胸腔镜下肺大疱切除术治疗自发性气胸46例临床分析

目的观察胸腔镜(VATS)下肺大疱切除术治疗自发性气胸的效果。方法对46例自发性气胸实施VATS下肺大疱切除术,观察术中出血量、手术时间,术后胸管留置时间、术后住院时间及围术期并发症和复发等情况。结果本组患者均成功完成手术,无中转开胸病例。手术时间(63.26±12.08)min、术中出血量(156.43±34.57)m L、术后胸管引流时间(4.32±1.34)d、住院时间(6.46±1.26)d。未发生胸腔出血、肺栓塞、肺不张等并发症,均痊愈出院。随访6个月,其间未出现复发病例。结论 VATS下肺大疱切除术治疗自发性气胸,术中出血少,手术时间短,术后恢复快,复发率低。     

传统开胸与单孔电视胸腔镜手术治疗创伤性血气胸患者的疗效

目的对比分析传统开胸手术与单孔电视胸腔镜手术治疗创伤性血气胸患者的疗效。方法 50例创伤性血气胸患者根据手术方式分为传统开胸手术组和单孔电视胸腔镜手术(VATS)组,对两组患者术中情况、术后情况及临床疗效进行比较。结果 VATS组手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流时间、胸腔引流量、术后第7天血清中超敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)的水平、术后并发症发生率、住院时间均低于传统开胸手术组,临床总有效率高于传统开胸手术组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论与传统开胸手术相比,单孔VATS能明显改善患者的术中情况,缩短住院时间,降低术后并发症发生率,提高临床疗效。     

电视胸腔镜治疗自发性气胸52例围手术期护理

目的 探讨电视胸腔镜手术(VATS)治疗自发性气胸的护理方法.方法 对52例采用VATS治疗自发性气胸的患者进行精心护理并分析总结护理资料.结果 52例患者均手术成功,顺利出院,无胸部中转辅助小切口,手术时间20 ～ 70 min,平均35 min;术中出血20 ～ 150 ml,平均60ml;术后胸腔引流量120～350 ml,平均190 ml;术后住院4～8d,平均6d.结论 严密观察,精心护理,可提高VATS治疗自发性气胸的治愈率,降低并发症发生率.     

电视胸腔镜临床治疗自发性气胸25例疗效观察

目的探讨电视胸腔镜(VATS)手术治疗自发性气胸的方法和疗效。方法对25例患者应用VATS治疗并行胸膜固定术。回顾分析患者的临床资料。结果本组患者手术顺利,手术时间45¹20 min,平均(58±5.6)min;术中出血量30120 min,平均(58±5.6)min;术中出血量30¹40 mL,平均(40±12.2)mL;术后引流量50140 mL,平均(40±12.2)mL;术后引流量50¹50 mL,平均(110±9.9)mL;胸管平均留置时间(1.5±0.6)d;住院时间4150 mL,平均(110±9.9)mL;胸管平均留置时间(1.5±0.6)d;住院时间4¹4 d,平均(8±3.9)d;术后114 d,平均(8±3.9)d;术后1² d可下床活动。本组手术均一次成功,无中转开胸或延长切口,无术中大出血、死亡等严重并发症发生,所有患者术后恢复良好,自觉气急症状消失。术后随访62 d可下床活动。本组手术均一次成功,无中转开胸或延长切口,无术中大出血、死亡等严重并发症发生,所有患者术后恢复良好,自觉气急症状消失。术后随访6²0个月无复发。结论 VATS手术治疗自发性气胸安全可靠、术后并发症少、痛苦轻、恢复较快,是治疗自发性气胸的最佳方法。     

不同术式治疗自发性气胸的对比研究

目的　比较前 /后外侧切口开胸、腋下小切口开胸和电视胸腔镜手术治疗自发性气胸的临床效果。方法　 89例自发性气胸患者接受外科治疗 ,其中 3 4例施行常规前 /后外侧切口开胸 ,3 1例行腋下小切口开胸 ,2 4例行电视胸腔镜手术治疗。对比各组切口长度、术中出血量及术后胸液量、哌替啶用量、拔管时间、住院天数等指标。结果　腋下小切口开胸组和电视胸腔镜组在上述指标等方面均明显优于常规开胸手术组 (P <0 .0 1) ,而腋下小切口开胸组和电视胸腔镜组之间无显著差别 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　手术治疗自发性气胸疗效肯定 ,腋下小切口开胸术更经济、简单 ,符合现阶段多数病人的实际经济承受能力以及医疗安全和质量的需要 ,值得推广应用     

胸腔镜、胸腔镜辅助腋下Muscle-sparing切口常规开胸治疗老年自发性气胸的分析

目的:比较胸腔镜、胸腔镜辅助腋下Muscl e-spari ng切口、常规开胸治疗老年自发性气胸的疗效,为选择不同手术方法提供相关理论依据。方法:选择60例老年自发性气胸患者分别采用胸腔镜手术、胸腔镜辅助腋下Muscl e-spari ng切口手术、常规开胸手术治疗,比较3组治疗效果及并发症的发生率。结果:3组均无死亡病例,均治愈,胸腔镜手术组、胸腔镜辅助腋下Muscl e-spari ng切口手术组、常规开胸手术组在胸管引流时间、术后疼痛时间、住院时间、住院费用等差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:胸腔镜手术适合伴有其他疾病的老年自发性气胸患者,对于经济条件差、心肺功能差不适合常规开胸患者可采用胸腔镜辅助腋下Muscl e-spari ng切口手术。     

单孔与三孔电视胸腔镜手术在自发性气胸中的应用效果比较

目的观察单孔与三孔电视胸腔镜手术治疗自发性气胸的临床效果。方法 110例自发性气胸患者,根据治疗方法不同分为对照组与观察组,每组55例,对照组患者接受三孔电视胸腔镜手术治疗,观察组患者接受单孔电视胸腔镜手术治疗。比较两组手术指标、术后疼痛、血清炎症指标、随访气胸复发情况。结果观察组术中出血量、术后引流量少于对照组,观察组术后胸管引流时间、住院时间短于对照组(P0.05)。观察组术后2小时、术后24小时、术后48小时VAS评分均低于对照组(P0.05)。观察组术后1天、术后3天、术后5天CRP、IL-6、TNF-α水平均低于对照组(P0.05)。两组随访6～12个月复发率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论单孔VATS治疗自发性气胸,术中出血量、术后引流量少于三孔VATS治疗,单孔组术后胸管引流时间、住院时间更短,术后疼痛程度更轻,对机体损伤更小。     

胸腔镜辅助小切口开胸术和电视胸腔镜手术治疗自发性气胸的比较

目的比较胸腔镜辅助小切口开胸术（VAMT）和电视胸腔镜手术（VATS）治疗自发性气胸的疗效。方法56例按手术方式分为VAMT组（n=34）和VATS组（n=22）。疗效评价指标包括手术时间、术后疼痛评分、术后引流量、住院时间、复发率。结果与VATS组相比，VAMT组手术时间短[（45±12）minvs（80±10）min，t=-11．356，P=0．000）；术后疼痛评分、术后引流量、住院时间和复发率无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论VAMT和VATS治疗自发性气胸疗效相同，但VAMT比VATS手术时间短。     

电视胸腔镜手术治疗自发性气胸130例

目的探讨电视胸腔镜手术(video assisted thoracoscopic surgery,VATS)治疗自发性气胸的价值。方法 1999年3月～2009年12月,对130例自发性气胸行VATS下肺大疱切除及胸膜固定术。结果 130例手术均成功,无中转开胸。手术时间30～150min,平均45min;术中出血50ml。1例术后出现血胸,24h引流量700ml,二次VATS探查出血原因为胸壁粘连带钛夹脱落。10例漏气时间4d,均为合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者。术后住院3～10d,平均5d。130例随访1～84个月,平均48个月,无复发。结论 VAIS安全可靠、创伤小,是治疗自发性气胸的首选方法 。     

电视胸腔镜手术治疗自发性气胸150例

目的总结电视胸腔镜手术(video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, VATS)治疗自发性气胸的经验. 方法 1998年1月～2002年8月对150例自发性气胸行VATS, 3个2 cm常规辅助切口(1个置入镜头,另2个为操作孔),手术包括切割缝合器切除肺大疱及胸膜固定术. 结果 20例(13.3%)中转开胸行肺大疱切除.3例气胸术后漏气时间>3 d.术后住院2～8 d,平均3 d.150例随访3～90个月,平均60个月,3例(2.0%)术后1年术侧肺复发气胸. 结论 VATS是自发性气胸首选的治疗方法.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.