糖尿病肾病临床与病理分析

目的探讨糖尿病肾病（DN）病理损害程度与临床症状的关系。方法对36例DN患者进行组织学分级（Ⅰ～Ⅳ级），并对其临床症状及实验室结果进行对比研究。结果①24h尿蛋白定量随病理损害程度加重而增加，但Ⅳ级（肾小球硬化〉50％）尿蛋白定量反而减少；②Ⅳ级尿免疫学检测及镜下血尿阳性率明显高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级（P〈0．01；P〈0．05）；③DN最常见的临床表现是浮肿和高血压，二者的发生率均随病理损害加重而增加；Ⅳ级较Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级差异明显（P〈0．05）；④DN视网膜病变发生率最高，为86．2％，Ⅱ级以上为100％；⑤心血管病变发生率为57．2％；⑥神经病变、脑血管病变和白内障发生率与病理损害程度无明显相关性。结论DN最常见的临床表现是浮肿及高血压；随着病理损害程度的加重，血尿及免疫学检测异常、血尿阳性率及24h蛋白定量明显增加；视网膜病变与DN关系密切，其次是心血管疾病。     

老年糖尿病肾病患者的临床病理及预后分析

目的分析老年糖尿病肾病(diabetic nephropathy,DN)患者的临床、病理特征及预后情况。方法回顾性分析2005年3月至2017年3月在中日友好医院肾内科行肾穿刺活检病理诊断为DN且临床资料完整的25例老年患者,同时分析随访6~125个月的15例患者的预后情况。肾脏结局事件定义为肌酐倍增、需要维持性肾脏替代治疗、估算肾小球滤过率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)15ml·min~(-1)·(1.73m~2)~(-1)或死亡。结果依据2010年美国肾脏病学会杂志发表的DN病理分型标准进行分型,25例老年DN患者中Ⅰ型1例(4%),Ⅱa型2例(8%),Ⅱb型6例(24%),Ⅲ型16例(64%),Ⅳ型0例。Ⅲ型与Ⅰ型+Ⅱa型患者相比,eGFR明显偏低(P0.05);Ⅱb型与Ⅰ型+Ⅱa型患者相比,eGFR明显偏低(P0.05)。Ⅱb型与Ⅲ型患者eGFR相比,无统计学差异(P0.05);Ⅲ型患者血红蛋白明显低于Ⅱb型患者(P0.05)。15例老年DN患者随访超过6个月,8例发生肾脏结局事件,其中2例死亡,4例因进展为终末期肾病接受维持性肾脏替代治疗,2例仅发生肌酐倍增但尚未发生终末期肾病。老年DN患者肾功能稳定的平均时间为35(23,47)个月,其中1、2、4年肾脏无事件累积生存率分别为84.8%、58.2%、31.1%。年龄、蛋白尿、血压、心脑血管疾病和他汀类药物与老年DN患者肾功能进展密切相关。结论老年DN患者肾功能进展较快,控制蛋白尿、血压和心脑血管疾病的发生是治疗的关键。     

血红蛋白在鉴别糖尿病肾病与非糖尿病肾脏疾病中的作用

目的探讨血红蛋白在鉴别糖尿病肾病(DN)与非糖尿病肾脏疾病(NDRD)中的临床意义。 方法对2004年1月至2012年4月在解放军总医院肾脏病科行肾活检、病理诊断明确且病史资料完整的66例DN、78例NDRD患者进行回顾性分析,比较两组临床指标及合并症的差异,采用多因素Logistic回归分析方法明确DN的独立危险因素;比较DN及NDRD组不同CKD分期的血红蛋白水平差异,明确其贫血性质及贫血相关的独立危险因素。 结果DN组糖尿病罹病时间、肾病罹病时间、平均动脉压、血清肌酐、尿素氮、24 h尿蛋白定量水平及合并糖尿病视网膜病变、心血管病、贫血的比例均高于NDRD组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素分析显示糖尿病罹病时间长(OR＝1.012,95%CI 1.005～1.019)、合并糖尿病视网膜病变(OR＝ 4.265,95%CI 1.616～11.255)、血红蛋白水平低(OR＝ 0.952,95%CI 0.929～0.976)及合并心血管病(OR＝2.875,95%CI 1.089～7.593)是DN的独立危险因素;CKD1～3期DN组及NDRD组的血红蛋白水平均存在显著性差异(P<0.05),该差异在CKD 4～5期消失;DN及NDRD组共有60例诊断为贫血,均为正细胞正色素性贫血;多因素Logistic回归分析显示白蛋白降低(OR＝0.928,95%CI 0.879～0.980)、血清肌酐升高(OR＝1.011,95%CI 1.004～1.019)、病理诊断为DN(OR＝6.213,95%CI 2.690～14.347)是贫血的独立危险因素。 结论血红蛋白与DN显著独立相关,早期对血红蛋白水平的监测可能为临床鉴别DN与NDRD提供新线索。     

2型糖尿病肾病与ApoE基因多态性的关系

随着糖尿病发病率的逐年上升及糖尿病患者寿命的延长,糖尿病肾病已成为糖尿病患者致死或致残的主要原因之一。因此,对糖尿病肾病的易感因素尤其是遗传易感性的研究变得尤为重要。我们采用PCR基因扩增技术探讨中国人ApoE基因多态性与2型糖尿病肾病的关系。一、材料和方法1.对象:非糖尿病对照组(ND),共82例。2型糖尿病组84例,可分为糖尿病肾病组(DN)56例和糖尿病非肾病组(NDN)28例。DN组又分为:(1)蛋白尿肾病亚组(DNⅠ)26例:2次测尿白蛋白排泄率≥20μg/min,或尿蛋白≥300mg/24h;(2)肾功能不全亚组(DNⅡ)30例:蛋白尿伴2次Scr≥110μmo…     

糖尿病肾病患者24h动态血压临床特点分析

目的:分析比较由糖尿病(DN)肾病和非糖尿病导致的慢性肾脏病患者的动态血压变化情况,探讨糖尿病肾病患者动态血压变化的特点。方法:选择62例符合慢性肾脏病诊断标准的DN患者,均无肾脏替代治疗。观察其24 h动态血压监测结果,并与152例年龄、性别、肾功能等匹配的非糖尿病的CKD患者的动态血压结果相比较。结果:在对62例DN患者和152例非糖尿病CKD患者动态血压的分析中,我们发现:(1)DN组的24 h平均收缩压、日间平均收缩压、夜间平均收缩压均显著高于非DN组。(2)两组患者血压变异性差异无统计学意义;夜间血压下降率普遍较小,但差异无统计学意义。(3)DN组收缩压负荷均显著高于非DN组。(4)DN组非杓型节律的发生率为90.3%,非DN组为81.6%,两组血压节律类型差异无统计学意义。(5)非DN组和DN组24 h尿蛋白量与夜间收缩压均具有显著正相关。结论:中晚期DN患者收缩压控制较非糖尿病的CKD患者更差,血压非杓型节律现象比较普遍。夜间收缩压与24 h尿蛋白排泄量密切相关。     

糖尿病肾病与凝血纤溶的异常

糖尿病肾病（DN）的进展过程中伴随尿蛋白增多和肾功能恶化,经常伴发凝血、纤溶的异常。我们探讨了DN患者凝血、纤溶状态与尿蛋白、肾功能的关系,结果报告如下。一、材料与方法1.研究对象:Ⅱ型糖尿病、DN患者106例。男性61例,女性45例。年龄（58.5±7.8）岁,糖尿病病程（14.8±6.4）年。先以24h内生肌酐清除率（Ccr）分为W、S两组,再依据尿蛋白（UP）分为:     

奥扎格雷联合阿魏酸钠治疗糖尿病肾病肾功能不全临床观察

目的:观察奥扎格雷联合阿魏酸钠对糖尿病肾病(DN)肾功能不全的疗效.方法:将110例DN患者随机分为对照组和治疗组.对照组给予常规和阿魏酸钠治疗,治疗组在对照组基础上加用奥扎格雷治疗.4周后观察血肌酐、尿素氮、24小时尿蛋白定量变化.结果:治疗后治疗组的血肌酐、尿素氮明显下降(P＞0.05),24小时尿蛋白明显减少.结论:治疗组使DN肾功能不全可改善肾功能,更好的提高疗效.     

2型糖尿病合并非糖尿病肾病的临床病理特征和预测因子的分析

目的:探讨2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM)合并非糖尿病肾病患者的临床指标和肾活检病理特征,寻找疾病的预测因子。方法:回顾性分析2016年07月—2021年12月在我院行肾活检的76例T2DM患者病例。根据活检结果分为糖尿病肾病(diabetic nephropathy, DN)组30例,非糖尿病肾病伴/不伴糖尿病肾病(non-diabetic renal disease with/without diabetic nephropathy, NDRD±DN)组46例,对其临床指标及病理结果进行分析。结果:两组患者的年龄、性别、糖尿病病程(diabetes mellitus, DM)、糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy, DR)、糖化血红蛋白、血红蛋白、血肌酐、尿素氮和胱抑素C比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。肾活检常见原因有活动性尿沉渣,其次为DM<5年且无大量蛋白尿和新出现的肾病综合征。NDRD±DN组最常见的病理类型是膜性肾病,IgA肾病次之。二元Logistic回归分析发现性别、年龄、DR、糖化血红蛋...     

116例糖尿病肾病患者血瘀证与尿蛋白的相关性研究

目的:探讨糖尿病肾病患者血瘀证与尿蛋白的相关性,为中医临床辨证与疗效评价提供可能的依据。方法:依据Mogensen分期方法将糖尿病肾病分为Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期,在此基础上借助于Spearman相关性研究,探讨其血瘀证与尿蛋白的相关性。结果:血瘀证组24 h尿蛋白定量大于非血瘀证组,24 h尿蛋白定量与血瘀证之间有负相关关系。结论:可以认为血瘀证可能是导致糖尿病肾病患者尿蛋白增多的原因。     

2型糖尿病合并非糖尿病肾病的临床及病理分析

目的：回顾性分析2型糖尿病合并非糖尿病肾病的临床表现及病理特征。方法：回顾性分析2004年1月～2009年12月临床疑为合并非糖尿病肾病的110例2型糖尿病患者的肾活检资料。根据肾活检结果分为单纯糖尿病肾病（DN）组和糖尿病肾病合并非糖尿病肾病（NDRD）组,并对临床和病理资料进行分析。结果：110例2型糖尿病肾病患者中,50例（45.5%）合并非糖尿病肾病。糖尿病肾病合并非糖尿病肾病组蛋白尿、血尿发生率高于单纯糖尿病肾病组,但糖尿病视网膜病变发生率低于单纯糖尿病肾病组。两组年龄、糖尿病病程、高血压、血肌酐和肾小球滤过率差异无统计学意义。所有合并的非糖尿病肾病中,IgA肾病的比率最高为34%,其他依次为膜性肾病22.0%,系膜增殖性肾小球肾炎14%,HBV相关性肾小球肾炎8.0%,微小病变型肾小球肾炎10%,高血压肾小球硬化4.0%,FSGS4.0%,新月体肾小球肾炎2.0%,狼疮性肾炎2.0%。结论：2型糖尿病肾病合并非糖尿病肾病发生率45.5%,IgA肾病最常见。血尿、蛋白尿同时缺乏糖尿病视网膜病变强烈提示合并非糖尿病肾病。对于临床表现不典型的患者,肾活检是一项排除糖尿病肾脏病变的重要手段。     

Diabetic foot disease:From the evaluation of the “foot at risk” to the novel diabetic ulcer treatment modalities

The burden of diabetic foot disease(DFD) is expected to increase in the future. The incidence of DFD is still rising due to the high prevalence of DFD predisposing factors. DFD is multifactorial in nature; however most of the diabetic foot amputations are preceded by foot ulceration. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy(DPN) is a major risk factor for foot ulceration. DPN leads to loss of protective sensation resulting in continuous unconscious traumas. Patient education and detection of high risk foot are essential for the prevention of foot ulceration and amputation. Proper assessment of the diabetic foot ulceration and appropriate management ensure better prognosis. Management is based on revascularization procedures, wound debridement, treatment of infection and ulcer offloading. Management and type of dressing applied are tailored according to the type of wound and the foot condition. The scope of this review paper is to describe the diabetic foot syndrome starting from the evaluation of the foot at risk for ulceration, up to the new treatment modalities.     

Issues and challenges in diabetic neuropathy management: A narrative review

Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is a devastating disorder with an increasing prevalence globally. This epidemic can pose a critical burden on individuals and com-munities, subsequently affecting the productivity and economic output of a country. With more people living a sedentary lifestyle, the incidence of DN is escalating worldwide. Many researchers have relentlessly worked on ways to combat this devastating disease. Their efforts have given rise to a number of commercially available therapies that can alleviate the symptoms of DN. Unfortunately, most of these therapies are only partially effective. Worse still, some are associated with unfavorable side effects. This narrative review aims to highlight current issues and challenges in the management of DN, especially from the perspective of molecular mechanisms that lead to its progression, with the hope of providing future direction in the management of DN. To improve the approaches to diabetic management, the suggested resolutions in the literature are also discussed in this review. This review will provide an in-depth understanding of the causative mechanisms of DN, apart from the insights to improve the quality and strategic approaches to DN management.     

Amputation and mortality frequencies associated with diabetic Charcot foot arthropathy: a meta-analysis

BackgroundFive-year mortality and amputation frequencies after new-onset diabetic ulceration have been reported up to 55% and 74%, respectively. for patients with lower-extremity amputation. Following Charcot arthropathy, these frequencies were reported with wide variations. The aim of this meta-analysis is to provide a quantitative evaluation of amputation and mortality frequencies in a diabetic patient with a Charcot foot arthropathy.MethodsElectronic search strategy was applied on Medline, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar since inception to December 2021. Extracted data included study design, sample and patients characteristics, diabetes type and duration, lab results, ulcers at diagnosis, co-morbidities and follow up period. Meta-analysis reporting random-effects values was used to generate the weights results.ResultsA total of 16 studies were included in the quantitative meta-analysis with a pooled sample of 2250 patients with 2272 Charcot feet. Two studies including 255 patients yielded a 1-year mortality frequency of 4% (95% CI = 0.018–0.065). Seven studies including 1706 patients reported a 5-year mortality frequency of 24.5% (95% CI = 0.172–0.326, I² = 88.5%). Four studies including 277 patients yielded a seven plus year mortality frequency of 16% (95% CI = 0.065–0.289, I² = 84.3%). Ten studies including 871 foot yielded an amputation frequency of 15% (95% CI = 0.067–0.258, I² = 93.6%) where 9% where major amputations (95% CI = 0.062–0.127, I² = 60%) and 5% were minor amputations (95% CI = 0.004–0.126, I² = 94.7%)ConclusionDiabetic Charcot arthropathy yields marked risk of amputation and mortality. However, mortality frequencies were unexpectedly lesser compared to those related to the published frequencies associated with diabetic foot ulcers.     

The level of evidence of the publications on conservative surgery for the treatment of diabetic forefoot ulcers: A scoping review

ObjectiveThe diabetic foot disease is one of the most serious complications of diabetes causing high rates of amputations, premature deaths and healthcare cost. While standard non-surgical care is the mainstay of treatment of diabetic foot ulcers (DFU), many reports demonstrated that conservative surgery particularly in the forefoot, compared better in terms of clinical outcomes. Nevertheless, the quality of surgical articles dealing with diabetic ulcers of the forefoot is thought to be average. This paper aimed to quantify the level of evidence of the DFU surgical papers published in the literature.Literature surveyPubMed was searched from inception till Feb 2020. All study designs but case reports were accepted for inclusion. Two outcomes were searched for: a) study design and b) level of evidence. The level of evidence of the studies was based on the classification developed by the Oxford Center for Evidence-based Medicine.ResultsIn total, 90 articles were included for analysis. Only 6 studies (6.7%) had a Level 1 level of evidence. One study had a Level 2 (1.1%) and 13 studies (14.4%) a Level 3. The majority of the included studies had a Level 4 of level of evidence with 70 studies (77.8%) being case-series.ConclusionIt is surprising that a disease with such enormous health-related and financial burden did not generate enough interest among surgeons to invest more into high quality research. The findings should incite surgeons to get more involved in the treatment of forefoot diabetic wound and infection. Large comparative prospective high quality trials to assess the available surgical methods are needed.     

野黄芪甙元对实验性糖尿病大鼠肾脏的保护作用

目的P：观察野黄芪甙元对实验性糖尿病大鼠肾脏的保护作用。方法：大鼠随机分为正常对照组,糖尿病组,野黄芪甙元治疗组,腹腔注射链脲佐菌素建立糖尿病动物模型,分别于4,6周测定血糖,Scr,BUN,Ucr,尿蛋白,Ccr,肾重／体重,肾小球平均面积（MGPA）,平均体积（MGV）,对电镜片进行形态学观察,结果：野黄芪甙元治疗后肾脏肥大指数,尿蛋白较糖尿病组明显减少,肾功能,体视学指标明显改善,结论：中药野黄芪甙元可以改善糖尿病大鼠肾脏功能和结构的损伤,起到保护肾脏的作用。     

Management of diabetic foot ulcers and the challenging points: An endocrine view

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are one of the most challenging complications of diabetes. Up to one-third of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) may suffer from DFUs during their life. DFU is one of the leading causes of morbidity in patients with DM. The treatment period is challenging, and the recurrence rate of DFUs is high. Hence, establishing prevention strategies is the most important point to be emphasized. A multidisciplinary approach is necessary in the prevention and treatment of DFUs. Patients at risk should be identified, and prevention measures should be taken based on the risk category. Once a DFU is formed, the appropriate classification and evidence-based treatment interventions should be executed. Glycemic control, diagnosis and treatment of vascular disease, local wound care, diagnosis, and treatment of infection should be addressed along with the proper evaluation and management of general health status.     

Diabetic foot ulcer: Challenges and future

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) have become one of the important causes of mortality and morbidity in patients with diabetes, and they are also a common cause of hospitalization, which places a heavy burden on patients and society. The prevention and treatment of DFUs requires multidisciplinary management. By controlling various risk factors, such as blood glucose levels, blood pressure, lipid levels and smoking cessation, local management of DFUs should be strengthened, such as debridement, dressing, revascularization, stem cell decompression and oxygen therapy. If necessary, systemic anti-infection treatment should be administered. We reviewed the progress in the clinical practice of treating DFUs in recent years, such as revascularization, wound repair, offloading, stem cell transplantation, and anti-infection treatment. We also summarized and prospectively analyzed some new technologies and measurements used in the treatment of DFUs and noted the future challenges and directions for the development of DFU treatments.     

2型糖尿病患者合并非糖尿病性肾损害的临床病理分析

目的：了解2型糖尿病合并非糖尿病性肾损害的临床病理特点。方法：总结分析29例2型糖尿病合并非糖尿病肾损害的临床资料、病理改变及治疗反应。结果：2型糖尿病或糖尿病肾病可以合并多种非糖尿病肾损害,以各种类型的原发性及继发性肾小球疾病为主。原发性肾小球疾病常见病理类型有轻度系膜增生性肾小球肾炎、膜性肾病、IgA肾病和微小病变。这些患者具有以下不同于典型糖尿病肾病的特点：（1）糖尿病病程短于5年;（2）大量蛋白尿或肾功能不全时血压正常;（3）急性肾功能衰竭;（4）血尿明显。大部分肾病水平蛋白尿患者经糖皮质激素或糖皮质激素联合细胞毒类药物治疗后可完全缓解.结论：（1）2型糖尿病合并肾损害不等于糖尿病肾病;（2）2型糖尿病可以合并各种非糖尿病性肾损害;（3）当2型糖尿病伴肾脏受累者具有上述不符合糖尿病肾病特征时,应尽早行肾活检明确诊断;（4）在充分考虑患者 的临床特点、病理改变、严格控制血糖及血压的情况下,糖皮质激素或糖皮质激素联合细胞毒类药物治疗是安全有效的,可以改变患者的预后。     

Characteristics of end stage renal disease diabetic patients in two countries with different socioeconomic conditions

Purpose: To identify differences that may affect morbidity and mortality of type 2 diabetic patients reaching ESRD between countries with different socioeconomic conditions. Methods: Comparison of clinical and laboratory features between 21 Nigerian (N) and 57 American patients (A) reaching ESRD over a 30month period. Results: Differences were noted in age at ESRD (N, 55.5±9.8; A, 64.5±9.6years), duration of diabetes (N, 5.2±2.8, A: 14.9±4.9years), body mass index (N, 24.5±4.1; A; 27.6±6.3kg/m²), prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy (N; 14%; A, 89%) and ischemic heart disease (N, 26%; A, 67%), blood pressure (N, [166.2±26.7]/[98.6±16.5]mmHg; A, [146.8±23.6]/[72.5±13.3]mmHg), creatinine clearance (N, 6.1±3.6; A, 14.8±3.5ml/min), urine protein excretion (N, 1.2±0.7; A, 6.1±4.9g/24-h), hematocrit (N, 28.0±6.0; A, 35.0±5.0%), serum glucose (N, 5.6±1.6; A, 10.5±5.5mmol/l), and serum cholesterol (N, 5.32±2.57; A, 4.19±1.16mmol/l) (all at P0.05). Differences were also found in the number of antihypertensive medications (N 1.4±0.6; A 2.4±1.2 per patient), and use of medications for diabetes (N 29%, A 79%), statins (N zero, A 61%) and erythropoietin (N zero, A 39%). 72% of the A, but none of the N patients had a functional dialysis access prior to ESRD. Conclusions: Between A and N patients reaching ESRD, there are differences in clinical features and laboratory values that may affect morbidity, mortality and impact on the health care resources. These differences indicate areas where further studies that could assist in the planning for ESRD care in both Nigeria and USA are required.