基层医院儿科医院感染的调查分析

目的 探讨基层医院儿科患者医院感染的相关因素.方法 回顾性调查2002年1月-2004年12月间我院儿科住院患者7 432例的医院感染情况.结果 综合医院医院感染率为3.12%,感染例次率3.40%;感染部位依次为胃肠道、呼吸道、口腔、皮肤软组织;婴幼儿医院感染率高于其他年龄组;医院感染患儿住院天数高于无医院感染者;原发非感染性疾病患者医院感染率高于感染性疾病患者.结论 综合医院医院感染与年龄、部位分布、住院天数、原发疾病、侵袭性操作等相关.     

肿瘤住院患者医院感染调查分析

医院感染已成为全球性问题,且越来越受到重视,本文对１９９８年７月～１９９９年６月的３９２例肿瘤住院患者的医院感染进行回顾性调查,结果提示肿瘤患者的医院感染率明显高于三级综合医院的医院感染率,总感染率达１９．１３％。感染与住院时间长,各类抗肿瘤治疗,基础疾病,及应用广谱抗生素相关。感染部位呼吸道为主,其次为胃肠道、口腔、血液等。感染的病原体真菌占首位。并根据感染因素提出了护理对策。     

1014例患儿医院感染原因分析

目的探讨患儿医院感染的原因。方法回顾性分析1014例患儿医院感染的原因，以及医院感染发生部位构成比、住院时间、患儿年龄、接触史等因素与医院感染的关系。结果1014例患儿发生医院感染291例，发生率29％，其中呼吸道感染276例，占94．8％（上呼吸道213例，占73．2％；下呼吸道63例，占21．6％），其次为消化道感染22例，占7．6％；患儿年龄〈1岁者感染率44．6％，1～3岁者感染率37．8％，〉3岁者感染率27．5％；有感染接触史的患儿感染率31．6％，高于无感染接触史者（9．1％）；上述各组的感染率有显著性差异（P≤0．05）；住院时间与医院感染无明显相关。结论患儿年龄、有无感染接触史、住院环境及自身营养状况等影响医院感染发生率，而住院时间与医院感染无明显相关。     

住院死亡患者医院感染情况分析

目的了解住院死亡与医院感染因素的内在联系，加强对死亡患者医院感染的研究，以更好地控制医院感染，降低死亡率。方法回顾性分析2007年1-12月243例死亡患者的病历资料，筛选出医院感染的病例，统计患者的年龄、感染部位、基础疾病、病原菌类型及住院时间等相关因素。结果本组死亡病例医院感染发生率为40．9％。感染部位以呼吸系统为主；年龄较大、住院时间较长的死亡患者，医院感染率较高；恶性肿瘤患者医院感染率高于其他疾病死亡患者；医院感染病原菌以G^-菌、真菌为主。结论在临床护理中应以患者为主体正确审视发生医院感染的诸因素。加强对高危患者的护理；注意配合临床医生合理用药；加强感染预防，防止交叉感染；加强医护人员培训，进一步强化医院感染意识，更好地采取有效预防措施降低医院感染率，减少与医院感染相关的死亡。     

脑血管病患者医院感染的相关因素分析

目的：了解脑血管病住院患者医院感染危险因素,加强医院感染的防治。方法：采用回顾性方法调查2000年6月。2004年10月间神经内科脑血管病住院患者的临床资料。结果：脑血管病患者医院感染率为12．3％,例次感染率为16．4％。医院感染部位以下呼吸道感染最多见,占35．6％;其次是泌尿道和胃肠道,分别占24．6％与10．2％。年龄、住院天数、侵袭性操作、饮酒史、合并糖尿病、意识障碍程度、白细胞计数、应用H2-受体阻滞剂和抗菌药物等是医院感染发生的相关因素。结论：脑血管病患者医院感染发生率高,相关危险因素较多,应高度重视并加强防护。     

脑瘫康复患儿院内感染的分析及预防

目的掌握脑瘫患儿院内感染的情况，探讨其院内感染发生率及其相关因素。方法以回顾性方法对2004年以来，187例脑损伤患儿医院感染率、平均住院天数进行总结分析。结果我院儿科院内感染率为8．89％，医院感染患者平均住院天数较无医院感染患者的明显延长。结论儿科以呼吸道、消化道医院内感染最为常见，提高认识做好基础护理，加强消毒隔离措施和抗生素的合理使用，是当前预防院内感染的关键。     

小儿肾病综合征医院感染分析及预防

目的 分析肾病综合征患儿医院感染的原因和预防措施.方法 对1998年1月至2007年1月我院儿科收治的肾病综合征患儿151例进行回顾性调查,总结医院感染与年龄分布、感染部位、住院天数以及预防性使用抗菌药物等临床资料.结果 发生医院感染78例,感染率为51.6%,感染部位以呼吸道最常见,不同住院天数患者医院感染率间差别有显著性意义,预防性用药组与未用药组医院感染率间差别有显著性意义.结论 加强保护性隔离,缩短住院天数,合理使用抗菌药物是降低医院感染率的关键措施.     

半开放管理模式下精神病患者医院感染情况调查分析

目的了解半开放式管理模式下精神病患者医院感染情况，提高对医院感染易感因素的认识，为进一步采取有效的预防控制措施提供依据。方法对2006年1—12月1046例精神病患者的医院感染发生情况进行调查，对于发生医院感染的患者，采用《医院感染病例调查登记表》调查并记录相关情况。结果1046例精神病患者中，出现医院感染62例共63例次，感染率为5．93％；感染部位中，呼吸道感染占首位（66．67％），其次为121腔感染（15．88％）；精神病患者住院2个月内医院感染发病率高于其他住院时间；不同种类精神病患者，其医院感染率差异无统计学意义。结论精神病患者医院感染多出现在疾病发作期，主要表现为呼吸道、口腔和胃肠道感染。加强卫生宣教，做好基础及生活护理，药物不良反应护理，对预防医院感染的发生至关重要。     

产科患者医院感染相关因素分析及预防对策

目的分析相关医院感染因素，探讨预防与控制措施。方法对2003年5月-2008年5月住院产科患者的医院感染情况进行回顾性调查分析。结果5579例产科住院患者发生医院感染343例，医院感染率为6．15％；5年中5个时间段感染率分别为7．35％、6．69％、6．55％、5．53％和5．34％，感染率呈总体下降趋势。感染部位以上呼吸道、皮肤、泌尿道为主。5年中感染病例在7-9月较集中，感染发生与季节相关。结论产科患者医院感染与个人体质、病房环境、抗菌药物的使用、技术操作、季节有关。     

精神科患者医院感染的危险因素分析

目的探究精神科患者医院感染的危险因素,为在治疗和护理中进行感染预防提供理论基础。方法对张家口市沙岭子医院2008年1月至2011年12月精神科发生院内感染的住院患者进行回顾分析,对其住院时间、发病季节、感染部位及原发疾病等临床资料进行对比,分析影响精神科患者医院感染的危险因素。结果1362例患者中共出现141例感染,占10．4％,146次感染,占10．7％,其中精神分裂症及器质性精神障碍感染率最高,分别为13．0％及14．9％;经多因素 COX 模型分析,原发疾病、住院时间及封闭式管理是影响精神科患者医院感染的独立危险因素（P＜0．05）。结论应加强精神科病房管理,采取积极有效的干预措施,控制医院感染的发生。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.