亚洲人早孕胎盘绒毛滋养细胞株的建立及其生物学特征研究

目的:建立亚洲人早孕绒毛滋养细胞株以及其相关生物学特征的分析研究。方法:采用胰酶和胶原酶I混合消化法消化绒毛组织,通过光镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜、免疫组化和免疫荧光激光共聚焦的方法对细胞的形态、超微结构、蛋白骨架和功能指标进行特征研究。结果:大多数原代细胞在体外培养至5~7代,产生自然凋亡的现象;少数细胞生长成为永生细胞。细胞检测中角蛋白18、波形蛋白、角蛋白7、移动相关蛋白、表皮生长因子受体、滋养细胞趋化因子和胎盘碱性磷酸酶呈阳性,而人绒毛膜促性腺激素和胎盘生乳素为阴性。结论:采用胰酶和胶原酶I混合消化法可获得较纯的稳定的滋养细胞并可确定该细胞株为具有部分内分泌功能的绒毛滋养细胞株,为进一步开展宫内传播性疾病的实验研究,建立稳定的细胞模型。     

人早孕期绒毛和绒毛外细胞滋养细胞的分离、培养及鉴定

目的:建立人早孕期绒毛细胞滋养细胞(villous cytotrophoblasts,VCT)及绒毛外细胞滋养细胞(extravillous cytotrophoblasts,EVCT)的分离、培养方法。 方法:利用不同的胰酶消化条件,收集人早孕期绒毛组织的VCT及EVCT并分别培养。倒置显微镜、扫描电镜观察VCT及EVCT的形态学特征;免疫细胞化学鉴定细胞来源及纯度。 结果:胰酶短期、温和消化获得的EVCT,可生长于Matrigel包被的培养器皿上,并表达特异性标志物c-crbB-2;延长消化时间、增加胰酶浓度获得的VCT,种植于塑料或玻璃培养器皿上可聚集并融合形成合体滋养细胞。VCT不表达c-crbB-2。结论:采用不同的胰酶消化及体外培养条件,可简单、快捷地分别获得高纯度人早孕期VCT及EVCT。     

流式细胞仪分离人早孕绒毛滋养细胞亚型及鉴定

目的用流式细胞仪分离早期绒毛滋养细胞各细胞亚型，以便对各类型滋养细胞功能进行进一步研究。方法用胰蛋白酶消化法得到早期绒毛滋养细胞，用流式细胞仪分离纯化各滋养细胞亚型。所得的细胞亚型用免疫细胞化学、光镜、透射电镜检测以及Western印迹方法鉴定。结果使用流式细胞仪成功的分离了绒毛外滋养细胞与绒毛滋养细胞，纯度超过98％。结论此方法可快速准确大量获得滋养细胞亚型。     

早孕期人细胞滋养层细胞的分化及分离、培养、鉴定

目的:分离正常早孕期人细胞滋养层细胞并分析其分化功能。方法:用不同的消化方法分离正常早孕期人细胞滋养层细胞,分别在体外培养24h,用相差显微镜、Giemsa染色、免疫细胞化学法、扫描电镜、Transwell分析其形态及分化功能。结果:①采用低浓度胰酶一次性消化法获得绒毛外滋养层细胞,特异表达细胞角蛋白7,不表达波形蛋白,细胞互相聚集但不聚合,具有高度增殖活性和侵袭能力;②采用高浓度胰酶、长时间连续消化法分离得到绒毛滋养层细胞,具有高度融合、分泌hCG-β的合体滋养层细胞特性;③采用低浓度胰酶连续消化法获得的细胞包含绒毛外滋养层细胞和绒毛滋养层细胞,其共性是表达细胞总角蛋白,不表达波形蛋白。结论:利用不同的分离方法可有效、经济地获得具有不同分化功能的早孕期人细胞滋养层细胞。     

新型体外滋养细胞胎盘屏障模型(PCB-HPT)的建立和鉴定

目的:建立具有极性和完整性的体外滋养细胞胎盘屏障模型。方法:以永生化的、通过系统鉴定的人早孕滋养细胞株构建胎盘屏障模型(PCB-HPT)。采用细胞生长周期评估细胞屏障构建时间;采用透射电镜评估滋养细胞屏障的极性;采用上皮细胞电阻测量评估滋养细胞屏障的完整性。结果:该滋养细胞胎盘屏障模型采用0.4μm孔径、0.47cm2NUNC插入式细胞培养皿培养,建议小室接种细胞总数为6×104cells,细胞屏障构建完整的培养时间为3d,屏障可维持36～48h。光镜下细胞培养至融合后具有典型的"铺路石"样外观;透射电镜观察显示,屏障具有极性,滋养细胞屏障可形成紧密连接并产生较高的跨内皮阻抗(TER)达600Ω;证实该屏障具有完整性。结论:建立了具有极性和完整性的体外滋养细胞胎盘屏障模型,为研究妊娠期间病原体和物质跨越胎盘屏障机制研究提供了体外研究模型。     

应用微小组织块法培养和胰酶滤纸片克隆消化法建立人子宫内膜癌细胞系的研究

目的探讨联合应用胰酶消化＋微小组织块法培养及胰酶滤纸片克隆消化法纯化建立人子宫内膜癌细胞系方法的可行性。方法取3例子宫内膜癌患者的子宫内膜腺癌组织,采用胰酶消化＋微小组织块法进行原代培养,并通过胰酶滤纸片克隆消化法提纯腺上皮癌细胞继续培养;在倒置显微镜下观察细胞形态,行HE和免疫荧光染色对细胞进行鉴定,绘制生长曲线。结果3例患者均1次成功提纯癌细胞,其中1例传代至第5代,1例传代至第3代。1例子宫内膜低分化腺癌细胞体外培养成功,命名为EAG3,并子宫内膜稳定生长传代至20代,细胞生长曲线为“S”形。通过HE染色与原组织病理学比较及免疫荧光细胞法检测角蛋白CK表达阳性,均证实原代细胞为腺上皮恶性肿瘤来源。结论应用胰酶消化十微小组织块培养能缩短原代细胞贴壁时间,应用胰酶滤纸片克隆消化法可以更快捷完成子宫内膜腺癌细胞纯化建系的过程。     

抗子宫内膜抗体对人早孕绒毛滋养细胞凋亡及FasL蛋白表达的影响

目的:探讨体外培养人早孕绒毛滋养层细胞在游离抗子宫内膜抗体(Em-Ab)环境中,细胞凋亡指数(apoptosis index,AI)及凋亡相关因子配体(factor associated suicide ligend,FasL)的表达。方法:培养经胰蛋白酶/DNA酶Ⅰ联合消化,通过Percoll细胞分离液纯化得到绒毛滋养细胞。用TUNEL法测定EmAb(+)血清处理组和EmAb(-)血清处理组绒毛滋养细胞培养0、48、72、96h时的细胞凋亡指数,同时用免疫细胞化学法测定FasL蛋白的表达。结果:EmAb(+)血清处理组于培养72、96h时间点测得的AI明显高于EmAb(-)血清处理组(P<0.01);FasL蛋白表达明显低于EmAb(-)血清处理组;而培养48h AI及FasL蛋白表达无显著差异。结论:绒毛滋养细胞在EmAb(+)环境下AI增加,FasL蛋白表达减少。     

人毛细淋巴管内皮细胞的分离、培养与鉴定

目的:分离培养人皮肤毛细淋巴管内皮细胞(LECs),为进一步研究淋巴管生成在肿瘤转移扩散中的作用奠定基础.方法:采用胶原酶消化皮肤组织,血管内皮生长因子受体-3(VEG-FR-3)免疫微珠进行细胞分选,克隆柱纯化细胞.显微镜观察细胞形态及结构,免疫荧光检测细胞标志物表达.测定细胞生长曲线及VEGF-C蛋白对细胞生长的影响.结果:光镜下LECs呈卵圆形单层生长,有典型铺路石征;电镜下可见细胞核大,胞浆丰富,内有空泡,细胞器丰富;LECs标志物VEFGR-3、淋巴管内皮细胞透明质酸受体-1(LYVE-1)、肾小球上皮细胞整合膜蛋白(Po-doplanin)、D2-40均为阳性表达,血管内皮细胞(BVECs)标志物VIII因子表达阴性;VEGF-C对LECs的促增殖作用明显.结论:联合使用酶消、抗体磁珠分选和细胞克隆柱纯化法,可以成功分离获得人毛细淋巴管内皮细胞.     

人巨细胞病毒感染妊娠早期绒毛组织中即刻早期基因与晚期基因的表达及形态学变化的体外研究

目的 观察妊娠早期绒毛组织感染人巨细胞病毒（hCMV）后,即刻早期基因与晚期基因的表达及绒毛组织形态学变化。方法 采用绒毛组织体外培养技术,建立体外hCMV感染妊娠早期绒毛模型;采用间接免疫荧光法和原位杂交法,检测不同hCMV浓度、不同感染时间,即刻早期蛋白（IEP）72-IEP86和晚期基因（LG）mRNA的表达;同时应用透射电镜观察妊娠早期绒毛组织的形态学变化。结果 （1）以浓度为100半数致细胞病变滴度（TCID50）、200TCID50及300TCID50的hCMV感染绒毛组织后,细胞滋养细胞、合体滋养细胞及间质细胞均可见IEP72一IEP86表达。（2）100TCID50 hCMV感染后,绒毛组织无LGmRNA表达;200 TCID50及300 TCID50 hCMV感染第0～2天后,合体滋养细胞及间质细胞LGmRNA均呈阳性表达,细胞滋养细胞LGmRNA呈强阳性表达。（3）妊娠早期绒毛组织与经hCMV感染后的妊娠早期绒毛组织,共同于体外连续培养10d,妊娠早期绒毛组织保持了正常的形态学特征;不同浓度hCMV感染后的妊娠早期绒毛组织的形态均发生了不同程度的变化,合体滋养细胞表面微绒毛水肿、粗面内质网扩张,细胞滋养细胞多见,溶酶体增生及毛细血管腔扩张。结论 （1）hCMV感染妊娠早期绒毛组织的早期,hCMV可在绒毛组织细胞中完整复制,IEP72-IEP86可长期存在于感染后的绒毛组织中。（2）hCMV感染妊娠早期绒毛组织,可引起绒毛组织细胞的超微结构变化。     

GPR30在妊娠期胎盘中的表达及其对滋养细胞侵袭能力影响的研究

目的:探讨G-蛋白偶联受体30(GPR30)在妊娠期胎盘中的表达,以及其对人胎盘滋养细胞侵袭力的影响。方法:免疫组化法检测早孕期绒毛、正常产妇胎盘和重度子痫前期患者胎盘组织中GPR30表达。用17-β-雌二醇(17β-E2)、GPR30激动剂G1和阻滞剂G15预处理体外培养绒毛组织和人绒毛外滋养细胞株HTR8/SVneo。显微镜下观察体外绒毛组织滋养细胞生长侵袭范围,Transwell侵袭实验检测HTR8/SVneo细胞侵袭能力。免疫荧光法检测绒毛组织和HTR8/SVneo细胞中GPR30蛋白表达。Western blot法检测HTR8/SVneo细胞中GPR30和MMP-9蛋白表达。结果:GPR30在早期绒毛组织和正常末期胎盘滋养细胞上都有表达,且早孕期的表达水平高于正常末期胎盘,但在重度子痫前期胎盘上GPR30蛋白表达明显减少。E2及GPR30激动剂G1可增加滋养细胞的侵袭能力,阻滞剂G15则可下调其侵袭性;E2、G1可诱导滋养细胞GPR30蛋白表达上调,而G15则下调其表达。GPR30蛋白水平与侵袭相关蛋白MMP-9表达水平有相关性。结论:GPR30可能参与人类滋养细胞侵袭力的调节,对滋养细胞的侵袭力有正性促进作用。     

A re-appraisal of the morphophenotype and basal lamina coverage of cytotrophoblasts in human term placenta

A recent study of human placental villi [Mori et al., The cytotrophoblast layer of human chorionic villi becomes thinner but maintains its structural integrity during gestation, Biol Reprod 76 (2007) 164-172] concluded that cytotrophoblast (CT) cells occupy 80% of the basal lamina (BL) surface at term and that syncytiotrophoblast (ST) does not make direct contact with the BL. Based on SPINT-1 localisation using immunofluorescence on cryosections, these conclusions run counter to previous light and electron microscopic data suggesting that term CT cells cover no more than about 24% of the BL surface. To resolve these discrepancies, we have undertaken a stereological study of term placenta using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and a novel immunofluorescence approach. Test line lattices were randomly superimposed on TEM images of villous trophoblast from 13 normal term placentae. Intersections with the test lines were counted to assess the fractional surface of BL occupied by CT cells. After trypsin-mediated removal of syncytium, cells in whole-mounted term and first trimester villi were stained with cytokeratin 7 to identify CT and then visualised by confocal microscopy. CT formed an almost continuous layer in the first trimester. In contrast, term CT cells and their processes were found to cover only 44% (SD 14%) of the BL surface with intervening regions occupied by ST. TEM and confocal images were consistent with the concept of a network of 'octopoid' CT cells with fine processes extending from a central cell body. Our estimates of CT coverage are lower than the recent immunofluorescence estimate but greater than earlier TEM estimates. The former may have been biased by overprojection (section thickness) effects whilst the latter may be underestimates due to failure to include the fine CT cell processes. We conclude that CT cells transform from a cuboidal phenotype early in gestation to flattened cells with multiple interconnecting processes. The CT layer thins but maintains a functional network within which cells intercommunicate without compromising substance transfer via the syncytium.     

A trophoblast specific antigen, recognized by monoclonal antibody MA21, locates a unique trophoblast cell population in the murine placenta

Monoclonal antibody MA21 recognized a 44kDa plasma membrane protein on F9 teratocarcinoma cells, trophectoderm of mouse peri-implantation-stage blastocyst and ectoplacental cone cells of 5 day postcoitum implanted blastocyst (Vernon, Linnemeyer and Hamilton, 1989). We show here that this antigen is expressed by trophoblast cells of the maturing placenta. Immunohistochemical assays of early and mature placental tissue sections, indirect immunofluorescence labelling of placental cultures and blastocyst outgrowths in vitro, and immunoprecipitation of 35S-labelled NP-40 extracts of placental cultures indicate the presence of a plasma membrane-associated antigen with the same characteristics as MA21 antigen of peri-implantation embryos and F9 teratocarcinoma cells. In sections of placentae, antigen-positive cells are always situated in a thin layer between trophoblastic giant cells and maternal tissue. In cultures of postimplantation stage embryos, attached trophoblast cells express MA21 antigen initially, but following transformation to the giant cell state, antigen is no longer expressed. These results indicate the presence of a plasma membrane protein antigen associated with a distinct population of cells believed to be trophoblast. We believe that these cells are the foremost trophoblast cells opposing maternal decidua and that they may give rise to secondary trophoblastic giant cells.     

Evaluation of human chorionic trophoblast cells and placental macrophages as stimulators of maternal lymphocyte proliferation in vitro

Dispersed cell suspensions of human chorion membrane and placentae were obtained by enzyme digestion and the cells examined for HLA expression and for the ability to stimulate immune cell proliferation in vitro. Chorion cells with the characteristics of trophoblast were HLA-A, B, C and Ia negative following tissue digestion whereas placental cells, primarily Fc gamma R positive macrophages, were HLA-A, B, C positive and were frequently Ia positive. When chorion and placental cell suspensions were used as stimulator cells in one-way mixed cell cultures (MCC) with maternal mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) as responder cells, chorion cells were not normally stimulatory (mean stimulation index (SI), 2.7) whereas placental cells usually were (mean SI, 11.5). No evidence for active suppression by chorion cells was obtained in a group of experiments designed to detect suppressive activity. The results support the concept of the trophoblast layer as an immunologically inert barrier between the mother and the fetus.     

Human trophoblast cells express the immunomodulator progesterone-induced blocking factor

Progesterone-induced blocking factor (PIBF) is an immunomoduatory factor with anti-abortive properties. In this study, we present evidence that PIBF is synthesized in the human placenta and determine its cellular source. Expression of PIBF was analysed with polyclonal rabbit anti-human PIBF antibodies against recombinant N-terminal 48kDa PIBF in first trimester and term placental tissues and in the choriocarcinoma cell line JAR by means of immunohistochemistry, confocal laser scanning microscopy of double immunofluorescence labelling, and Western blotting; RT-PCR was performed for analysis of PIBF mRNA in isolated trophoblast cells. PIBF protein is present in human first trimester and term placenta. Double immunofluorescence labelling localised PIBF to the extravillous cytotrophoblast. PIBF is also expressed heterogeneously by syncytiotrophoblast and part of the villous cytotrophoblast. Full-length PIBF mRNA encoded by exons 1-18 is present in isolated first trimester and term villous trophoblast and in the choriocarcinoma cell line JAR. The corresponding 90kDa protein is expressed by JAR cells, first trimester and term villous trophoblast cells. In addition, these cells express PIBF proteins of 50 and 34kDa. Trophoblast is a source of PIBF; its tissue distribution suggests a role both in systemic and local (decidual) immunoregulation.     

Activities of key enzymes of purine degradation and re-utilization in human trophoblastic cells

Using density gradient centrifugation, human trophoblastic cells were enriched from mixed cell populations of enzymatically dispersed first- and third-trimester placentae. Over 95 per cent of the cells recovered were of epithelial (i.e., trophoblastic) origin, as evidenced by their cytokeratin intermediate filament positivity and vimentin negativity, examined using indirect immunofluorescence, and also by their high content of human chorionic gonadotrophin. The activities of key enzymes involved in purine degradation and re-utilization (5'-nucleotidase; AMP-deaminase; hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT); xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase) as well as the total activity of alkaline phosphatase were measured in the trophoblastic cells. A six-fold increase in the trophoblastic alkaline phosphatase activity was noted between the first and third trimester. A 40 per cent decrease was noted in the activity of 5'-nucleotidase, which, on the basis of kinetic properties, appears to have a dominant role in the dephosphorylation of placental nucleoside-5'-monophosphates. The trophoblastic activities of AMP-deaminase, HPRT, and xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase did not change as a function of the gestational age. In view of the relative activities of the latter two enzymes, hypoxanthine formed in the trophoblast appears more likely to be re-utilized than degraded to uric acid.     

Cross-reactivity of monoclonal antibodies directed against lymphocyte markers with trophoblast cells of normal placenta, hydatidiform mole, and gestational choriocarcinoma

The current study was undertaken to characterize the expression of trophoblast-lymphocyte cross-reactive antigens on normal, molar, and malignant trophoblast. A panel of monoclonal antibodies directed against lymphoid cell markers were tested in immunofluorescence assay on cryostat sections of placenta and mole and on monolayers of choriocarcinoma cells. NKH-1, a monoclonal antibody to natural killer cells, reacted with both molar and placental villous trophoblast and with two choriocarcinoma cell lines. NKH-2, a monoclonal antibody reactive with a subset of natural killer cells, did not react with placental villous trophoblast but reacted with molar villous trophoblast in three of five moles tested and with both choriocarcinoma cell lines. B5, a monoclonal antibody which reacts with activated B cells, reacted with both choriocarcinoma cell lines but did not react with normal placental or molar trophoblast. MY7, a monoclonal antibody to myeloid colony-forming cells, reacted with only one of the choriocarcinoma cell lines. Trophoblast-lymphocyte cross-reactive antigens may be important in the immunobiology of gestational trophoblastic disease by modulating interactions between the trophoblast and the maternal immune system.     

抗人血管内皮生长因子发夹状核酶基因抑制卵巢癌细胞血管内皮生长因子表达

目的 :研究抗血管内皮生长因子发夹状核酶基因对人卵巢癌细胞血管内皮生长因子 (VEGF)表达的抑制作用 ,探讨卵巢癌基因治疗的新途径。方法 :人卵巢癌细胞SKOV3高表达VEGF ,将抗血管内皮生长因子发夹状核酶基因真核表达载体 (pcDNA3 RZ)转染人卵巢癌细胞SKOV3,经G4 18筛选获得阳性细胞克隆 ,RNA斑点杂交检测核酶基因是否在细胞中表达。采用免疫组化、间接免疫荧光、激光共聚焦显微镜荧光定量法及流式细胞仪结合间接免疫荧光检测转染前后细胞VEGF的表达情况。结果 :转染pcDNA3 RZ组细胞VEGF表达明显降低。结论 :抗人VEGF发夹状核酶基因真核表达载体可有效抑制卵巢癌细胞SKOV3中VEGF的表达 ,有望成为治疗卵巢癌的一种新方法。