中国鼠疫菌某些生化特征及流行病学意义

目的 探讨中国鼠疫菌株生化表征的遗传变异与分型地位。方法 采用平皿单菌落法，实验观察我国17个生态型共336株鼠疫菌酵解麦芽糖、鼠李糖、阿胶糖、甘油及脱氮反应的变化。结果 发现松辽平原、滇闽居民区和滇西纵谷区3个生态型部分菌株对甘油、阿胶糖、麦芽糖酵解有变异，可同时出现酵解和不酵解的单菌落，而且特性较稳定；其余14个生态型鼠疫菌单菌落酵解能力与过去资料报道一致无明显变化；根据实验结果可将中国鼠疫菌分为12个生化型。结论 我国鼠疫菌对糖酵解特性稳定，具有一定的分型意义，滇闽居民区与滇西纵谷区生态型鼠疫菌株可能源于一个祖先。     

一株生化特性变异鼠疫菌对抗菌素敏感性试验

一株生化特性变异鼠疫菌对抗菌素敏感性试验郭美荣，韩新茂，黄富（内蒙古乌兰察布盟地方病防治站）绝大多数沙鼠型鼠疫菌不酵解麦芽糖，这一生化特性是较稳定的。各生化型鼠疫菌某些生化特性的变异，能否导致对某些抗菌药物敏感性的改变，目前尚未见报导。我们通过对５９...     

115株鼠疫菌的生物学特性及流行病学研究

目的：研究115株鼠疫菌的生物学特性及与鼠疫动物病流行的关系。方法：生化试验及毒力决定因子测定。结果：由于鼠疫自然疫源地的不同,所分离的鼠疫菌株在表型特征方面存在着相对稳定性的判别,结论：按中国鼠疫菌的生态分型标准,被试菌株属鄂尔多斯高原型。     

四川石渠县鼠疫耶尔森菌的分子生物学特征

目的：对四川省石渠县鼠疫耶尔森菌的遗传特性进行分析。并与其他类型的鼠疫苗株相比较。方法：特征性基因的PCR扩增，随机扩增多态性DNA，脉冲场电泳、rRNA基因指纹图分析等。结果：石渠县的菌株为典型的鼠疫菌株，具有鼠疫强毒菌的典型特征，从该县青海田鼠中分离的鼠疫菌株，其分子生物学特征与我国其他疫源地中的鼠疫菌株明显不同。结论：该地可能存在一种新类型的鼠疫自然疫源地，其鼠疫菌属于一单独型别；1999年该县发生的人间鼠疫。感染来自该疫源地之外；对该疫源地仍须密切监视，以确定其对人类的威胁。     

四川省巴塘县首次分离鼠疫菌的遗传学特征

目的 了解分离自四川省巴塘县的首株鼠疫菌的生态型和分子生物学特征,为因地制宜制定鼠疫防制策略提供科学依据.方法 将传统的鼠疫菌生化表型鉴定方法和多位点可变数目串联重复序列分析(MLVA)的分型方法相结合,确定巴塘县鼠疫菌株的型别,并进行溯源分析.结果 四川省巴塘县鼠疫菌株能够酵解甘油、阿拉伯糖和麦芽糖,且具有硝酸盐还原能力,但不能酵解鼠李糖,符合青藏高原生态型鼠疫菌的表型特征;MLVA型别与分离自青海省和西藏自治区的青藏高原生态型鼠疫菌相同.结论 四川省巴塘县鼠疫菌的生态型为青藏高原型,与该菌株亲缘关系最近的鼠疫菌在青海省和西藏自治区均有分布.巴塘县是一个新发现的青藏高原喜马拉雅旱獭型鼠疫自然疫源地.     

2017年河北长爪沙鼠疫源地鼠疫菌的生态及差异区段分型研究

目的研究2017年河北康保长爪沙鼠疫源地鼠疫耶尔森菌的生态及差异片段(DFR)分型,探讨其流行特征。方法分离培养鼠疫菌,进行糖醇酵解实验以确定生态型;煮沸法提取鼠疫菌DNA,进行23对DFR和PMT1质粒序列PCR扩增,并进行PCR产物电泳分析。结果 3株菌(201701、201702和201703)均发酵甘油,阿胶糖产酸不产气;不发酵麦芽糖,鼠李糖;201701,201702两株菌迟缓发酵蜜二糖,201703不发酵蜜二糖;脱氮均为阴性。201701、201702、201703菌株均缺失DFR位点1、6、7、12、13、15、16、17、18、23。结论 2017年河北省鼠疫菌株生态型为B群鄂尔多斯高原型,差异片段分型为G20型。     

青藏高原鼠疫自然疫源地鼠疫耶尔森菌病原学研究

目的:了解青藏高原鼠疫自然疫源地鼠疫耶尔森菌（简称鼠疫菌）病原学特征。方法:以青藏高原1954-2016年不同地区及宿主、媒介体内分离的1 378株鼠疫菌作为实验对象,采用常规技术与分子生物学技术对其进行表型特征、质粒谱、基因组分型等研究,并对青藏高原鼠疫菌病原学、地理分布等特征进行探讨。结果:青藏高原鼠疫菌含6个生化...     

2009年德格鼠疫自然疫源地检测结果分析

目的研究德格县喜马拉雅旱獭鼠疫自然疫源地鼠疫流行状况。方法对喜马拉雅旱獭等材料进行细菌分离培养、鼠疫间接血凝试验（IHA）和反间接向血凝试验（R IHA）。结果细菌培养检测自毙喜马拉雅旱獭18份,分离鼠疫菌10株,细菌培养检测活体喜马拉雅57份,分离菌株2株;IHA检测旱獭血清56份、阳性1份,牧犬血清24份、阳性2份;RIHA检测组织悬液18份,阳性9份均为旱獭。结论从喜马拉雅旱獭分离出鼠疫菌,说明四川省德格县2009年正在发生动物鼠疫流行。     

云南省鹤庆县2017年分离鼠疫菌分子溯源

目的 了解2017年云南省鹤庆县新分离的鼠疫菌的基因分型,为该地的鼠疫防控提供科学依据。方法 采用差异片段（DFR）、规律成簇的间隔短回文重复序列（CRISPRs）和多位点可变数目串联重复序列分析（MLVA）3种方法对10株鹤庆县新分离鼠疫菌进行分型,并将10株鼠疫菌及邻近疫源地鼠疫菌株93株纳入聚类分析。结果 鹤庆鼠疫菌株与丽江鼠疫疫源地菌株具有相同的DFR型（Genomovar 05型）及CRISPRs型（Ca7簇,22型）,在MLVA聚类分析中,鹤庆鼠疫菌株与丽江野鼠鼠疫菌株位于同一个簇,两者之间仅有2个位点（N2117,M23）的差异。结论 2017年云南省鹤庆鼠疫菌株与丽江野鼠鼠疫疫源地菌株具有很高的同源性,鹤庆县疫情可能是丽江鼠疫进一步向南扩散的结果。     

内蒙古自治区鼠疫自然疫源地鼠疫耶尔森菌的耐药性分析

目的:了解内蒙古自治区鼠疫自然疫源地鼠疫耶尔森菌（鼠疫菌）对11种抗生素的耐药情况,为科学有效地选择抗生素治疗鼠疫提供理论依据。方法:收集137株分离自内蒙古自治区鼠疫自然疫源地不同时间、不同地区、不同宿主和媒介的鼠疫菌,采用美国临床和实验室标准协会（Clinical and Laboratory Standard I...     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.