肝衰竭大鼠胃窦胆碱能和氮能神经分布的变化分析

目的观察肝衰竭大鼠胃排空及胃窦肌间神经丛胆碱能和氮能神经的变化。方法 40只Wistar大鼠随机分为肝衰竭模型组和对照组,采用葡聚糖蓝-2000为标志物观察大鼠胃排空的变化,应用乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)和还原型辅酶Ⅱ硫辛酰胺脱氢酶(NADPH-d)组织化学染色及肌间神经丛全层铺片技术,观察肝衰竭大鼠胃窦肌间神经丛胆碱能和氮能神经的变化,并进行定量分析。计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,组间比较采用t检验。结果肝衰竭组大鼠胃排空明显减弱(163.00±25.68 vs 100.00±18.93,P0.01),胃窦肌间神经丛胆碱能阳性神经元数量减少,神经纤维变细,分布较稀疏,明显低于对照组(t=3.201,P0.01);氮能神经阳性神经元数量及神经纤维分布明显高于对照组(t=2.912,P0.01)。结论肝衰竭大鼠胃功能的减退与胃窦肌间神经丛胆碱能神经分布减少及氮能神经分布增加有关。     

肝硬化大鼠胃排空的变化及机制研究

目的 观察肝硬化大鼠胃动力的变化,并探讨肝硬化胃肠动力障碍的相关机制.方法 20只Wistar大鼠随机分为肝硬化模型组和对照组,采用四氯化碳溶剂大腿根部皮下注射法制作肝硬化模型,液相胃排空检测法测定胃排空,RT-PCR法检测大鼠胃窦平滑肌细胞色素氧化酶Ⅱ基因（COⅡgene）的变化,免疫组化染色观察胃窦C-kit阳性Cajal间质细胞的变化,并用透射电镜观察胃窦Cajal间质细胞的超微结构改变.结果 与对照组比较,肝硬化组大鼠排空率明显下降,胃窦平滑肌COⅡ mRNA的表达显著低于对照组（P＜0.01）;胃窦C-kit阳性Cajal间质细胞明显减少（P＜0.01）,透射电镜观察显示Cajal间质细胞与其他细胞间连接减少,线粒体肿胀,细胞器减少,胞浆内空泡形成.结论 肝硬化大鼠胃排空明显下降,胃窦平滑肌COⅡ mRNA表达及Cajal间质细胞发生明显变化,胃窦平滑肌COⅡ mRNA表达下降、Cajal间质细胞减少及其超微结构改变可能与肝硬化大鼠胃动力障碍有关.     

肝硬化大鼠胃窦Cajal间质细胞的变化

目的观察肝硬化大鼠胃窦Cajal间质细胞的变化,探讨肝硬化胃肠动力障碍的相关机制.方法20只Wister大鼠随机分为肝硬化模型组和对照组,采用四氯化碳溶剂大腿根部皮下注射法制作肝硬化模型,免疫组化染色观察胃窦C-kit阳性Cajal间质细胞的变化,并用透射电镜观察胃窦Cajal间质细胞的超微结构改变.结果与对照组比较,肝硬化组大鼠胃窦C-kit阳性Cajal间质细胞明显减少(P＜0.01),透射电镜观察显示Cajal间质细胞与其他细胞间连接减少,线粒体肿胀、细胞器减少,胞浆内空泡形成.结论肝硬化大鼠胃窦Cajal间质细胞发生明显变化,Cajal间质细胞减少及其超微结构改变可能与肝硬化大鼠胃动力障碍有关.     

胃电节律失常大鼠胃窦肌间神经丛胆碱能神经的改变

目的：探讨大鼠胃窦肌间神经丛胆碱能神经，氮能神经含量变化与胃电节律失常的关系。方法：63例大鼠随机分为正常对照组，胃电节律失常模型组和白芍组。饲养4周后记录并分析胃电信号，测定胃窦肌间神经丛胆碱能神经含量。结果：模型组胃电节律失常明显增加，胃窦肌间神经丛胆碱能神经含量减少；经白芍治疗后，胃电节律失常明显减少，胃窦肌间神经丛胆碱能神经含量恢复正常。结论：胃窦肌间神经丛的胆碱能神经与胃电节律关系密切，当胆碱能神经减少时，胃电节律失常明显增加。     

糖尿病大鼠胃窦胆碱能神经元与胃动力障碍的关系

目的 探讨链脲佐菌素(STZ)-糖尿病大鼠胃动力障碍和胃肌间神经丛胆碱能之间的关系.方法 45只SD大鼠随机分为对照组、糖尿病组和胰岛素组.成模后16 w测定大鼠胃动力,观察胃肌间神经丛胆碱能神经元的形态变化.结果 与对照组比较,糖尿病组大鼠胃动力减弱(P<0.01),胃窦肌间神经丛胆碱能神经元计数显著降低(P<0.01).与糖尿病组相比较,胰岛素组胃动力显著增高 (P<0.05),胃窦肌间神经丛胆碱能神经元平均光密度显著增高(P<0.05),胆碱能神经元计数有改善的趋势(P>0.05).结论 STZ-糖尿病大鼠胃动力障碍可能与胃肌间神经丛胆碱能神经损伤有关,胰岛素治疗能在一定程度上改善糖尿病胃动力障碍.     

其它肝脏疾病——肝硬化

肝硬化大鼠胃肠道胆碱能神经分布的变化——朱金照等（福建福州南京军区福州总医院消化内科350025）；《解放军医学杂志》，2005，30（5）：391-393[目的：研究肝硬化大鼠胃肠动力及胃窦和小肠肌间神经丛胆碱能神经的变化。方法：20只Wistar大鼠随机分为肝硬化模型组和对照组，     

胃起搏对大鼠胃窦肌间神经丛5-羟色胺能神经的影响

背景:胃起搏治疗胃动力障碍性疾病已引起广泛关注,但其作用机制尚不清楚。目的:观察胃起搏后胃窦肌间神经丛5-羟色胺(5-HT)能神经的活性变化,探讨胃起搏促胃动力作用的神经化学机制。方法:建立Wistar大鼠胃起搏模型,将大鼠分为起搏组(n=10)和对照组(n=6)。选用适宜的起搏参数以控制起搏组胃电慢波,1h后取胃窦组织,以免疫组化方法结合图像分析技术分析5-HT免疫反应阳性产物的分布、数量和免疫反应强度。结果:对照组大鼠5-HT免疫反应阳性神经纤维以肌间神经丛和节间束中稍多,神经节内阳性神经细胞体少见。起搏组大鼠胃窦组织5-HT免疫反应阳性神经纤维较对照组明显增多,神经节内阳性神经细胞体和带膨体的神经纤维也明显增多,免疫反应增强;肌间神经丛5-HT免疫反应阳性产物面积和平均光密度值均显著高于对照组(P<0.001)。结论:胃起搏后,胃窦肌间神经丛5-HT免疫反应阳性神经纤维和神经细胞体分布增多,5-HT能神经活性增强,表明5-HT能神经可能参与了胃起搏的促胃动力作用。     

槟榔对大鼠胃运动及神经递质的影响

[目的]探讨槟榔对大鼠胃排空运动的影响及其机制,为临床应用槟榔提供理论依据。[方法]48只Wistar大鼠随机分为低浓度（25％）槟榔（A）组、高浓度（100％）槟榔（B）组、对照（c）组。分别给大鼠灌服低、高浓度槟榔液、蒸馏水1、6h后,以葡聚糖蓝-2000为胃内标记物,观察大鼠胃肠动力变化;同时用免疫组化染色观察胃窦肌间神经丛P物质（SP）、血管活性肠肽（VIP）的变化;放射免疫分析法测定胃窦、空肠组织匀浆及血浆胃动素（MOT）、SP、VIP水平。[结果]灌服低、高浓度槟榔液1、6h后大鼠胃排空运动明显增强,胃窦肌间神经丛SP明显增加,VIP明显减少（均P〈0．01或〈0．05）;胃窦及空肠组织匀浆MOT、SP明显增加,VIP明显减少（均P〈0．01或〈0．05）;血浆MOT、SP明显增加,VIP明显减少（均P〈0．01或〈0．05）。[结论]槟榔对大鼠胃运动有明显促进作用,其机制可能与胃窦肌间神经丛、胃窦及空肠组织、血浆SP;胃窦及空肠组织、血浆MOT增加及胃窦肌间神经丛、胃窦及空肠组织、血浆VIP减少有关。     

温胃阳汤对胃动力低下大鼠胃电活动、胃窦肌间神经丛5-羟色胺能神经及其受体的影响

[目的]观察温胃阳汤对胃动力低下大鼠胃电活动、胃窦肌间神经丛5-羟色胺（5-HT）能神经及其受体的影响.[方法]将70只Wistar大鼠随机分为正常组（10只,雌雄各半）和模型组（60只,雌雄各半）,模型组每只大鼠按10 g/kg甘草煎剂灌胃,随机分为模型3d组、7d组、温胃阳汤低、中、高剂量组及吗丁啉组.温胃阳汤低、中、高各剂量组分别予浓度为0.743 g/ml、1.485 g/ml、2.970 g/ml的温胃阳汤灌胃,吗丁啉组予0.27 mg/ml吗丁啉混悬液（按100 g体重1 ml）灌胃.观察各组大鼠胃电活动的变化,并以免疫组化方法结合图像分析技术分析5-HT免疫反应阳性产物的分布、数量和免疫反应强度.以免疫印迹法分析大鼠胃窦组织中5-羟色胺受体（5-HTR）,计算出各组的蛋白相对表达量,以百分数表示各组的蛋白表达量.[结果]一定剂量的甘草煎剂能明显抑制大鼠胃电活动,使大鼠窦组织5-HT免疫反应阳性神经纤维、神经节内阳性神经细胞体和平均光密度值明显减少,5-HTR的表达显著降低.而温胃阳汤低、中、高剂量组及吗丁啉组均可使胃动力低下大鼠胃窦组织5-HT免疫反应阳性神经纤维、神经节内阳性神经细胞体和带膨体的神经纤维增多,5-HTR的表达亦得到提高;其中中、高剂量组效果与吗丁啉组比较差异无统计学意义,与正常组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）.[结论]经温胃阳汤治疗后,胃窦肌间神经丛5-HT免疫反应阳性神经纤维和神经细胞体分布增多,5-HTR表达升高,5-HT能神经活性增强,表明温胃阳汤能通过5-HT能神经参与促胃动力作用.     

大黄对大鼠胃运动的影响及机制

目的 :探讨大黄对大鼠胃排空运动的影响及其机制 ,为临床应用大黄提供理论依据。方法 :32只 Wistar大鼠随机分为大黄组及对照组 ,分别给大鼠灌服大黄水提液或蒸馏水 1、6 h后 ,以葡聚糖蓝 - 2 0 0 0为胃肠内标记物观察大鼠胃排空的变化 ,同时用免疫组化染色观察胃窦肌间神经丛 P物质 (SP)、血管活性肠肽 (VIP)的分布变化。结果 :灌服大黄水提液后 ,大鼠胃排空运动显著抑制 (P <0 .0 5或 <0 .0 1) ,胃窦肌间神经丛 SP的分布明显减少 (P<0 .0 5或 <0 .0 1) ,VIP分布明显增加 (P <0 .0 5或 <0 .0 1)。结论 :大黄对大鼠胃运动有明显的抑制作用 ,其机制可能与胃窦肌间神经丛 SP的分布减少及 VIP的分布增加有关     

躯体传入神经刺激与室性心律失常

室性心律失常是临床上发病率和致死率均较高的疾病,其治疗方式主要涉及药物治疗、植入型心律转复除颤器及射频消融治疗,这些治疗方式的联合应用已极大地改善了患者的生活质量及预后,但仍不能完全治愈其发生。研究指出室性心律失常与自主神经系统存在密切的关系,交感神经-副交感神经活性的失衡可诱发或抑制室性心律失常的发作,躯体传入神经刺激可能调节自主神经系统进而干预心律失常事件的发生。现综述自主神经系统、躯体传入神经刺激与室性心律失常之间的关系。     

小儿膀胱的神经分布

目的研究小儿膀胱的神经节和神经纤维分布情况。方法采用免疫组化及电镜技术对小儿膀胱壁全层标本进行观察和研究。结果小儿膀胱存在胆碱能神经节和胆碱能神经纤维，且各组织层次的分布差别较大，未观察到逼尿肌、颈部和三角区存在肾上腺素能神经和肽能神经纤维。结论副交感神经纤维(胆碱能神经纤维)在排尿生理中有重要作用。是否存在其它抑制性神经纤维，有待于进一步探讨。     

Utilization of Nerve Conduction Studies for the Diagnosis of Polyneuropathy in Patients with Diabetes: A Retrospective Analysis of a Large Patient Series

Background

Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) is a disabling complication of diabetes mellitus. A population-based analysis of physician utilization of nerve conduction studies (NCS) for the assessment of DPN was conducted.

Methods

All electrodiagnostic encounters over a 30-month period using a computer-based neurodiagnostic instrument linked to a data registry were analyzed retrospectively. The DPN case definition was abnormal sural and peroneal nerve conduction.

Results

The study cohort consisted of a total of 63,779 electrodiagnostic encounters performed by 3468 physician practices. Primary care and internal medicine physicians represented 80.1% of the practices and accounted for 65.7% of the encounters. Endocrinologists represented 4.6% of the practices and 20.1% of the encounters. The demographics of patients were 52.7% female; 63.4±11.8 (mean±standard deviation) years (age); 168.1±10.9cm (height); 92.2±22.6 kg (weight); and 32.6±7.2 kg/m² (body mass index). The most common peroneal abnormality was F-wave latency (33.6%). The sural nerve response latency and amplitude parameters had similar abnormality rates (58.3 and 62.7%). DPN was identified in 52.6% of the encounters; in another 19.3% no neuropathy was found.

Conclusions

For over 70% of the patients, the specific diagnostic question of the presence of DPN was addressed by NCS with evidence-based criteria. The demographic features were strongly associated with risk of diabetes and DPN, suggesting that NCS were applied to appropriate demographic subgroups. The rate of DPN was also comparable to levels seen by academic electromyography laboratories. In 32.6% of the encounters the NCS suggested a posttest diagnosis other than DPN. This rate was similar to the results of referral to traditional electromyography laboratories. This study demonstrated that NCS using computer-based electrodiagnostic equipment was a suitable tool for the diagnosis of DPN. Furthermore, this technology permits examination of DPN in large populations.     

Persistent Postoperative Complaints After Whole Sural Nerve Biopsies in Diabetic and Non-diabetic Subjects

The postoperative effects of a whole sural nerve biopsy in diabetic (11) and non-diabetic (10 healthy controls, 10 patients with impaired glucose tolerance and 2 patients with polyneuropathy) subjects were investigated by a mailed questionnaire 20–44 months after the surgical procedure (10/11 vs 21/22 answers received). Pain in the biopsy area at follow-up was reported in 4/10 of the diabetic patients (p = 0.01) but in none of the non-diabetic subjects (0/21). An increased number (p = 0.01) of diabetic patients (5/10 vs 1/21) had cold intolerance in their foot or leg whereas 11/31 of all patients had dysaesthesia in the affected skin. Overall 6/31 patients described serious problems at the time of the questionnaire, and 4 of this 6 having diabetes. Loss of sensation was reported in almost all subjects irrespective of diabetes or not; however, a decrease in the area of loss of sensation was reported most often in diabetic patients (8/10 vs 8/21, p = 0.02). It is concluded that whole surval nerve biopsies give rise to persistent problems both in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. The reason for a sural nerve biopsy has always to be carefully considered before being conducted. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Biopsy of the posterior interosseous nerve: a low morbidity method for assessment of peripheral nerve disorders

Aims The sural nerve is the commonest peripheral nerve biopsied to help in the diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy of unknown cause. However, associated complications limit its use. The aim was, as an alternative, to asses biopsy of the terminal branch of the posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) in the forearm. Methods PIN pathology was morphometrically quantified in 10 male patients with Type 2 diabetes and compared with six PIN biopsy specimens taken post mortem from male cadavers with no history of neuropathy or trauma. Results The PIN biopsy procedure provides a long (approximately 3 cm) mono‐ or bifascicular nerve biopsy with generous epineurial tissue and adjacent vessels. Our results show a significantly lower myelinated fibre density in subjects with diabetes [5782 (3332–9060)/mm²] compared with autopsy control material [9256 (6593–12 935)/mm², P < 0.007]. No postoperative discomfort or complications were encountered. Conclusions A reduction in myelinated fibre density has previously been shown to be a clinically meaningful measure of neuropathy in diabetic patients. We demonstrate similar findings using the PIN biopsy. The PIN biopsy procedure fulfils the criteria for nerve biopsy and was well tolerated by the patients. It may be a possible alternative to sural nerve biopsy to allow for diagnosis of neuropathy.     

胆囊收缩素在胃电节律失常中的作用及其神经病理学机制

目的：探讨胆囊收缩素（CCK）在胃电节律失常中的作用及其神经学机制。方法：在建立胃窦肌间神经丛铺片方法的基础上,用酶组织化学与免疫细胞化学方法,观察胃电节律失常大鼠胃窦肌间神经丛内胆碱能（Ach）神经、一氧化氮合酶（NOS）神经及CCK神经的变化。结果：模型组和CCK组大鼠均出现胃电节律失常,异常节律指数及慢波频率变异系数均显著高于正常组（P＜0．01）;模型组和CCK组NOS神经显著增加,Ach神经含量显著减少（P＜0．01）。结论：外源性及内源性CCK增加,能诱发胃电节律失常。CCK通过激活NOS,产生胃电节律失常。胃窦肌间神经丛神经中CCK及NOS神经含量异常增加,Ach神经减少是发生胃电节律失常的神经病理学机制之一。     

Peripheral neuropathies of the forearm and hand in rheumatoid arthritis: diagnosis and options for treatment

Although the clinical hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) involves inflammatory joint disease, extra-articular manifestations may be evident in 20% of patients. Among them neurologic features involving both the peripheral and central nervous system are one of the more common, but little has been noticed about it in clinic. The same mechanisms participating in joint destruction, synovial inflammation, and vasculitis contribute to the various RA neurological complications. In this article, we reviewed clinical outcomes of peripheral neuropathies of the upper extremity associated with RA and discussed the proper diagnosis and operative indication. Magnetic resonance imaging and electrophysiological examination are the best tools to lead the final diagnosis of nerve palsy secondary to RA synovial cyst. Such neuropathies require consideration in the differential diagnosis of wrist and hand disability. Surgical decompression is recommended at prompt timing if neurophysiologic studies demonstrate denervation or significant motor abnormalities, or sensory symptoms progress despite adequate medication.     

吻合口位置对周围神经端侧吻合术后神经再生的影响

目的观察吻合口位置对神经端侧吻合术后再生神经的影响。方法取新西兰大白兔58只,随机选10只为定位组,行胫神经干功能束鉴定,确定运动神经纤维集中、混合神经集中位置;余48只随机分为A、B组,各24只,切断腓总神经远端,并与外膜开窗的胫神经端侧缝合。A组为实验组,吻合口位于运动神经纤维集中处;B组为对照组,吻合口位于混合神经纤维集中处。于术后1、2、3个月,A、B组每次各取8只,于吻合口近端行电生理检测,取吻合口远端0.5 cm处的腓总神经进行组织学及抗神经丝蛋白免疫组化检测。结果光镜下可区分有髓神经纤维及无髓神经纤维团块并定位。随着术后时间延长,A、B组再生神经诱发电位的潜伏期逐渐缩短,波幅逐渐增大、肌湿重和肌纤维截面积逐渐增大、腓总神经有髓神经纤维数和神经束截面积显著增大,抗神经丝免疫组化阳性表达逐渐增强,且A组均优于B组。结论周围神经端侧吻合时,吻合口位于运动神经束集中处,其再生的运动神经纤维数目多,质量高,所支配肌肉的功能恢复较好。     

自主神经与心房颤动关系研究进展

心房颤动是临床最常见的快速性心律失常。心房颤动的发生机制非常复杂,近年来的研究表明,心脏局部的自主神经即交感和副交感神经在心房颤动的发生及维持中均起着重要作用。消融自主神经可以提高心房颤动导管消融的成功率并降低术后复发率。     

电激心脏植物神经对心率变异性的影响

大量文献表明，心率变异性（HRV）功率谱的高频成份（HF）是迷走神经活动对窦房结影响程度大小的标志；HRV功率谱的低频成份（LF）表示了心交感神经或心交感与迷走神经共同对窦房结的紧张作用；在很多生理和病理情况下，RF（LF／HF的比值）代表了心交感迷走神经对窦房结调制的均衡状态。本文直接使用方波电刺激狗的心交感神经或迷走神经128S，观察到刺激心交感神经时的平均心率（HR）、LF和HF较刺激前无显著性变化，但平均心率的标准差（SD）和RF却显著增大；刺激心迷走神经时RF明显降低，其余指标与刺激前相比，无明显变化。说明直接使用电刺激心交感或迷走神经，可造成对窦房结调制作用的均衡状态改变。