预防性应用抗生素对腹股沟无张力疝修补术切口感染疗效的Meta分析

目的 系统评价预防性应用抗生素对腹股沟无张力疝修补术后切口感染的作用.方法 检索1975年12月至2012年10月公开发表的所有预防性使用抗菌药物对腹股沟无张力疝修术切口感染影响的随机对照试验,进行荟萃分析及系统评价.结果 筛选符合纳入标准的随机对照试验11项,共4159例患者；共有130例发生切口感染,感染率为3.13％.其中预防性应用抗生素组1845例,有例45发生切口感染,感染率为1.94％；对照组2314例,有85例发生切口感染,感染率为3.67％.与对照组相比,预防性使用抗菌药物组可以减少手术部位感染(OR0.55,95％ CI0.38～0.80,P=0.002).结论 行腹股沟疝无张力修补术的患者,术前预防性使用抗生素能有效降低切口感染率.     

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目的探讨腹股沟疝无张力修补术是否需要常规预防性应用抗生素。方法按照随机对照的原则对2010年7月至2011年7月广东省人民医院血管甲状腺腹壁疝外科诊治842例成人腹股沟疝进行前瞻性研究分析。治疗组200例,术前一次性应用预防性抗生素;对照组642例术前未应用抗生素,对比两组术后早期感染发生率情况。结果 842例中共10例发生手术部位感染,其中治疗组2例(1%),对照组8例(1.2%),两组比较差异无统计学意义。比较两组术后第3天血白细胞计数、中性粒细胞比值、住院时间差异亦无统计学意义。结论无高危因素的成人腹股沟疝无张力修补术常规应用抗生素对预防术后手术部位感染并无实质必要。     

自固定补片与普通平片在无张力疝修补术中的临床研究

目的 对比分析自固定补片与普通平片在腹股沟疝无张力修补术的临床应用价值。方法 回顾性分析中国人民解放军第二O二医院2013年1-9月应用自固定补片和普通平片行无张力疝修补术的患者169例,其中应用自固定补片行腹股沟疝无张力修补术78例（观察组）,应用普通平片行腹股沟疝无张力修补术91例（对照组）,比较二组手术时间、平均住院时间、阴囊积液、疼痛、复发及切口感染等指标。结果 观察组手术时间（48．3±0．4）min,对照组手术时间（63．8±0．4）min,二组比较差异有统计学意义（t=-14．61,P=0．00）;观察组术后住院（3．2±0．5）d,对照组术后住院（3．5±0．6）d,二组平均住院时间比较差异无统计学意义（t=-1．53,P;0．13）。二组患者术后均随访3个月至1年,二组均无复发及切口感染。观察组阴囊积液2例,对照组阴囊积液3例,经对症治疗后均治愈;观察组经随访无局部疼痛患者,对照组局部明显疼痛5例（VAS〉3）,观察6个月后疼痛消失,二组疼痛比较差异有统计学差异（P=0．04）。结论 应用自固定补片可减少患者手术时间和住院时间,并减轻术后疼痛,临床应用价值较高。     

老年人腹股沟疝无张力修补术后并发症的防治

目的探讨老年人腹股沟疝无张力修补术后并发症的预防,以降低并发症发生率。方法从临床护理的角度,回顾性分析与总结300例行腹股沟疝无张力修补术的老年患者的临床资料。结果本组均痊愈出院,随访6个月至3年。术后出现并发症17例（5．67％）,其中术后切口疼痛12例（4．00％．）,阴囊肿胀4例（1．33％）,切口感染1例（0．33％）,无复发病例。结论加强老年人腹股沟疝无张力修补术前后的护理,是预防术后并发症发生的重要措施。     

疝环充填式无张力疝修补术116例并发症分析

目的总结腹股沟疝行疝环充填式无张力疝修补术的并发症。方法回顾分析我院2005年5月至2007年12月应用美国Bard公司产品修补腹股沟疝116例，观察其并发症，分析其原因。结果全组无死亡，随访时间6个月-1年，8例患者发生并发症，其中术后切口感染1例（0．9％），切口血肿1例（0．9％），顽固性疼痛1例（0．9％），局部硬块和异物感2例（1．7％），阴囊水肿、积液2例（1．7％），精索炎、睾丸炎1例（0．9％）。结论疝环充填式无张力疝修补术较传统疝修补术具有明显的优势，但该方法仍有一定比率的并发症发生，这与手术操作和术后处理有关。     

无张力疝修补术后切口感染分析

目的探讨无张力疝修补术后切121感染的防治。方法回顾性分析同期腹股沟疝无张力修补与传统疝修补术后切口感染率并进行比较。结果无张力疝修补的术后切口感染率为0．40％，传统疝修补术后切口感染率为0．50％。两种术式术后切口感染率相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论腹股沟疝无张力修补虽然有异体材料植入，但并不增加术后切口感染机率，严格遵守无菌手术原则才是预防术后切口感染的关键。     

嵌顿性腹股沟疝的外科治疗策略

目的比较无张力疝修补术与传统修补术在嵌顿性腹股沟疝治疗中的利弊。方法回顾性分析2002年1月至2009年12月间收治的嵌顿性腹股沟疝70例,急诊手术分为两组：无张力疝补片修补术组（47例）,行疝环充填式无张力修补术（Rutkow）;传统疝修补手术组（23例）,行Bassini修补术。术前有腹膜炎体征、术前考虑为嵌顿疝而术中发现为绞窄疝者不在此研究之列。结果无张力手术组平均手术时间为（87±13）min,较传统手术组长（78±14）min;住院时间传统手术组（6．4±2．9）d稍高于无张力组（5．9±2．3）d;术后阴囊血肿的发生无张力组为8．5％（4例）,而在传统手术组仪4．3％（1例）,但以上结果差异均无统计学意义。两组患者术后均无切口感染病例。传统手术组术后应用止痛剂11例,而无张力组仅有2例,差异有统计学意义（P=0．001）。术后随访9～100个月,传统手术组复发率13％（3例）与无张力组（0例）相比差异有统计学意义（P=0．032）。结论在嵌顿性腹股沟疝的治疗中采用无张力疝修补术可以取得较好的效果,但术中的手术技巧和预防感染的措施,对防止手术并发症的作用值得重视。     

老年人腹股沟疝无张力修补术并发症分析及防治

目的分析老年人腹股沟疝无张力修补术并发症的发生原因,探讨其防治措施。方法回顾性分析2000年6月至2008年6月收治的624例老年人腹股沟疝的临床资料。结果624例老年人腹股沟疝手术后并发症共71例（11．38％）。其中,术后尿潴留9例（1．44％）,阴囊血肿、浆液肿14例（2．24%）,切口感染7例（1．12％）,疝复发13例（2．08％）,肺部感染6例（0．96％）,下肢深静脉血栓形成2例（0．32％）,切口异物感16例（2．560,4）,切口慢性疼痛4例（0．64％）。结论充分的术前准备、严格的无菌操作、熟练的手术操作、合理的术后处理是防治并发症的关键。     

预防性口服抗生素在无张力疝修补的应用

目的探讨腹股沟疝术后应用口服抗生素对预防切口感染的影响。 方法回顾性分析2015年1至12月,广东省人民医院收治的306例择期行单侧腹股沟疝患者的临床资料,术后口服抗生素患者151例为试验组,选取同期未口服抗生素患者155例为对照组,观察2组术后切口感染发生情况。 结果所有疝手术患者均实施临床路径,术后随访时间1周,术后切口感染和对照组比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论术后应用抗生素对腹股沟疝患者未能起到预防切口感染的作用。     

择期腹股沟疝无张力修补术围手术期预防性抗生素的合理性

目的探讨腹股沟疝无张力修补术围手术期常规预防性应用抗生素的合理性。方法选择我院2006年1月～2007年1月择期行腹股沟疝无张力手术的120例进行前瞻性随机对照研究,评价预防性抗生素应用的合理性。结果预防性应用抗生素组(A组)和围手术期不应用抗生素组(B组)两组均无外科手术部位感染(surgical site infection,SSI)发生。两组术后体温正常天数无显著性差异,B组的平均药费、住院天数明显下降(P<0.01)。结论择期腹股沟疝无张力修补术围手术期没有必要使用抗生素预防术后SSI,并且可以减轻病人的经济负担。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.