起源于左心耳局灶性房性心动过速的电生理特征和射频消融治疗

Objective To analyze the electrophysiological characteristics and efficacy of radiofrequeney catheter ablation ( RFA ) of focal atrial tachycardia (AT) originating from the left atrial appendage (LAA). Methods Electrophysiologic study and RFA were performed in 9 patients (4 female)with focal AT originating from the LAA. Atrial appendage angiography was performed to identify the origin of AT. P waves were classified as negative, positive, isoelectric, or biphasic. Results The mean age was (21 ±9)years. AT occurred spontaneously or was induced by isoproterenol infusion rather than programmed extrastimulation and burst atrial pacing. A characteristic P-wave morphology and endocardial activation pattern were observed. Positive P-wave in inferior leads was seen in all patients, upright or biphasic ( +/- )component P wave was observed in lead V_1, isoelectric component or an uptight component P wave with low amplitude ( < O0 1 mV) was seen in lead V_2 - V_6. Earliest endocardial activity occurred at the distal coronary sinus (CS) in all patients. The earliest endocardial activation at the successful RFA site occurred (36. 7 ± 7.9 ) ms before the onset of P wave. RFA was successful in all 9 patients immediately post procedure. AT reoccurred in 2 patients within 1 month post RFA and AT disappeared post the 2nd-RFA. AT reoccurred in 1 patient and terminated after the 3rd RFA. At the final follow-up ( 12 ± 5 ) months, all 9 patients were free of arrhythmias without antiarrhythmic drugs. Conclusions The LAA is an uncommon site of origin for focal AT. The characteristic P wave and activation timing are suggestive for focal AT originating from the LAA. LAA focal ablation is safe and effective for patients with focal AT originating from the LAA.     

起源于左心耳局灶性房性心动过速的电生理特征和射频消融治疗

Objective To analyze the electrophysiological characteristics and efficacy of radiofrequeney catheter ablation ( RFA ) of focal atrial tachycardia (AT) originating from the left atrial appendage (LAA). Methods Electrophysiologic study and RFA were performed in 9 patients (4 female)with focal AT originating from the LAA. Atrial appendage angiography was performed to identify the origin of AT. P waves were classified as negative, positive, isoelectric, or biphasic. Results The mean age was (21 ±9)years. AT occurred spontaneously or was induced by isoproterenol infusion rather than programmed extrastimulation and burst atrial pacing. A characteristic P-wave morphology and endocardial activation pattern were observed. Positive P-wave in inferior leads was seen in all patients, upright or biphasic ( +/- )component P wave was observed in lead V_1, isoelectric component or an uptight component P wave with low amplitude ( < O0 1 mV) was seen in lead V_2 - V_6. Earliest endocardial activity occurred at the distal coronary sinus (CS) in all patients. The earliest endocardial activation at the successful RFA site occurred (36. 7 ± 7.9 ) ms before the onset of P wave. RFA was successful in all 9 patients immediately post procedure. AT reoccurred in 2 patients within 1 month post RFA and AT disappeared post the 2nd-RFA. AT reoccurred in 1 patient and terminated after the 3rd RFA. At the final follow-up ( 12 ± 5 ) months, all 9 patients were free of arrhythmias without antiarrhythmic drugs. Conclusions The LAA is an uncommon site of origin for focal AT. The characteristic P wave and activation timing are suggestive for focal AT originating from the LAA. LAA focal ablation is safe and effective for patients with focal AT originating from the LAA.     

25例房性心动过速的电生理检查和射频消融结果

目的探讨房性心动过速（房速）的发生机制和射频消融结果。方法对２５例房速患者进行心内电生理检查、药物试验和射频消融治疗。结果（１）２４例阵发性房速为折返机制，并且静脉注射三磷酸腺苷的终止率达８７％；而另１例慢性房速则是异常自律性增加。（２）２４例（９６％）房速消融成功。成功靶点的Ａ波较体表心电图Ｐ′波（Ａ－Ｐ′间期）提前３８±１１ｍｓ，明显长于非成功靶点（２６±７ｍｓ，Ｐ＜０．０５）。消融成功部位主要位于房内特殊的解剖区域。结论成年人阵发性房速的主要发病机制是折返性，并对三磷酸腺苷敏感。射频消融术是治愈房速的有效方法     

射频消融治疗心房肌肌袖相关的房性心动过速

目的研究房性心动过速(房速)的临床和电生理特点.方法病例为1998年1月～2001年4月在我院因房速[部分伴心房颤动(房颤)]而行心内电生理和射频消融的患者.比较不同部位起源房速的临床特点和心内激动差异.结果共19例,年龄(46.8±18)岁.尝试消融治疗16例,房速起源右房侧11例,分别为希氏束上方4例,上腔静脉、右心耳各2例,下腔静脉、冠状窦口、终末嵴各1例.起源于左房侧5例,分别为肺静脉4例,左心耳1例.消融成功13例(81%),不成功者分别为希氏束旁2例,肺静脉1例.左房起源和上腔静脉起源房速心电图aVL导联P波呈负相,不同之处是后者Ⅰ导联P波呈正相.左上肺静脉、左心耳和上腔静脉起源的房性早搏(房早)和房速冠状窦远端心房激动早于或等于冠状窦口.而右上肺静脉房早和房速的冠状窦口激动早于远端.左上肺静脉、冠状窦口和下腔静脉的房早和房速时的冠状窦口激动早于右房上部.其他起源房早和房速时的右房上激动早于冠状窦口.成功消融部位电位提前体表心电图的P波(37.6±16.6)ms.但肺静脉和上腔静脉心动过速病例中各有1例经消融隔离心动过速起源的远端而成功.虽然多数患者的心动过速起源于易形成肌袖的心房和血管交界部位,但是肺静脉起源房速[AA间期(230.8±58.O)ms]的频率显著快于其他部位者[AA间期(342.6±86.5)ms,P=0.015],且更易出现房颤(4例全部出现).成功病例随访1～30(10±10)个月,无复发.结论局灶房速好发于心房与其他结构交界的部位,可能与该部位心房肌肌袖的存在有关,常规心内电生理检查有助于初步定位房速起源部位,射频消融成功率高.     

起源于右心耳局灶性房性心动过速电生理特点及射频消融

目的探讨起源于右心耳局灶性房性心动过速（RAAT）心电图、电生理特点及射频消融。方法138例经射频消融治疗的局灶性房性心动过速（房速）中有7例（5．0％）起源于右心耳,通过10极冠状静脉窦（CS）电极导管、高位右心房（HRA）电极导管、希氏束（HBE）电极导管和消融导管（ABL）记录其电生理检查结果、靶点位置,并记录和观察体表心电图房性P波形态（正向、负向、低平和双向）。结果7例RAAT患者平均年龄为（41．1±19．6）岁,病史（5．4±4．0）年,其中男性4例,女性3例。房速持续性4例,阵发性2例,通过心房程序刺激诱发1例。体表心电图房性P波形态特征：所有患者V,导联P波负向,绝大多数下壁导联P波正向或双向,胸前导联P波由负向逐渐变为正向。心内电生理检查提示房速时HRA处A波最早,有效消融靶点较体表心电图P波提前（38．4±12．6）ms。6例患者消融成功,其中4例使用盐水灌注消融导管,随访3～12个月无房速复发,未见并发症发生。结论RAAT相对少见（5．0％）,有特殊的心电图和心内电生理表现,盐水灌注消融导管能提高消融成功率,远期效果好。     

无冠窦起源房性心动过速的电生理特点及射频消融治疗五例分析

目的研究无冠窦起源房性心动过速(房速)的电生理特点。方法 5例无冠窦起源房速患者,其中男性2例,女性3例,年龄37～68岁。观察心动过速时P波形态,心内标测心房最早激动部位,并行射频消融治疗。结果 5例无冠窦起源房速的周长平均为(363±44)ms。P波形态主要表现为在Ⅱ、Ⅲ和aVF导联上直立和双向,aVR导联倒置,在aVL导联上全为正向。胸前导联中,V_1～V_2为负正双向,V_3～V_5为负正双向或正向,V_6为正向。5例患者均于无冠窦内成功消融,术后随访6个月均未见复发。结论无冠窦起源房速P波形态的特征可能为右胸导联先负后正,下壁导联直立或双向。此类房速的射频消融安全有效。     

起源于心房下部局灶性房性心动过速电生理特点及射频消融治疗

目的:探讨起源于右房下部局灶性房性心动过速(AT)电生理特点及射频消融的疗效。方法:对3例起源于下腔静脉口及1例起源于冠状静脉窦口AT病例分析其心电图特点,行常规心内电生理检查,明确AT时心房激动顺序,寻找心房激动最早起源点标测与消融,临床随诊评价疗效。结果:3例下腔静脉口部AT患者心电图Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF、V1导联P'为负,I、aVL为正;1例冠状窦口部AT患者心电图Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF及V1导联P'波为负、正双向,Ⅰa、VL P'低平,不易区别。成功消融靶点双极电图A-P间期(40±15)ms,单极电图心房或冠状窦口部起源的AT心电图有一定特征,可大致区分AT起源部位。结论:单极电图与双极电图对AT的消融有较高的特异性,射频消融是治疗起源于心房下部局灶性AT的首选方法。     

起源于Koch 氏三角房性心动过速的电生理特征和射频导管消融

目的研究起源于Koch 氏三角房性心动过速(房速)的电生理特征和射频导管消融的可行性.方法对14例起源于Koch 氏三角的房速患者进行了电生理和射频消融研究,其中女8例,男6例,年龄13～71(47±20)岁,平均心动过速病史(13±12)年.结果 12例射频导管消融成功,其中房速起源点位于Koch 氏三角尖部即希氏束附近4例,位于底部冠状窦口附近8例;2例消融未成功者,房速起源点均位于希氏束附近.9例房速可被右房程序电刺激诱发和终止.5例需要异丙肾上腺素诱发.发作时的体表12导联的心电图P′波特征Ⅰ、aVL导联均为正向,下壁导联几乎都为负向.无1例发生房室传导阻滞或手术相关的并发症.结论射频消融治疗起源于Koch 氏三角的房速是可行的.     

局灶性房性心动过速与射频消融的临床分析

目的探讨局灶性房性心动过速（简称房速）的临床和电生理、靶点标测及导管射频消融（RFCA）的结果。方法16例房速行心内电生理检查和RFCA,房速靶点标测采用激动标测方法,射频消融功率设置20—30W,或预设温度50-60℃放电消融。结果经电生理确诊为房速16例,RFCA即刻成功15例（93．75％）,15例房速共有17个起源病灶,分布在右房侧壁5个,房间隔5个,希氏束（HIS）旁2个,上腔静脉（SVC）1个,左上肺静脉（LSPV）2个,右上肺静脉（RSPV）2个。合并左前侧壁旁道（AVRT）1例,消融旁道后诱发不出房速,合并房室结折返心动过速（AVNRT）1例,房速的起源灶就在间隔中下部,消融靶点相当于HIS与冠状动脉窦（CS）口间中下1／3处,消融效果如改良房室结,结果房速及AVNRT均不能再诱发。1例LSPV房速,2个月后复发,并诱发出AF及Af,做LSPV电隔离消融获得成功。有1例HIS旁房速,术中出现三度房室传导阻滞（AVB）。结论局灶性房速RFCA成功率高,病灶起源部位以右心房侧壁及房间隔多见,HIS旁房速作消融要谨慎,应尽量避免出现三度AVB并发症。     

房性心动过速电生理鉴别诊断和射频消融治疗

房性心动过速（房速）临床上容易与其它室上性心动过速相混淆，且药物和外科治疗效果差。１０例房速病人行射频消融术，男６例女４例，年龄２４～６１岁。方法是心内电生理检查确诊房速后，用１～２根消融导管标测心房，在房速时寻找最早Ａ波作为消融靶点放电。结果：１０例均为右房房速，７例为房内折返性心动过速，３例为自律性房速。靶点处ＰＡ为一２５～－５０ｍｓ，消融试放电４～１２次，９例消融成功。９例成功病人随访１６～３８个月，有１例复发。本文就房速的电生理鉴别和射频消融方法进行了讨论。     

心脏房室瓣周房性心动过速的电生理特征及射频消融治疗

目的报道一组起源于房室瓣环或其邻近心房肌(瓣周)的房性心动过速(房速)。方法16例患者经心电生理检查及射频消融证实为瓣周房速,并对电生理机制、靶点图特征、分布区域等进行分析。结果瓣周房速占同期射频消融治疗房速的23.2%,起源点在左、右侧房室瓣环的分布比为3∶16;体表心电图特征、发生机制与其他房速相比,差异无统计学意义。消融成功靶点均有A、V两种成分,A、V电位幅度之比为2∶3~6∶1,靶点局部A波电位提前于体表心电图P′波20~46(38.6±6.7)ms;瓣环标测和消融成功率87.5%,复发率7.1%。结论瓣周房速在全部房速中占有相当比例,起源点分布右侧显著多于左侧。其电生理机制与其他房速无明显区别,瓣环标测和消融在房速射频消融中有较大的实用价值。     

上腔静脉起源快速心律失常的电生理特征和射频消融治疗

目的：上腔静脉内存在由右心房肌延伸产生的肌袖，由此产生的电活动可能导致阵发性快速房性心律失常，该研究探讨一种以往认为罕见的心律失常，即上腔静脉起源房性心律失常的电生理特点和射频消消融治疗。方法：1998年1月至今，因房性心动过速（房速）和心房颤动（房颤）而接受射频治疗共21例，其中3例源于上腔静脉，分别为1例房速，2例房颤伴房速，结果：3例患者房速时心电图的特点是PaVL呈负向，PI为正向，伴发房颤的患者，房速时频率快，临床多种抗心律失常药物治疗无效，3例患者的常规标测心内激动顺序为：高位右房→希氏束→冠状窦远端→冠状窦近端。1例房速采用最早激动点标测消融成功，2例房速伴房颤分别采用解剖隔离上腔静脉和电隔离上腔静脉消融成功，分别随访31，10，2．5个月无复发。结论：上腔静脉是房速和房颤的起源部位之一，药物治疗效果不满意时射频消融可望获得有效治疗。     

左心耳来源的局灶性房性心动过速的临床特点和治疗杨秀婷金元超 曾艳 张雨薇刘启功

左心耳来源的房性心动过速非常少见,多呈持续性发作,药物疗效不佳,容易导致心动过速性心肌病。心电图表现为：Ⅰ和aVL导联P波倒置,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联P波直立。左心耳来源的房性心动过速多为自律性增高或微折返机制,电生理检查可明确发生机制及房速的起源部位。导管消融风险较大,也可直接外科手术切除左心耳。     

心房耳尖部持续性房性心动过速的临床特点和射频消融

目的：报道心房耳尖部房性心动过速（房速）的临床特点和射频消融结果。方法：对7例[男性2例，女性5例，平均年龄（24．8±7．9）岁]房速患者进行体表心电图和动态心电图检查。采用三维电解剖（Carto）标测系统，确定房速病灶的起源部位和指导经导管射频消融。结果：7例房速均为持续性发作（5～432个月，中位数96个月），未发现器质性心脏病。房速起源于右心房耳尖部（1例）和左心房耳尖部（6例），呈局灶性和异常自律性增高机制。7例房速均消融成功，无并发症。随访7～28个月（中位数15个月），无一例房速复发。结论：心房耳尖部房速表现为持续性发作和异常自律性增高机制。采用三维电解剖标测系统和盐水灌注消融导管，可提高病灶定位的准确性和消融的成功率。     

Radiofrequency catheter ablation for atrial tachycardia originating from the left atrial appendage

A 36-year-old woman presented with drug-refractory atrial tachycardia. During the tachycardia episodes, P waves were positive in leads II, III, aVF, and V1, while they were negative in leads I and aVL. It was hard to determine whether the origin was the left atrial appendage or left superior pulmonary vein on the surface electrocardiogram. Electrophysiologic evaluation revealed that the earliest endocardial activation occurred at the base of the left atrial appendage, preceding the onset of P waves by 38 ms. On initiation of the tachycardia, a warm-up phenomenon was observed. There was a fixed relation between the coupling interval of a single extrastimulus and the return cycle length during the tachycardia. These findings suggested that the mechanism of the tachycardia was automaticity. Application of radiofrequency energy at the left atrial appendage terminated the tachycardia and it was not inducible after ablation.     

三维标测指导下射频导管消融右心耳起源的局灶性房性心动过速

目的 报道应用三维标测指导射频导管消融起源于右心耳的局灶性房性心动过速(房速),并初步探讨其临床及心电学特征.方法 共6例患者(男性4例,女性2例,年龄(43±19)岁]临床诊断为窄QRS心动过速,其中3例曾行常规射频消融失败,4例左心房内径明显扩大.经电生理检查证实为房速.术中行EnSite-NavX激动标测或者Carto电解剖标测以明确局灶性房速并指出最早激动大致范围.在局部做精细标测找到心房最早激动处,于心动过速时应用盐水灌注导管放电消融,能量30～40 W,温度43℃.即刻成功指标为心动过速终止并不再被诱发.结果 6例心动过速平均心动周期为(343±53)ms.三维激动标测结果显示房速呈右心耳部位点状扩布,并且整个右心房激动时间占心动周期的27%±8%.成功消融靶点局部A波较体表心电图P波提前(52±13)ms.消融后行右心房心耳造影确认消融导管位置.6例右心耳房速均成功消融且未有并发症发生.随访3个月其中1例复发心动过速,经再次标测证实为三尖瓣前侧部局灶性房速并且成功消融.左心房扩大者心房内径较术前显著缩小[(41±6)mm对(36±6)mm,P＜0.05].结论 局灶性房速可起源于右心耳并可以成功消融.三维标测有助于靶点定位及消融成功.