张出血的良好疗效可重复。在内镜治疗成功的基础上,两种药物对于出血后伴发的多种并发症均有一定的疗效,但特利加压素带来的益处更大,能达到改善肝硬化患者多种并发症的作用。     

生长抑素与特利加压素对乙型肝炎肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张出血患者的止血效果及短期预后分析

目的分析生长抑素与特利加压素对乙型肝炎肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张出血(esophagogastric varicealbleeding,EVB)患者的止血效果及对短期预后的影响。方法采用回顾性队列研究,通过电子病历系统收集2014年1月至2017年3月在解放军总医院第五医学中心诊断为乙型肝炎肝硬化上消化道出血患者的临床资料、实验室数据及随访资料。根据纳入排除标准确定最终入组患者。根据使用止血药的不同分为生长抑素组和特利加压素组,比较两组患者止血药的平均使用时间,24 h、48 h和72h停药率,住院期间再出血率、病死率及不良反应发生率。通过单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析影响止血效果的独立有利因素。结果本研究共纳入181例乙型肝炎肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张出血患者,其中生长抑素组98例,特利加压素组83例。特利加压素组患者的止血药使用时间显著短于生长抑素组[(62.01±4.12)h vs(116.60±4.75)h],差异有统计学意义(t=8.514,P 0.001)。生长抑素组和特利加压素组患者24 h内止血药停药率[3.1%(3/98)vs 9.6%(8/83)]差异无统计学意义(χ~2=3.406,P=0.065),特利加压素组患者48 h内停药率[48.2%(40/83)vs 7.1%(7/98)]和72 h内停药率[74.7%(62/83)vs 14.3%(14/98)]均显著高于生长抑素组,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=39.392,P 0.001;χ~2=67.335,P 0.001)。生长抑素组与特利加压素组患者住院期间病死率[11.2%(11/98)vs3.6%(3/83)]和住院期间再出血率[11.2%(11/98)vs 6.0%(5/83)]差异无统计学意义(χ~2=3.647,P=0.056;χ~2=1.508,P=0.219)。多因素Logistic回归分析表明特利加压素为影响72 h内止血效率的独立有利因素(OR=18.666,95%CI:8.214～42.419),P 0.001)。特利加压素组患者腹泻[9.6%(8/83)vs1.0%(1/98)]、腹痛[8.4%(7/83)vs1.0%(1/98)]发生率显著高于生长抑素,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=5.358,P=0.021;χ~2=4.223,P=0.040),而血压升高[3.6%(3/83)vs 0.0%(0/98)]、顽固性低钠血症[2.4%(2/83)vs 0.0%(0/98)]及严重窦性心动过缓[1.2%(1/83)vs 0.0%(0/98)]发生率的差异无统计学意义(P值分别为0.095、0.209、0.459)。结论特利加压素在止血方面具有明显优势,可作为乙型肝炎肝硬化EVB的一线治疗药物,有助于缩短临床住院时间,提高生存率,改善预后。     

特利加压素治疗肝肾综合征疗效分析及不良反应研究

目的观察特利加压素治疗肝肾综合征（HRS）的近远期疗效及不良反应。方法将42例患者随机分为两组：A 组22例为基础治疗联合特利加压素;B 组20例为基础治疗。观察治疗期间患者临床症状、尿量、肌酐、平均动脉压及血钠等指标。结果与 B 组比较,A 组患者治疗后临床症状明显改善,尿量增加（P ＜0．01）,平均动脉压上升（P ＜0．01）,血肌酐值下降（P ＜0．01）,但两种治疗方案对血钠的影响差异无统计学意义（P ＞0．05）。A 组出现相关不良反应（房性期前收缩、痉挛性腹痛、水样泻等）,而 B 组无明显不良反应发生。A 组患者生存期较 B 组明显延长（P ＜0．05）,特别是Ⅱ型 HRS 患者的生存期延长更明显（P ＜0．01）。结论特利加压素治疗HRS 有明显的疗效优势,同时也有一定的不良反应,但通常发生的不良反应较为轻微,并且能较明显改善 HRS 患者的生存期。     

生长抑素与奥曲肽联合兰索拉唑治疗急性上消化道曲张静脉破裂出血的疗效比较

目的观察比较生长抑素与奥曲肽联合兰索拉唑治疗急性上消化道曲张静脉破裂出血的临床疗效。方法将2010年6月至2014年6月收治的118例急性上消化道曲张静脉破裂出血患者随机分为观察组和对照组,对照组在常规治疗基础上给予生长抑素联合兰索拉唑治疗,观察组给予奥曲肽联合兰索拉唑治疗,观察记录治疗前后患者止血时间、住院时间、治疗效果及不良反应。结果观察组治疗总有效率为93.22%,明显高于对照组的76.27%(P0.05);观察组的止血时间[(1.48±0.47)d]和住院时间[(2.87±0.65)d]明显少于对照组的止血时间[(2.42±0.63)d]和住院时间[(4.12±0.89)d],差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);同时,治疗后观察组患者胃液p H值明显高于对照组(P0.05);两组不良反应发生率无明显差异(P0.05)。结论奥曲肽联合兰索拉唑治疗急性上消化道曲张静脉破裂出血疗效确切,能缩短患者的止血时间和住院时间,具有良好的临床应用价值,值得推广使用。     

早期应用抗生素对肝硬化上消化道出血患者自发性细菌性腹膜炎发生的影响

目的 评估早期应用抗生素对肝硬化上消化道出血患者自发性细菌性腹膜炎发生的影响.方法 将120例肝硬化上消化道出血患者随机分为抗生素预防性使用组(A组)和对照组(B组),两组均给予常规止血、输血等治疗,A组患者入院后另给予喹诺酮类或头孢三代抗生素治疗,疗程为1周.比较两组SBP发生率和死亡率间的差异.结果 A组患者SBP的发生率为21.67%,B组SBP的发生率为48.33%.两组比较差异有显著性(P＜0.05);A组死亡率为13.33%,B组死亡率为28.33%,两组比较差异有显著性(P＜0.05).结论 对于肝硬化上消化道出血患者,预防性使用抗生素,可以明显降低SBP的发生率,同时也能降低死亡率.     

特利加压素对肝硬化合并急性上消化道出血患者肾功能的影响

正肾功能不全是肝硬化合并急性上消化道出血(AUGIB)患者的严重并发症。特利加压素是急性静脉曲张出血和肝肾综合征的一线治疗选择。本研究旨在评估特利加压素对肝硬化合并AUGIB患者肾功能的影响。来自我国沈阳北部战区总医院(原沈阳军区总医院)的Zhang等回顾性分析了2016年1月-2018年6月期间由1名主治医师应用特利加压素治疗的40例肝硬化合并AUGIB患者。分析了特利加压素用药期间和停药后胱抑素C     

特利加压素联合生长抑素治疗肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血疗效观察

目的 观察特利加压素联合生长抑素治疗肝硬化并发食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血（EGVB）患者的临床疗效及不良反应。方法 67例肝硬化并发EGVB患者被随机分为两组,32例对照组在对症支持治疗的基础上加用生长抑素治疗,35例观察组在对照组治疗基础上加用特利加压素联合生长抑素治疗。结果 观察组患者28例（80.0%）止血,3例（8.6%）再出血,4例（11.4%）,对照组则分别为21例（65.6%）、7例（21.9%）和8例（25.0%,P<0.05）;观察组输血量为（3.8±2.2） U,对照组则为（5.9±2.7） U。结论 特利加压素联合生长抑素治疗肝硬化并发EGVB患者疗效优于单用生长抑素,且具有较好的安全性。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.