Clinical experience with endovascular treatment of aneurysms using Guglielmi detachable coils

Guglielmi detachable coils (GDCs) provide an endovascular means for aneurysm treatment; however, their role has yet to be defined. This article reviews the most recent clinical series regarding efficacy, safety, and clinical outcomes in both the acute and nonacute setting. Successful treatment was possible in the majority of cases and included cases of complete aneurysm obliteration and with only a small neck remnant. Patients with a neck remnant often received additional treatments although some patients went on to complete obliteration without further treatment. Successful treatment provided protection from rebleeding in a follow-up period of 2 years. Success depended on operator experience as well as width of the aneurysm ostium. Recurrence and incomplete obliteration were more common with giant or large aneurysms and aneurysms with a wide base. Major procedurerelated complications predominantly resulted from intraprocedural rupture and thromboembolic events. These could both be treated via endovascular means at the time of the procedure. Thromboembolic events occurred more frequently with acutely ruptured aneurysms, especially aneurysms with a wide base. Vasospasm rates were not found to vary significantly from those found in surgical series when corrected for Fisher grouping. Morbidity and mortality rates as well as Glasgow outcome scores were at least as good as what would be expected from surgery during both the acute and nonacute setting. The papers reviewed indicate that the GDC provides safe and efficacious treatment for most berry aneurysms in both the acute and nonacute setting relative to surgical results.     

移植肾功能丧失后的动脉栓塞治疗

目的 探讨移植肾功能丧失后动脉栓塞治疗的技术要点、远期疗效及应用价值. 方法 对11例移植肾功能丧失的患者行移植肾动脉栓塞术.术后对患者进行长期随访,采用彩色多普勒超声检查术后3个月、6个月及1年时移植肾大小及其血流情况,并记录血压、尿液变化以及有无与移植肾相关的并发症. 结果 11例患者均成功地实施了移植肾动脉栓塞术,术中和术后均没有发生与介入栓塞术相关的外科并发症.术后3个月、6个月及1年时行彩色多普勒检查发现移植肾血流消失、移植肾萎缩. 结论 移植肾动脉栓塞术具有安全、微创和简便的优点,是一种完全可以代替移植肾切除的治疗方法.     

超选择性肾动脉栓塞术治疗医源性肾损伤出血

目的观察超选择性肾动脉栓塞术治疗医源性肾损伤出血的疗效及对肾功能的影响。方法收集11例医源性肾损伤出血患者,先行超选择性肾动脉造影,明确出血部位和性质,再行超选择插管,采用弹簧圈、明胶海绵进行栓塞治疗;术后随访612个月。结果对11例患者行肾动脉造影均可明确出血部位。10例一次栓塞止血成功;1例经2次栓塞后仍有持续血尿,行经尿道膀胱积血块清除术后血尿消失。随访期间无血尿发生。结论超选择肾动脉栓塞术是治疗医源性肾损伤出血的安全、有效的方法,能最大程度保护肾功能,可作为首选治疗方法。     

Surgical treatment of renal artery aneurysms

Twenty-seven patients have undergone surgical treatment of renal artery aneurysms and the classification, radiographic features and complications of these aneurysms are reviewed. Aortorenal bypass is the preferred method of in situ revascularisation. Extracorporeal microvascular branch arterial reconstruction is reserved for patients with complex intrarenal aneurysms. Removal of the aneurysm with preservation of the involved renal unit is possible in most cases.     

支架结合电解可脱弹簧圈治疗宽颈后交通动脉瘤的初步体会

目的 总结血管内支架结合电解可脱弹簧圈(Guglielmi detachable coil,GDC)治疗宽颈后交通动脉瘤的临床体会。方法 32例宽颈后交通动脉瘤,均先植入冠脉支架覆盖动脉瘤颈,再将微导管通过支架网孔超选进入动脉瘤腔,填塞GDC。结果 32例患者,动脉瘤完全填塞26例,90％以上填塞4例,60～70％填塞2例。所有载瘤动脉通畅,临床效果优良。结论 血管内支架结合GDC是治疗宽颈后交通动脉瘤的有效方法,长期疗效有待进一步随访。     

Surgical and endovascular treatment of atherosclerotic popliteal artery aneurysms

Popliteal artery aneurysms are the most common peripheral aneurysms. Patients with unrecognized aneurysms may present with acute limb ischemia and considerable threat for limb loss due to thromboembolic complications. This article reviews short-term and long-term results of surgical and endovascular treatment for mainly elective repair of popliteal artery aneurysms. A systemic review was conducted of data in the English literature from 1990. The review included 1 prospective randomized trial, 6 prospective studies, and 42 retrospective studies on the management of popliteal artery aneurysms. These studies contained 2 197 patients with 2 882 popliteal artery aneurysms. Short-term results are acceptable, with average 1-year patency rates of 90% for surgical treatment and 75% for endovascular treatment, and respective limb salvages rates of 95% and 100%. Endovascular treatment lacks long-term follow-up, whereas venous surgical repair has an average 5-year patency rate of up to 85% (prosthetic grafts, 40-80%). There is a need for randomized trials comparing long-term results of surgical versus endovascular treatment of popliteal artery aneurysms. So far, long-term results of elective surgical repair for popliteal artery aneurysms are acceptable if venous grafts are used. In any case, acute repair of popliteal artery aneurysms must be avoided.     

Follow-up angiography of intracranial aneurysms treated with endovascular placement of Guglielmi detachable coils

OBJECTIVE: The success of endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms with Guglielmi detachable coils (GDCs) is dependent on the long-term exclusion of the aneurysm from the circulation. We reviewed our experience with the long-term angiographic follow-up monitoring of aneurysms that had been treated with GDCs. METHODS: All patients whose aneurysms had been treated with GDCs between January 1995 and August 1999 and who subsequently underwent follow-up angiography at 6 months or more were included in this study. We reviewed all of the angiographic findings, to determine the percentage of aneurysm occlusion on the initial angiograms and on the last available follow-up angiograms. The categories of aneurysm occlusion used were 100%, >or=95%, and less than 95% occlusion. RESULTS: One hundred thirty patients with 141 aneurysms underwent 143 endovascular coiling procedures and subsequently underwent angiographic follow-up monitoring of 6 months or more. There were 102 female and 28 male patients. The mean angiographic follow-up period was 16.7 months (range, 6-62 mo). The initial rates of occlusion were 100% for 56 aneurysms (39%), >or=95% for 65 aneurysms (46%), and less than 95% for 22 aneurysms (15%). Recurrence of one aneurysm (1.8%) was observed. Of the 87 aneurysms that were incompletely occluded initially, there was progressive thrombosis in 40 (46%), stable neck remnants in 23 (26%), and enlargement of the residual neck in 24 (28%). The final occlusion rates, determined on the last available angiograms, were 100% for 88 aneurysms (61%), >or=95% for 31 aneurysms (22%), and less than 95% for 24 aneurysms (17%). No patient experienced repeat or new subarachnoid hemorrhage more than 6 months after the initial treatment. CONCLUSION: Late angiographic follow-up monitoring of aneurysms that have been treated with GDCs demonstrates the durability of the treatment. Aneurysms with large residual neck remnants were subjected to further treatment, whereas aneurysms with small residual neck remnants remain under observation.     

血管内介入治疗椎动脉夹层动脉瘤的临床研究

目的 探讨血管内介入治疗椎动脉夹层动脉瘤的安全性与有效性.方法 回顾性分析30例患者30个夹层动脉瘤行血管内介入治疗的临床资料,其中8例单纯弹簧圈栓塞,10例支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞,3例单支架置入,9例载瘤动脉闭塞.结果 术后对30例中的22例进行随访脑血管造影,随访时间为1～8个月,平均6个月.其中17例完全栓塞患者无复发;近完全栓塞3例中2例动脉瘤稍增大,部分栓塞2例动脉瘤复发,这4例患者均行二次手术,其中3例行支架置入,1例行动脉瘤栓塞.结论 血管内介入治疗椎动脉夹层动脉瘤是一种安全有效的方法.     

Problems involved in endovascular embolization of intracranial aneurysms with three-dimensional Guglielmi detachable coils

We experienced nine cases of intracranial aneurysms which were treated with three-dimensional Guglielmi detachable coils (3D-GDC). 3D-GDC is useful in the construction of the initial frame for the embolization of aneurysms, but it also has certain disadvantages for achieving successful treatment. Nine patients with nine intracranial aneurysms were treated with 3D-GDC for initial framing from October, 1999 to September, 2000 at the National Cardio-Vascular Center, Japan. Angiographically complete and successful occlusion was performed in only three patients. Four patients developed parent artery stenosis due to small loops of the 3D-GDC protruding from the aneurysm. Two patients experienced incomplete occlusion because small loops of the 3D-GDC caused cells to form in the framing, and additional coils could not be inserted into some cells. 3D-GDC is useful as an initial framing coil, but we should be careful when placing additional coils into an aneurysm because we cannot predict the effect of the small loops of 3D-GDC on the embolization of aneurysms.     

Thrombosis of difficult intracranial aneurysms by the endovascular placement of platinum-Dacron microcoils.

Patients with symptomatic aneurysms that are not excluded from the cerebral circulation have a poor prognosis. Standard treatment is surgical exploration with direct clipping of the aneurysm. Because of their large size or relationship to the base of the skull, some aneurysms may not be suitable for direct surgical clipping and may require alternative treatment modalities. A prospective clinical and radiological study of seven patients treated with the endovascular placement of platinum-Dacron microcoils to exclude the aneurysm from the cerebral circulation is reported. The seven patients ranged in age from 37 to 63 years; four were women. At completion of the endovascular procedure, total occlusion of the aneurysm with preservation of the parent artery had been achieved in four patients and 90% occlusion of the aneurysm in two. In the seventh patient, occlusion of the internal carotid artery resulted in the patient's death. At the 6-month follow-up review, both patients with an aneurysm less than 20 mm in size had persistent aneurysm thrombosis; however, the two patients with giant aneurysms had partial recanalization. Both required repeat thrombosis of their aneurysm with the placement of additional microcoils, one at 6 weeks and one at 6 months. These two patients have persistent aneurysm thrombosis at 12 months following their second procedure. The patient mortality rate for this study was 14%, while the procedure mortality/morbidity rate was 9%. It is concluded that thrombotic aneurysm therapy of difficult aneurysms is a safe procedure and will have a place in the treatment of selected aneurysms.     

Endovascular treatment of basilar artery trunk aneurysms with Guglielmi detachable coils: clinical experience with 41 aneurysms in 39 patients

OBJECT: The authors present a retrospective analysis of their clinical experience in the endovascular treatment of basilar artery (BA) trunk aneurysms with Guglielmi detachable coils (GDCs). METHODS: Between April 1990 and June 1999,41 BA trunk aneurysms were treated in 39 patients by inserting GDCs. Twenty-seven patients presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage, six had intracranial mass effect, and in six patients the aneurysms were found incidentally. Eighteen lesions were BA trunk aneurysms, 13 were BA-superior cerebellar artery aneurysms, four were BA-anterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysms, and six were vertebrobasilar junction aneurysms. Thirty-five patients (89.7%) had excellent or good clinical outcomes; procedural morbidity and mortality rates were 2.6% each. Thirty-six aneurysms were selectively occluded while preserving the parent artery, and in five cases the parent artery was occluded along with the aneurysm. Immediate angiographic studies revealed complete or nearly complete occlusion in 35 aneurysms (85.4%). Follow-up angiograms were obtained in 29 patients with 31 aneurysms: the mean follow-up period was 17 months. No recanalization was observed in the eight completely occluded aneurysms. In 19 lesions with small neck remnants, seven (36.8%) had further thrombosis, three (15.8%) remained anatomically unchanged, and nine (47.3%) had recanalization caused by coil compaction. In one patient (2.6%) the aneurysm rebled 8 years after the initial embolization. CONCLUSIONS: In this clinical series the authors show that the GDC placement procedure is valuable in the therapeutic management of BA trunk aneurysms. The endovascular catheterization of these lesions tends to be relatively simple, in contrast with more complex neurosurgical approaches. Endosaccular obliteration of these aneurysms also decreases the possibility of unwanted occlusion of perforating arteries to the brainstem.     

超选择性肾动脉灌注化疗加栓塞术在特殊肾癌中的应用

应用大剂量顺铂１５０ｍｇ／ｍ~２经超选择性肾动脉化疗加碘化油、明胶海绵或钢丝环行肾动脉栓塞术治疗肾癌８例。结果：６例肿块缩小、症状缓解，２例栓塞后完整剜出肿瘤。随访２．５～５．５年，至今存活７例，死亡１例。该法安全、有效，能最大限度保留肾组织和功能，尤其适用于孤立肾或对侧肾功能低下或丧失的肾癌患者。     

Technical strategy in endovascular treatment of proximal anterior cerebral artery aneurysms

Purpose  

There have been few reports on the endovascular treatment of aneurysms arising from A1 due to their rarity. We report the angiographic results, clinical outcomes, and technical aspects of endovascular treatment for 13 A1 aneurysms in 12 patients.     

Therapeutic percutaneous renal artery occlusion with a detachable balloon

Bilateral nephrectomy is sometimes required for the control of severe hypertension or nephrotic syndrome. Surgical intervention in a patient with uncontrollable hypertension or the malnutrition and anasarca of nephrotic syndrome is associated with increased risk for the development of operative complications. We report 2 hemodialysis patients, 1 with uncontrollable hypertension and 1 with nephrotic syndrome, who were successfully treated with percutaneous renal infarction. Inflatable and detachable balloons were placed in each renal artery by percutaneous arterial catheterization. Neither patient experienced any significant complication from the procedure.     

Surgical repair of clinoidal segment carotid artery aneurysms unsuitable for endovascular treatment

OBJECTIVE: Clinoidal segment carotid artery aneurysms are surgically challenging lesions. The aneurysm neck originates proximal to the distal dural ring, and the aneurysms typically are larger. Therefore, endovascular techniques are often considered to be the primary treatment option. Treatment techniques and results for 40 clinoidal segment carotid artery aneurysms that were considered unsuitable for contemporary endovascular intervention are analyzed in this report. METHODS: Forty aneurysms in 33 female and 3 male patients were treated surgically. Fifteen patients had bilateral aneurysms; of these patients, four underwent bilateral craniotomies. Twenty-seven aneurysms were 10 to 14 mm in size, eight were 15 to 24 mm, and five were more than 25 mm. The most common presentation was visual loss, which occurred in 13 patients. Seven patients presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage. RESULTS: Thirty-seven aneurysms were directly repaired with clipping, two were trapped with bypass, and one was trapped without bypass. The complication rate was 10%, with one major stroke, two minor strokes, and one successfully treated brain abscess. CONCLUSION: Surgical treatment of clinoidal segment carotid artery aneurysms can produce acceptable outcomes. Specific preoperative and intraoperative techniques facilitate improved surgical results for aneurysms that are not treatable with contemporary endovascular techniques.     

Use of detachable balloons for proximal artery occlusion in the treatment of unclippable cerebral aneurysms

Of 68 patients with unclippable aneurysms treated by proximal artery occlusion with detachable balloons, permanent occlusion was achieved in 65; of these patients, 37 had carotid artery aneurysms below the origin of the ophthalmic artery, 21 had aneurysms arising from the supraclinoid portion of the carotid artery, six had basilar trunk aneurysms, and one had a distal vertebral aneurysm. Examination for treatment selection included assessment of the circle of Willis by compression angiography and xenon blood flow studies, with the ultimate evaluation being test occlusion under systemic heparinization with the balloon temporarily placed in the desired position. Of 67 patients who underwent a formal occlusion test, eight with carotid artery aneurysms did not initially tolerate the occlusion test, and ischemic signs disappeared instantaneously with deflation and removal of the balloon. During test occlusion, two additional patients had ischemic events that proved to be embolic; these reversed immediately upon balloon deflation. Of the 65 patients in whom permanent occlusion was effected by detachable balloon, there were nine instances of delayed cerebral events. One of these was a seizure leading to respiratory arrest and resuscitation 3 days following occlusion in a patient who had presented with seizures. The other eight cases were delayed ischemic events; seven were completely reversed and one patient had residual weakness in one leg (1.5% permanent morbidity). Extracranial-intracranial bypass procedures were performed in 25 of the 65 cases. All aneurysms of the carotid artery below the level of the ophthalmic artery presented angiographic proof of complete thrombosis. Ten of 21 aneurysms arising from the supraclinoid portion of the carotid artery were completely thrombosed by proximal occlusion alone, without additional trapping procedures. Similarly, in three of six basilar trunk aneurysms, proximal occlusion alone initiated complete aneurysm thrombosis without trapping. The conclusion is that proximal balloon occlusion for unclippable cerebral aneurysms is a convenient, safe, and effective way of producing arterial occlusion in these cases.     

Percutaneous endovascular treatment of peripheral aneurysms

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of percutaneous endovascular treatment of peripheral aneurysms. METHODS: Forty-eight patients, M: 41, F: 7, mean age: 65.7 +/- 10.1 years (47-85 years), with 50 aneurysms were treated: 45 with covered stents (Cragg/Passager 22, Corvita 21, Wallgraft 1, Endotex 1) 4 with non-covered stents and 1 with stent graft. Twenty-six aneurysms located at the iliac artery, 12 at the femoral and 12 at the popliteal artery. Mean lesion length: 61.1 +/- 21.3 mm. Percutaneous approach used in all cases, femoral antegrade (n=24), retrograde (n=23), contralateral (n=2), popliteal (n=1). Stents used were 6-12 mm in diameter and 30-120 mm in length. Multiple stents used to cover all lesions in 20 cases. RESULTS: Immediate technical success was 96% (48/50). In 1 case of long, tortuous femoropopliteal aneurysm, it was impossible to cover the low part, due to rigidity of the device used, in 1 case of large iliac aneurysm there was incomplete immediate exclusion. No complication during the procedure. Four patients developed non-infectious fever/local pain. Eight thromboses occurred: 2 at iliac, 1 at femoral and 5 at the popliteal level. All other stents remained patent, the aneurysms completely excluded over a mean follow-up of 20.6 +/- 13.2 m, maximum 61 m. Primary patency: all lesions 82%, iliac 92%, femoropopliteal 78%. Secondary patency: all lesions 88%, iliac 96%, femoropopliteal 86%. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous endoluminal treatment of peripheral aneurysms seems safe and effective with high technical success and good long-term results, except for popliteal localization. It could be an alternative to surgery.