超声内镜在胃癌术前诊断中的应用分析

目的探讨超声内镜(EUS)在胃癌术前TN分期中的应用经验。方法术后病理检查证实为胃癌而且使用超声内镜进行了术前TN分期的患者352例,对其资料进行回顾性分析。结果 EUS胃癌术前T分期总正确率为81.25%,其中T1为85.58%,T2为73.91%,T3为82.14%,T4为83.33%,与术后病理结果比较具有高度一致性(Kappa系数为0.75)。EUS对胃癌术前N分期总的正确率为52.84%,其中N0为85.56%,N1为56.69%,N2为28.09%,N3为26.09%,与术后病理结果比较具有一般一致性(Kappa系数为0.33)。将病变部位分为贲门、胃底、胃体、胃窦、幽门,不同部位之间的检测正确率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论EUS在胃癌术前诊断中具有临床意义,其中T分期可为合理制定治疗方案提供依据,N分期准确性有待提高。     

食管癌患者术前TNM分期与手术病理分期的对比分析

目的 探讨食管癌患者术前TNM分期与手术病理分期的一致性并分析其原因。方法 参照1997年美国癌肿委员会（AJCC）拟订的食管癌TNM分期标准，对124例食管患者进行术前TNM分期与术后病理分期，通过T分期与N分期统计量的一致性分析，比较两种分期的符合率。结果 术前分期与术后病理T分期一致性比较，Kappa值为0.472，两者的一致性基本满意，将病例分层后，T4期的符合率最低（P〈0.01），差异具有显著统计学意义。N分期的一致性比较Kappa值为0.265，两者的一致性不够理想。将病例分层后，N1和N2期的符合率均较低（P〈0.01）。结论 食管癌患者术前TNM分期存在高估或低估的情况，尤其是N分期较为突出。因此，找到能够识别淋巴结转移的可靠方法是提高食管癌患者术前TNM分期准确率的关键。     

超声内镜和CT对食管癌术前分期的诊断价值

目的探讨超声内镜（EUS）和CT检查对食管癌术前分期的诊断价值。方法于2002年7月至2004年1月对51例食管癌手术患者行术前EUS和CT及术后病理检查，将EUS和CT分期结果和手术病理分期结果进行对照。结果（1）EUS检查T、N分期的准确率分别为82．4％（42／51）和88.0％（45／51）；CT检查T、N分期的准确率分别为52.9％（27／51）和51．0％（26／51）；EUS与CT联合检查T、N分期的准确率分别为86.3％（44／51）和90．2％（46／51）。（2）3种检查方式分期结果与病理分期结果的一致性统计结果：EUS检查T、N分期的Kappa分别为0．700（P〈0．001）和0．763（P〈0.001）；CT分别为0．275（P=0．002）和0．006（P=0.964）；EUS加CT则分别为0．769（P〈0.001）和0．801（P〈0.001）。（3）各组间差异的统计结果：EUS与CT比较，PT=0．001（X^2=10.079），PN〈0.001（X^2=16．730）；EUS加CT与EUS比较，PT=0.586（X^2=0．297），PN=0．750（X^2=0.102）。结论EUS对食管癌术前T、N分期诊断准确率较高，诊断价值优于CT；EUS与CT联合应用未能显著提高食管癌T、N分期的诊断准确率。     

胃癌术前TNM分期与手术病理分期对比

目的：探讨胃癌患者术前TNM分期与手术病理分期的一致性并分析其原因。方法：对213例胃癌患者进行术前TNM与术后病理分期，通过T分期与N分期统计量的一致性分析，比较两种分期的符合率。结果：术前T分期与术后病理T分期一致性比较，Kappa值为0．581，两者的一致性基本满意，将病例分层后，T4期的符合率最低（P〈0．01），具有显著性差异。N分期的一致性比较，Kappa值为0．289，两者的一致性不够理想。将病例分层后，N1和N2期的符合率均较低（P〈0．01）。结论：胃癌术前TNM分期存在高估或低估的情况，尤其是N分期较为突出，找到能够识别胃癌淋巴结转移的可靠方法是提高胃癌患者术前TNM分期准确率的关键。     

胃癌患者临床与病理TNM分期一致性分析

目的 探讨胃癌患者术前临床TNM分期与术后病理TNM分期的一致性并分析其原因.方法选取甘肃省人民医院普外二科2010年12月-2011年12月手术治疗的胃癌患者临床资料完整者64例,参照日本胃癌学会(JGCA)(2010年第14版)拟定的胃癌TNM分期标准,对所有患者进行术后病理分期,并与术前临床分期进行对比.应用统计软件SPSS 18.0分析T、N、M分期统计量的一致性.结果 术前临床T分期与术后病理T分期的Kappa值为0.729,两者一致性较好;N分期的Kappa值为0.216,一致性较差;M分期的Kappa值为0.743,两者一致性较好.结论 新版《胃癌处理规约》应用临床后,可以较为准确的判断TNM分期,有利于指导个体化的治疗方案,但仍存在高估或者低估的情况,尤其是N分期的差异性较大,因此,术前综合各种资料,正确判断N分期是提高术前临床TNM分期准确率,制定治疗方案的关键.     

超声内镜对T2期食管癌术前T分期的诊断价值及影响因素

目的探讨术前超声内镜(endoscopic ultrasonography,EUS)对T2期食管癌(esophageal carcinoma,EC)的诊断价值及影响因素。方法回顾性分析我院2015年3月至2016年1月206例EC手术患者术前EUS的检查结果和术后的病理资料,选取未经术前辅助放化疗治疗且术后病理分期为T2期的81例EC患者纳入本研究,其中男59例、女22例,平均年龄63.9岁,中位年龄63.0岁。将EUS检查T分期(c T)与术后病理T分期(p T)进行比较,采用独立样本卡方检验对纳入患者的性别,年龄,肿瘤位置,肿瘤形态,术后病理分化程度,组织学分型,淋巴结转移及术后病理TNM分期等因素进行比较,分析这些因素对T2分期诊断价值的影响。结果 EUS对病理T2期EC术前T分期准确率为61.7%,过高分期率为38.3%。EUS准确分期组与过高分期组在术后病理TNM分期上差异有统计学意义(P=0.023),术后病理TNM分期在过高T分期组较高;而性别,年龄,肿瘤位置,肿瘤形态,术后病理分化程度,组织学分型和淋巴结转移两组差异无统计学意义。结论 EUS对T2期EC术前T分期有过高的分期率,术后病理TNM分期可能是EUS对T2期EC术前过高T分期的一个影响因素。     

内镜超声检查和多层螺旋CT对胃癌术前T、N分期的比较研究

目的探讨内镜超声(endoscopicultrasonography,EUS)与多层螺旋CT(multi slicespiralCT,MSCT)在胃癌术前T、N分期中的临床应用价值。方法2000年10月至2002年5月,对89例活检证实的胃癌病人术前分别行内镜超声和多层螺旋CT检查,并与手术病理结果对照。结果EUS对胃癌术前T分期的准确率为75.6%,其中T176.5%,T268.8%,T384.4%,T464.7%;MSCT分别79.3%,58.8%,62.5%,90.6%和94.1%。两者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。EUS对胃癌术前N分期的准确率为57.5%,其中N095.8%,N145.8%,N232.0%;MSCT分别78.1%,70.8%,75.0%和88.0%。EUS和MSCT对胃癌淋巴结转移的敏感性分别为61.2%和91.8%。EUS对N0分期的准确率显著高于MSCT(P<0.05),MSCT对N和N2分期的准确率及淋巴结转移的敏感性均显著高于EUS(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.01)。结论内镜超声检查与多层螺旋CT对胃癌术前TN分期均有较高的准确性。     

经直肠超声联合多排螺旋CT在直肠癌术前分期上的应用

目的 通过对直肠癌患者进行经直肠超声及多排螺旋CT术前分期诊断,总结其临床价值.方法 选择经手术治疗并经病理证实的直肠癌患者33例.所有患者在术前均行TRUS及MDCT检查.术后对照病理学分期,评价单独依据TRUS、MDCT及二者联合影像对直肠癌进行T分期和N分期的准确度,并进行统计学分析.结果术前TRUS的T分期准确度为75.76%,Kappa值为0.555（P＜0.01） N 分期准确度为57.58%,Kappa值为0.334（P＜0.01） 术前MDCT的T分期准确度为75.76%,Kappa值为0.549（P＜0.01） N分期准确度为57.58%,Kappa值为0.381（P＜0.01）.二者联合应用评价直肠癌T分期和N分期的准确度分别为84.85%与66.67%.结论 多排螺旋CT和经直肠超声联合应用在直肠癌术前分期上,具有明显的临床应用价值.     

超声内镜在胰腺及壶腹周围占位术前评估中的临床作用

目的评估超声内镜(EUS)对胰腺及壶腹周围占位的诊断及术前TNM分期的作用。方法回顾性分析34例壶腹部占位患者术前EUS资料,并与术后病理结果比较,评估EUS术前诊断准确性。结果 EUS对胰腺占位病灶显示率92.31%,诊断准确率84.62%,T分期判断准确性为76.92%,N分期判断准确性为53.85%;对壶腹部占位病灶显示率为93.75%,诊断准确率93.75%,T分期判断准确性为62.50%,N分期判断准确性为68.75%。结论 EUS对胰腺及壶腹周围占位的诊断及术前TNM分期具有一定作用。     

64-MSCT增强扫描评价胃癌患者术前临床TNM分期的价值

目的探讨64排螺旋CT(64-MSCT)增强扫描评价胃癌患者术前临床TNM分期的价值。方法选取2016-07—2019-01间在林州市肿瘤医院接受根治手术的200例胃癌患者,术前均经胃镜及病理检查确诊。以术后病理TNM分期为“金标准”,评价术前64-MSCT增强扫描对胃癌患者临床TNM分期的价值。结果术前64-MSCT增强扫描临床TNM分期中,T、N、M的准确率分别为82.00%、73.00%和97.00%。M的准确率高于T和N分期(P<0.05),且一致性极好(Kappa=0.905,P<0.001)。结论术前64-MSCT增强扫描评估胃癌患者的临床TNM分期准确率较高,对远处转移判断与病理诊断具有高度一致性,有助于临床医师制定治疗方案。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.