经口感染弓形虫在小鼠组织内的动态分布

目的观察经口感染弓形虫速殖子在小鼠小肠组织、实质器官内的动态分布。方法BALB／c小鼠96只．随机分为8组，0d组用0．5ml PBS／只灌胃，其余组用RH株弓形虫速殖子1×10^4个灌胃感染，感染后2、4、6、8、10、12、14d处死小鼠，每次处死12只，取十二指肠、空肠、回肠、肝脏、脾、肾、肺、心和脑做组织印片，吉-瑞氏染色，镜检。结果感染后2d在十二指肠、空肠、回肠、肺和心，4d在脾，6d在肾和肝脏发现虫体，脑内未发现虫体。十二指肠、空肠、回肠组织内虫体数量呈上升趋势，第6天达高峰后稍有下降。肝内虫体数量呈上升趋势，第6天最多；脾内虫体数量在6d达峰值后保持较高水平；实验期间肾、肺和心内虫体数量保持较低水平。结论弓形虫经口感染小鼠后2d，小肠组织出现大量速殖子；同时肺和心内有少量速殖子；4d在脾、6d在肾和肝脏发现虫体；速殖子在上述组织内增殖，并形成假包囊，脑内未发现虫体。     

腹腔-肠系膜上神经节内腹部内脏器官的代表区

目的 探讨支配腹部内脏器官的交感节后神经元在腹腔－肠系膜上神经节内的代表区。方法 用ＨＲＰ逆行标记法，显微镜描图仪做连续切片描图记录，计数标记细胞的面数密度，并经统计学处理。结果 猫脾、胰、肾、十二指肠和空间肠交感节后神经元在腹腔－肠系膜上神经节内具有各自的集中分布区和分散分布区，亦即各自的局部定位区。支配脾的交感节后神经元集中区位于该节的左侧上部，支配胰的交感节后神经元集中区位于该节两侧的上中后     

Screening of aquaporin 7 and aquaporin 8 expression in 35 organs using semi-quantified RT-PCR methods

Screening of aquaporin 7 and aquaporin 8 expression in 35 organs usingsemi-quantified RT-PCR methods     

Role of Peyer''s patch in the intestinal immune response to cholera toxin in enterically immunized rats.

Cholera toxin has been widely used to obtain insight into the cellular dynamics of the antigen-specific mucosal immune response. The present study was undertaken to clarify the influence of the organized intestinal lymphoid tissue (Peyer's patches [PP]) on the distribution of anti-cholera-toxin-containing cells (ACC) after intraperitoneal immunization and intraduodenal challenge with purified cholera toxin. This was done in rats which were surgically deprived of all visible PP. In comparison with sham-operated animals, each PP-deprived rat had nearly the same amount of ACC in the spleen, the mesenteric lymph nodes, and, surprisingly, the thoracic duct lymph. In contrast, the ACC in the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum of each PP-deprived animal were drastically reduced. Therefore the PP are suggested as an important organizing structure for the buildup of a local antigen-specific immune response.     

狗腹腔器官淋巴系的研究

用１０％普鲁士蓝溶液做淋巴管间接注射法，观察了１６只成狗腹腔器官的淋巴系。结果表明；肝淋巴管全由肝门走出，注入肝总淋巴结，少部分注入肝右淋巴结或胰十二指肠淋巴结。     

Background pathology of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) in toxicological studies.

Two hundred common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) from control groups (100 males, 100 females) of toxicological studies were examined histopathologically to evaluate the spectrum of spontaneous lesions in this species. Frequent findings were extramedullary hematopoiesis affecting adrenal glands, liver, kidney and spleen, cystic Brunner's glands in the duodenum, acute or subacute inflammation in the large intestine and gall bladder, renal mineralization and pigmentation, hepatic Ito-cell vacuolation, microgranuloma and glycogen storage, pituitary cysts, C-cell hyperplasia and lymphocytic foci of the thyroid gland, luteal hyperplasia of the ovary and inflammatory cell foci in various organs.     

Pathogenicity and antigen detection of the Nouzilly strain of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus, in 1-week-old piglets.

We compared the pathogenicity and the sites of multiplication of the attenuated Nouzilly strain, with the highly passaged Purdue-115 and the virulent Gep II strains of transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) coronavirus, in 1-week-old weaned piglets. The immunohistochemical peroxidase technique, with an antiviral nucleoprotein monoclonal antibody, was used for the localization of the multiplication sites, in the intestine and other organs. The Gep II and the Purdue-115 strains, administered orally to piglets, caused clinical signs and lesions of TGE. These strains multiplied within the intestinal tract in the enterocytes of the jejunum and ileum, Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes. In view of the small numbers of infected cells in the tonsils, spleen, kidney, liver and lung, these tissues are not considered to be preferential multiplication sites. The attenuated Nouzilly strain multiplies only in the ileum and the mesenteric lymph nodes. The variation in the tropism for particular parts of the intestine (with the preferential localization of the virus in the ileum rather than the jejunum), could be related to the high degree of attenuation of the Nouzilly strain.     

Assessment of the pathogenicity of an emu-origin influenza A H5 virus in ostriches (Struthio camelus)

Ostriches were inoculated with a laboratory-derived highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus of emu origin, A/emu/TX/39924/93 (H5N2) clone c1B. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pathogenicity of this isolate for ostriches and assess the ability of routine virological and serological tests to detect infection. Avian influenza virus (AIV) was isolated from cloacal and tracheal swabs from 2 to 12 days post-infection. AIV was also isolated from brain, thymus, eyelid, spleen, ovary/testis, liver, air sac, proventriculum, duodenum, caecal tonsil, heart, pancreas, kidney, nasal gland and lung. Virus isolation was also possible from swabs of the luminal surfaces of the cloaca, jejunum, lower ileum, bursa of Fabricius, trachea and bone marrow. Birds seroconverted as early as 7 days post-infection. This study suggests that HPAI virus of emu origin replicates extensively in infected ostriches without causing significant clinical disease or mortality.     

Secondary amyloidosis in chronic polyarthritis

Systemic secondary amyloidosis was a post-mortem finding recorded from 24% of patients with classical chronic polyarthritis. In 80 to 100% of all cases, amyloidosis was present in heart, thyroid gland, kidneys, adrenal gland, pancreas, spleen, and gastro-intestinal canal. It was recordable, in 50 to 70% of all cases, from liver, aorta, lungs, and lymph nodes. Nerves, muscles, skin, and synovial membrane were less often affected (10 to 40% of all cases). No amyloidosis was recorded at all from the brain. Amyloid depositions differed greatly in intensity by organs. The most massive deposits were found in the gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, adrenal glands, thyroid gland, and spleen. Amyloid depositions were moderate in heart, pancreas, lungs, and liver. They were extremely low in lymph nodes, muscles, nerves, synovial membrane, and skin. The author assumes amyloid deposition to be associated with increase in arterial or venous concentrations of circulating amyloid precursors. Frequency and intensity of amyloid depositions in different organs may be linked to blood supply to the latter. The higher the minute volume of a given organ, the more strongly pronounced is the amyloidosis in it. In the context of amyloidogenesis, consideration should be given, as well, to locally delimited factors, such as organ motility.     

Disseminated microsporidiosis caused by Encephalitozoon cuniculi III (dog type) in an Italian AIDS patient: a retrospective study.

We report a case of disseminated microsporidiosis in an Italian woman with AIDS. This study was done retrospectively using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue specimens obtained at autopsy. Microsporidia spores were found in the necrotic lesions of the liver, kidney, and adrenal gland and in ovary, brain, heart, spleen, lung, and lymph nodes. The infecting agent was identified as belonging to the genus Encephalitozoon based on transmission electron microscopy and indirect immunofluorescence. Additional molecular studies, including sequence of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer region, identified the agent as E. cuniculi, Genotype III. We believe that this is the first report of a human case of disseminated microsporidial infection involving the ovary.     

A case of invasive aspergillosis in an amyloidosis patient]

A sixty-four-year-old male patient was admitted on 13 April 1995 with diagnosis of old pulmonary tuberculosis and pulmonary aspergilloma. He developed a tarry stool and frequent loose motion in early November 1995. Histopathological findings of endoscopic biopsy from the duodenum and colon were suggestive of secondary amyloidosis. In spite of antibiotic and steroid pulse, he developed shock, and massive infiltration shadow appeared in chest X-ray. The patient died on 29 December 1995. The postmortem examination in the specimens of the lung, heart, kidney, liver, and spleen revealed hyphae of Aspergillus sp. and in the specimens of the lung, kidney, spleen, esophagus, adrenal gland, and thyroid revealed amyloid. He was finally diagnosed as invasive aspergillosis with secondary amyloidosis.     

Expression of epidermal growth factor in human tissues

Summary The expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) was examined on various human tissues by radioimmunoassay, immunohistochemistry and Northern blot analysis. Immunoreactive EGF was found in most of the human tissues by radioimmunoassay at various levels. Large quantities of EGF were detected in the kidney and thyroid gland. Immunohistochemically, EGF immunoreactivity was detected mainly in the epithelial cells of the lung, stomach, duodenum, pancreas, kidney, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, mammary gland, ovary, uterus and placenta. Weakly EGF-positive cells were also found in the adrenal gland. The results of EGF-immunostaining were not always consistent with the data from radioimmunoassay. We consider that the amount of EGF measured by radioimmunoassay reflects the density of EGF-positive cells in the tissues and the concentration of EGF in individual EGF-positive cells. Furthermore, EGF mRNA was expressed in the salivary gland, thyroid gland, mammary gland and kidney. It is thus evident that EGF is produced by a variety of human tissues. The kidney expressed exceptionally high levels of EGF mRNA which was about one-tenth of the expression in mouse submandibular gland, suggesting that most of EGF in the urine is produced and secreted by the epithelial cells of renal tubules.     

Size of Jejunai Peyer''s Patches and Migration of Lymphocyte Subsets in Pigs after Resection or Transposition ofthe Continuous Heal Peyer''s Patch

In pigs there are two types of Peyer's patches in the small intestine: discrete patches in the jejunum (jejPP) and a continuous patch in the terminal ileum (ilPP). The ilPP was resectioned or transposed into the upper jejunum. After the operation the size of the remaining jejPP showed no compensatory growth in either group within 10 months. However, the number of CD8+ lymphocytes in the blood, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, tonsils, and Peyer's patches and the number of CD4+ cells in the spleen and tonsils was reduced in comparison to those of age-matched control pigs. Autologous blood lymphocytes were labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate and retransfused. In control animals the mid-portion of the ilPP showed a lower entry of lymphocytes and the migration pattern of lymphocyte subsets was different in the animals with resectioned or transposed ilPP as compared to controls. Thus, the removal of the ilPP (about 60% of all small intestinal PP) did not result in the remaining patches adapting their size, but it did influence other lymphoid organs.     

Autoimmune cell-mediated tubulointerstitial nephritis induced in lewis rats by renal antigens

Lewis rats were injected with homogenates of renal or liver tissue or saline in complete Freund's adjuvant, plus pertussis vaccine, and were sacrificed at intervals ranging from 4 to 56 days. No renal lesions were observed in liver-or saline-injected animals. However, in rats injected with kidney preparations, severe tubulointerstitial nephritis was observed at 10–14 days; the lesions were characterized by irregular mononuclear cell infiltrates and tubular cell damage. At later intervals, milder more focal lesions were found. By immunofluorescence no tubulointerstitial deposits of immunoglobulin or C3 were detected. Transfer of lymph node, spleen, or peritoneal exudate cells from kidney-injected donors to normal Lewis rats resulted in focal interstitial infiltrates and tubular cell damage at 24 to 48 hr. Transfer of serum from kidney-injected donors or cells or serum from liver- or saline-injected donors produced no renal lesions. The migration of peritoneal macrophages from kidney-injected animals was inhibited by kidney, but not liver or spleen antigens. MIF activity was found in culture supernatants when lymph node or spleen cells from kidney-injected animals were cultured with kidney, but not with liver antigen preparations. The findings are interpreted as indicating that the tubulointerstitial lesions resulted from cell-mediated reactivity against kidney-specific antigens.     

Angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in postmortem human tissues

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) was assayed spectrophotometrically with hippuryl-histidyl-leucine as substrate. Postmortem tissues from 11 patients with various causes of death and pancreatic juice obtained during endoscopic cannulation of the pancreatic duct were assayed. Activity of most human tissues other than those of the gastrointestinal tract were found to be predominantly associated with the particulate fraction of the homogenates. Tissues with more than twice the ACE activity of lung included kidney, ileum, duodenum, and uterus; seven tissues with ACE activity approximately equal to that of lung included prostate, jejunum, lymph node, thyroid, colon, testis, and adrenal. Twelve other tissues had lower levels of activity with the heart consistently showing the least ACE activity. In the small intestine, the level of ACE activity increased with increasing distance from the pylorus. Inhibitors of ACE were detected in most tissues by assaying serial dilutions of the tissue homogenate; the presence of partial inhibitors did not significantly affect the relative activities of the various tissues. Lysis of hippuryl-histidyl-leucine by the pancreas and pancreatic juice resulted from an enzyme believed to be carboxypeptidase A which is present as a zymogen and activated by trypsin; this activity differed from ACE in that it had a smaller molecular weight (25,000) compared with ACE of serum (240,000), and it was not strongly inhibited by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or SQ 20881 (a specific ACE inhibitor). These studies show that human tissues vary in their content of ACE and suggest that ACE may serve a digestive or detoxifying role in the human small intestine and kidney, as well as functioning to activate angiotensin I.     

Hyperglucagonemia after removal of lower bowel in rats

Surgical removal of the jejunum, ileum, and colon from rats (LBX) results in greatly elevated levels of plasma immunoreactive glucagon (pIRG) 24 h after surgery (0.98 +/- 0.07 ng/ml, n = 51 vs. 0.20 +/- 0.02 ng/ml, n = 34 in sham-operated controls). Such elevations in pIRG were not noted after gut transection or the removal of ileum, jejunum, or colon alone, ileum plus jejunum, or stomach plus duodenum. Coupled with the failure of adrenal demedullation, adrenalectomy or ganglionic blockade to lower pIRG in LBX animals, these findings suggest that surgical stress alone is an unlikely cause for LBX-induced hyperglucagonemia. It was also shown that alpha-cells in LBX animals retained their responsiveness to both the inhibitory effects of somatostatin and glucose infusion as well as the stimulatory effects of arginine infusion. Chromatography revealed a normal pattern of IRG in the plasma of LBX animals. It is postulated that LBX-induced hyperglucagonemia may result from the removal of an inhibitory factor present in the lower bowel.     

Organ distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in SARS patients: implications for pathogenesis and virus transmission pathways

We previously identified the major pathological changes in the respiratory and immune systems of patients who died of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) but gained little information on the organ distribution of SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). In the present study, we used a murine monoclonal antibody specific for SARS-CoV nucleoprotein, and probes specific for a SARS-CoV RNA polymerase gene fragment, for immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, respectively, to detect SARS-CoV systematically in tissues from patients who died of SARS. SARS-CoV was found in lung, trachea/bronchus, stomach, small intestine, distal convoluted renal tubule, sweat gland, parathyroid, pituitary, pancreas, adrenal gland, liver and cerebrum, but was not detected in oesophagus, spleen, lymph node, bone marrow, heart, aorta, cerebellum, thyroid, testis, ovary, uterus or muscle. These results suggest that, in addition to the respiratory system, the gastrointestinal tract and other organs with detectable SARS-CoV may also be targets of SARS-CoV infection. The pathological changes in these organs may be caused directly by the cytopathic effect mediated by local replication of the SARS-CoV; or indirectly as a result of systemic responses to respiratory failure or the harmful immune response induced by viral infection. In addition to viral spread through a respiratory route, SARS-CoV in the intestinal tract, kidney and sweat glands may be excreted via faeces, urine and sweat, thereby leading to virus transmission. This study provides important information for understanding the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV infection and sheds light on possible virus transmission pathways. This data will be useful for designing new strategies for prevention and treatment of SARS.     

Influence of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on pulmonary O2 uptake kinetics during supra-maximal exercise in humans

Transcobalamin (TC) has been cloned and used for studying its gene expression in the rat. TC mRNA is distributed widely in adult rat tissues, but at different levels (kidney > liver > lung > yolk sac > intestine > heart > brain > spleen > muscle). TC mRNA levels were 4-fold higher in the jejunum and ileum compared to its levels in the duodenum. During postnatal development, TC mRNA levels in the ileum declined 4-fold from day 4 to day 12, but increased by 5-fold between days 12 and 24. In contrast, TC mRNA levels increased by 2.5-fold in the kidney from day 4 to day 12 and then declined by 2-fold by day 24. Adrenalectomy of adult rats resulted in a 4-fold decline in ileal levels of TC mRNA and a 50% decline in the ileal mucosal formation of the TC-[⁵⁷Co] cobalamin (Cbl) complex following oral administration of [⁵⁷Co]Cbl complexed to gastric intrinsic factor (IF). Cortisone treatment reversed these changes noted in the ileum. In contrast to ileum, kidney TC mRNA levels were not altered significantly in adrenalectomized rats before and after cortisone treatment. Taken together, this study has provided evidence for the regulation of TC gene expression in the rat kidney and intestine during their postnatal development, and cortisone selectively regulates ileal but not kidney TC mRNA levels.     

Invasion of the intestinal tract by sporozoites of Eimeria coecicola and Eimeria intestinalis in naive and immune rabbits

Naive and immune specific-pathogen-free rabbits were inoculated in the duodenum with sporocysts of Eimeria coecicola or Eimeria intestinalis. Samples were taken from the following tissues: duodenum (site of penetration of sporozoites), ileum (specific target site of the endogenous development of E. intestinalis), vermiform appendix (target site of E. coecicola) and two extraintestinal sites, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), and spleen. The presence of sporozoites was checked by immunohistochemistry. In rabbits primary-infected with E. coecicola, large numbers of sporozoites were detected in the duodenum, extraintestinal sites, and vermiform appendix. The abundance of sporozoites in the spleen, MLN, and appendix was significantly reduced in the immune rabbits, and the migration seemed impeded. In the rabbits infected with E. intestinalis, sporozoites were absent in the spleen and MLN, indicating that the route of migration is different from that of E. coecicola. The number of sporozoites in the crypts of the ileum was markedly reduced in the immune animals.