微量离心柱法分离检测甲胎蛋白异质体(AFP-L3)及其临床意义

目的探讨甲胎蛋白异质体（AFP-L3）在肝细胞癌诊断中的意义。方法应用预装有耦联小扁豆凝集素（LCA）的琼脂糖微量离心柱分离AFP-L3，采用双抗体夹心、化学发光法检测AFP和AFP-L3，并计算AFP—L3值，以AFP〉20μg／L，AFP-L3〉10％作为阳性判断标准。结果肝细胞癌患者血清中AFP、AFP-L3水平明显高于其他肝病患者，P值均〈0．001，肝癌患者以AFP、AFP-L3作为诊断指标的敏感度分别是85．1％、72．3％，特异度分别是55．4％、97．2％；8例肝病患者AFP-L3〉10％，影像诊断未发现肝癌，至少三个月以后确诊肝癌。结论甲胎蛋白异质体（AFP—L3）在肝细胞癌诊断及与良性肝病的鉴别诊断中具有重要价值。     

Detection of AFP -L3 in Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

目的 应用ELISA检测甲胎蛋白异质体(AFP-L3),并探讨AFP-L3浓度在HCC组与良性肝病组诊断与鉴别诊断的价值.方法 用ELISA法检测137例AFP阳性的肝病患者血清AFP-L3浓度,用ROC曲线分析AFP-L3.结果 92例HCC患者AFP-L3浓度为109.04±62.51ng/mL,明显高于45例良性肝病组(25.96±49.43ng/mL)P＜0.001.HCC的ROC曲线面积为0.819,以AFP-L3浓度37.89ng/mL为临界值,分析HCC患者与良性肝病患者AFP-L3浓度异常的敏感性为83.7％,特异性为88.9％,诊断正确率为85.4％.结论 用ELISA法检测AFP- L3浓度对HCC诊断与良性肝病鉴别诊断有较高的临床价值,操作简便,费用低廉.     

甲胎蛋白异质体L3预警原发性肝癌的研究

目的 探讨甲胎蛋白异质体(AFP-L3)的检测在预警原发性肝癌中的作用.方法 对100例AFP升高肝病患者血清,应用甲胎异质体微量离心柱分离并洗脱获得AFP-L3,再同时检测原始血清中的AFP以及AFP-L3含量,计算AFP-L3在AFP中的比例,对AFP-L3异常升高者、正常者进行跟踪,结合6个月后临床诊断结果 ,分析AFP-L3升高在鉴别良性肝脏病变与预警肝癌中的作用.结果 肝癌、疑似肝癌患者与良性肝病患者中的AFP-L3阳性率差异有统计学意义(分别为81.80%、73.68%、11.80%,P＜0.05).未确诊肝癌(疑似HCC、肝病)的患者中,AFP-L3阳性的21例中有12例在6个月内被诊断为HCC,而且有6例是通过B超、CT等影像学手段被早期确诊的单发性小肝癌.AFP-L3阴性的62例标本中,6个月内有3例发生肝癌,AFP-L3阳性发生肝癌的危险率增加了11.9倍.结论 AFP-L3与AFP值无相关性,可以作为一个独立肝细胞癌诊断因子.AFP-L3的测定对于AFP升高时良、恶性肝病的鉴别及肝癌的早期预警诊断具有重要意义.     

ELISA法检测甲胎蛋白异质体用于肝癌诊断的探讨

目的应用ELISA检测甲胎蛋白异质体(AFP-L3),并探讨AFP-L3浓度在HCC组与良性肝病组诊断与鉴别诊断的价值。方法用ELISA法检测137例AFP阳性的肝病患者血清AFP-L3浓度,用ROC曲线分析AFP-L3。结果 92例HCC患者AFP-L3浓度为109.04±62.51ng/mL,明显高于45例良性肝病组(25.96±49.43ng/mL)P0.001。HCC的ROC曲线面积为0.819,以AFP-L3浓度37.89ng/mL为临界值,分析HCC患者与良性肝病患者AFP-L3浓度异常的敏感性为83.7%,特异性为88.9%,诊断正确率为85.4%。结论用ELISA法检测AFP-L3浓度对HCC诊断与良性肝病鉴别诊断有较高的临床价值,操作简便,费用低廉。     

血清CRP和AFP联合检测在良恶性肝病鉴别诊断中的意义

目的探讨血清C反应蛋白（CRP）和甲胎蛋白（AFP）联合检测在良恶性肝病鉴别诊断中的临床意义。方法对158例肝病患者及30例健康人用免疫比浊法定量测定血清CRP含（x）量及用化学发光法定量测定血清AFP含量。结果肝病患者各组血清CRP水平和AFP含单独检测血清CRP和AFP对原发性肝癌诊断的敏感性分别是85．7％和78．6％特异性分别是74．0％和89．7％：以AFP和CRP至少一项阳性作为判断标准,敏感性上升为96．9％,二者均阳性对原发性肝癌诊断的敏感性为67．4％,特异性为97．3％。结论血清AFP检测是诊断原发性肝癌的理想指标,但在原发性肝癌患者中有20~30％的病例AFP为阴性,部分良性肝病患者AFP也呈不同程度阳性,血清CRP和AFP联合检测对肝癌诊断有互补作用．对良恶性肝病鉴别诊断有重要意义。     

新微量离心柱法检测甲胎蛋白异质体对肝癌诊断的研究

目的探讨采用新型微量离心柱法检测甲胎蛋白异质体AFP-L3在良恶性肝病及肝癌预警中的作用。方法应用装有耦联了小扁豆凝集素(LCA)的微量离心柱分离甲胎蛋白异质体,采用化学发光法检测AFP和AFP-L3,并计算AFP-L3在AFP中的含量比例[AFP-L3(%)],分析AFP-L3(%)升高者与良恶性肝病的关系。结果肝细胞癌患者血清中AFP-L3(%)明显高于其他肝病患者,P值均<0.001,以AFP-L3(%)≥10作为诊断指标,在已经确诊为肝癌的患者中灵敏度是90.9%。结论微量离心柱法检测甲胎蛋白异质体AFP-L3在预警肝细胞癌诊断及鉴别诊断中具有重要临床价值,特别是对低甲胎蛋白含量的肝病鉴别具有重要临床价值。     

Logistic回归和ROC曲线综合评价四种指标对原发性肝癌的诊断价值

目的 运用logistic回归与受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)评价甲胎蛋白(AFP)、甲胎蛋白异质体(AFP-L3)、胸苷激酶(TK1)、分泌型蛋白Dickkopf-1(DKK1)对原发性肝癌(PHC)的诊断价值.方法 选择76例原发性肝癌患者作为PHC组、42例良性肝脏疾病患者作为良性肝病组、32健康体检人员作为对照组,采用电化学发光法检测血清AFP水平;采用亲和吸附层析法检测AFP-L3水平,计算AFP-L3在AFP中比例;采用免疫印迹增强化学发光法检测血清TK1水平:采用ELISA试剂盒检测血清标本中DKKI水平.通过ROC曲线分析和Logistic回归结果的ROC曲线下面积(AUC),对4个指标单独及联合检测的临床性能行比较分析.结果 PHC组4个血清指标的含量明显高于良性肝病组及健康对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),AFP、AFP-L3、TK1和DKK1诊断PHC的敏感性分别为68.4％、76.3％、77.6％和80.3％,特异性分别为90.5％、91.9％、95.9％和94.6％.四项联合检测的敏感性和特异性为93.4％和89.2％;AFP、AFP-L3、TK1和DKK1的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.755、0.808、0.913、0.814,联合检测的AUC为0.941,与AFP、AFP-L3、TK1和DKK1比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 AFP-L3、TK1和DKK1可以作为诊断PHC血清标志物,与AFP联合检测可提高诊断效能;Logistic回归结合ROC曲线可用于PHC多指标联合诊断的分析评价.     

微量离心柱法与亲和交叉免疫电泳法检测甲胎蛋白异质体的研究

目的 比较微量离心柱法和亲和交叉免疫电泳自显影法两种方法 检测甲胎蛋白异质体(AFP-L3)对甲胎蛋白阳性的良恶性肝病鉴别诊断价值.方法 采用微量离心柱法和亲和交叉免疫电泳自显影法分别分析102例原发性肝癌、41例慢肝及肝硬化血清中的AFP-L3比率,比较2种方法 检测AFP-L3%对良恶性肝病鉴别诊断价值.结果 微量离心柱法和亲和电泳法对102例原发性肝癌AFP-L3%的敏感性分别是79.4%、91.2%.对41例慢肝、肝硬化AFP-L3%的特异性分别为70.7%、29.3%.亲和电泳法、微量离心柱法两种方法 检测肝癌的符合率分别为76.9%、73.4%,在ROC曲线下的面积AUC分别为0.791、0.758.4例AFP低值的原发性肝癌,采用亲和电泳方法 检测均为阴性,而采用微量离心柱方法 检测均为阳性.结论 微量离心柱法检测AFP-L3不仅操作简便、省时,而且比传统亲和电泳方法 更适合于AFP阳性良恶性肝病的鉴别诊断.     

微量离心柱法检测AFP-L3的临床应用研究

目的 探讨微量离心柱法检测甲胎蛋白异质体在肝癌预警及良恶性肝病鉴别诊断中的临床价值.方法 应用装有耦联小扁豆凝集素（LCA）的微量离心柱分离300例肝病患者的AFP-L3,采用化学发光法检测AFP及AFP-L3,计算AFP-L3占总AFP的比率（判断标准以AFP-L3≥10%者为阳性）.结果 AFP-L3在肝细胞癌患者组中的阳性率是95%,在慢性肝病患者组的阳性率是64%,两组患者AFP-L3阳性率差异有统计学意义（x2=134.72,P＜0.01）;AFP-L3阳性的慢性肝病患者与阴性患者肝癌发生率差异有统计学意义（x2=80.158,P＜0.01）;AFP-L3的百分比与AFP浓度不相关（r=0.046,P＞0.05）.结论 微量离心柱法检测甲胎蛋白异质体（AFP-L3）在肝细胞癌诊断、预警及与良恶性肝病的鉴别诊断中具有重要价值.     

甲胎蛋白异质体在良、恶性肝病中的鉴别诊断价值

本文应用微量离心柱法对70例肝癌和70例良性肝病患者进行AFP及AFP-L3检测,探讨两指标对肝脏良、恶性疾病的鉴别诊断价值。1对象和方法1.1对象本院2010年3月～2011年12月住院患者70例(男50,女20)原发性肝癌(PHC)血清标本,年龄(22～88)岁,平均(55.0±15.0)岁;随机选取良性肝病70例(男48,     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.