多普勒组织成像鉴别陈旧性心肌梗死患者舒张功能假性正常

目的 探讨应用多普勒组织成像（DTI）检测二尖瓣环舒张期运动速度可否鉴别陈旧性心肌梗死（OMI）患者舒张功能假性正常。 方法 OMI舒张功能假性正常患者68例，正常对照组50例，应用脉冲多普勒（PWD）分别测量二尖瓣口舒张早期峰值流速（E）、舒张晚期峰值流速（A）、E／A、E峰减速时间（DT）、左室等容舒张时间（IRT）、肺静脉收缩波（S）、舒张波（D）、S／D及心房收缩波（Ar）；转换DTI速度模式，测量左室侧壁缘二尖瓣环舒张早期运动峰值速度（Ea）、舒张晚期运动峰值速度（Aa）并计算Ea／Aa。 结果 OMI舒张功能假性正常患者与正常人的年龄和血流频谱E、A、E／A、IRT、D、S／D及二尖瓣环Aa测值比较无显著性差异（P〉0.05），DT缩短和S波降低具有显著性差异（P〈0．05），肺静脉血流Ar较正常人升高，而二尖瓣环Ea及Ea／Aa较比正常人明显减低，具有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。 结论 DTI检测二尖瓣环Ea及Ea／Aa比值可鉴别OMI患者舒张功能假性正常。     

组织多普勒显像检测二尖瓣环速度评价冠心病左室舒张功能

目的：探讨应用组织多普勒显像（TDI）检测二尖瓣环运动速度评价冠心病左室舒张功能的应用价值。方法：冠心病患者45例,正常对照组30例,应用脉冲多普勒（PWT）检测二尖瓣口舒张早、晚期血流峰值流速（E、A）、计算E／A;应用TDI速度模式,在心脏四腔心切面检测二尖瓣内、外环运动速度（Ea、Aa）,计算Ea／Aa。结果：冠心病组左室舒张功能假性正常组（E／A〉1）与正常对照组比较,二尖瓣血流频谱E、A、E／A及二尖瓣环Aa差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,TDI检测二尖瓣环Ea及Ea／Aa较正常组明显减低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。冠心病组左室舒张功能减低组（E／A〈1）与正常对照组比较,二尖瓣环Aa差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,二尖瓣血流频谱A较正常对照组增高,E、E／A及二尖瓣环Ea、Ea／Aa较正常组明显减低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：TDI检测二尖瓣内、外环运动速度Ea、Aa,计算Ea／Aa,可评价冠心病左室舒张功能,与二尖瓣血流检测左室舒张功能（E／A〈1）减低者有很好相关性,并可鉴别左室舒张功能假性正常化,估测舒张功能受损的程度。     

组织多普勒显像技术评价初发心肌梗死患者左室功能

目的探讨组织多普勒显像（DTI）技术在评价初发心肌梗死患者左室功能中的应用价值。方法常规超声心动图检查显示左室收缩及舒张功能正常的初发心肌梗死患者18例及与其年龄匹配的健康对照者15例入选本研究。应用DTI技术二尖瓣环平均运动速度指标评价两组对象的左室功能。同时计算二尖瓣血流舒张早期峰值速度与二尖瓣环舒张早期峰值速度的比值（E／Em）,以评估左室平均充盈压。结果心肌梗死患者组二尖瓣环收缩期峰值速度（Sm）、舒张早期速度（Em）及晚期峰值速度（Am）均明显低于正常对照组（P〈0．05）;心肌梗死组E／Em比值明显高于正常对照组（P〈0．05）。结论DTI技术可以较常规超声心动图更加敏感地检测出初发心肌梗死患者的左室功能异常。     

缬沙坦改善向心性重构型原发性高血压左室整体舒张功能的价值

目的观察缬沙坦改善向心性重构型原发性高血压患者左心室整体舒张功能的价值。方法应用多普勒组织成像（DTI）技术测定二尖瓣环舒张早、晚期峰值运动速度（Em和Am）厦其比值（Em／Am）。比较向心性重构型原发性高血压左室整体舒张功能减退患者口服缬沙坦3个月前后Em、Am以及Era／Am的变化。结果口服缬沙坦3个月后，二尖辩环舒张早期峰值运动速度（Em）明显增加（P〈0．01）。结论缬沙坦能改善向心性重构型原发性高血压患者左室整体舒张功能。     

多普勒组织成像技术评价高血压昼夜节律对左室舒张功能的影响

目的应用多普勒组织成像（DTI）技术探讨高血压昼夜节律对左室舒张功能的影响。方法对103例高血压患者进行24h动态血压监测,夜间血压均值较白昼血压均值下降≥10％者确定为杓型组（42例）;夜间血压均值较白昼血压均值下降〈10％者为非杓型组（61例）。同时选取40例健康者为对照组。用DTI记录二尖瓣环侧壁、间隔、前壁和下壁的舒张早期和晚期的峰值运动速度及其比值,计算上述四个位点的均值,分别以Em、Am、Em/Am表示,并用二尖瓣血流多普勒（MPWD）检测舒张期血流速度E峰、A峰及E／A比值以作比较。结果高血压组二尖瓣口血流参数、二尖瓣环DTI参数均明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）;高血压杓型组和非杓型组间E、E／A比值无明显差异（P〉0．05）,但非杓型组Em、Em／Am比值明显低于杓型组（P〈0．05）。结论DTI技术能简便、准确定量高血压患者二尖瓣环舒张期运动速度的改变,从而准确判断舒张功能受损的程度,其作用优于传统的MPWD。异常的血压昼夜节律可能提示存在更严重的左室舒张功能损伤。     

多普勒组织成像评价高血压合并二尖瓣返流左室舒张功能的价值

目的：研究多普勒组织成像技术（DTI）评价高血压病合并二尖瓣返流左室舒张功能的价值。方法：研究对象为20例高血压患者，其中二尖瓣返流轻度12例，二尖瓣返流中度8例，应用DTI探测二尖瓣环运动，测量舒张早期速度（Ea)及舒张晚期速度（Aa）、计算Ea／Aa；并与常规脉冲多普勒法（PWD）测量E／A测量E／A相比较，结果：二尖瓣返流轻度组：Ea／Aa与E／A差异无显著性（P＞0．05）。二尖瓣返流中度组；Ea／Aa与E／A有显著性差异（P＜0．05）。E／A出现假正常化,而Ea/Aa＜1。结论：DTI评价高血压病合并二尖瓣返流左舒张功能有一定的临床应用价值。     

组织多普勒超声心动图评价冠心病患者心室舒张功能

目的采用组织多普勒技术观察冠心病患者心室舒张功能的改变及左室和右室舒张功能的关系。方法研究24例正常健康人和20例冠心病患者,应用多普勒超声技术测量二尖瓣口及三尖瓣口舒张期血流速度;应用组织多普勒超声技术测量二尖瓣环一左室侧壁交界处及三尖瓣环一右室侧壁交界处心肌运动频谱。测量二尖瓣及三尖瓣舒张早期血流速度（E）、舒张晚期血流速度（A）及E／A,心肌舒张早期运动速度（Em）、晚期运动速度（Am）及Em／Am,测量E／Em。结果与正常组比较,冠心病组左室舒张期二尖瓣血流速度E／A显著减小（P〈0．01）,三尖瓣血流E／A亦显著减小（P〈0．01）;组织多普勒所测左右心室Em、Am、Em／Am均减小（P〈0．01）,E/Em增大（P〈0．01）;冠心病组左室与右室间E/Em比值高度相关（r=0．83）。结论冠心病患者的左室舒张功能异常,伴有右室舒张功能的改变,右室与左室舒张功能的改变相关。应用组织多普勒和频谱多普勒联合评价心室舒张功能,纠正了频谱多普勒评价心室舒张功能出现的假正常现象。     

应用M-型超声定量分析二尖瓣环运动速度与位移指标评价高血压病患者左室舒张功能的临床研究

目的应用M-型超声定量分析与比较高血压病患者二尖瓣环长轴方向上运动速度与位移的变化,探讨其评价左室舒张功能的价值。方法高血压病患者30例,根据二尖瓣口血流频谱（E/A）分为两组：组E/A〈1,12例,组E/A〉1,18例;正常对照组10例。应用TVI测量二尖瓣环舒张早期（Ea）、舒张晚期（Aa）运动速率及其比值Ea/Aa。应用M-型超声测量二尖瓣环舒张早期（Es）、舒张晚期（As）峰值运动速度及其比值（Es/As）;舒张早期（T）、舒张晚期（A）峰值位移及其比值（T/A）。结果与对照组比较,高血压病组和组的Es、Es/As、T、T/A显著减低（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。T与Ea、T/A与Ea/Aa、Es与Ea、Es/As与Ea/Aa显著相关（P〈0.05）。结论M-型超声所测的二尖瓣环运动速度与位移指标能反映高血压病患者左室舒张功能的异常。     

多普勒组织成像法评价窒息新生儿左心功能

目的探讨多普勒组织成像法（Doppler tissue imaging,DTI）评价窒息新生儿左心收缩功能。 方法足月窒息新生儿共62例（重度组31例,轻度组31例）,正常组新生儿30例,在出生后24、48、72h内采用DTI模式测定二尖瓣环收缩期运动速度（Sa）,舒张期早期运动速度（Ea）,舒张晚期运动速度（Aa）和舒张期早期/舒张晚期速度比值（Ea/Aa）来判断左心功能。 结果（1）重度组、轻度组Sa、Ea、Ea/Aa在3个时段均明显低于对照组（P〈0.001）;（2）3个时段重度组Aa均明显高于轻度组和对照组（P〈0.001）。 结论新生儿窒息时左心收缩和舒张功能降低,DTI能敏感地反映窒息新生儿左心功能的变化。     

脉冲多普勒组织成像对冠心病患者右室功能的评价

目的应用多普勒组织成像（DTI）技术测量三尖瓣环运动速度，评价冠心病患者的右室功能。方法分别对A组19例单纯右冠状动脉狭窄者、B组30例左冠状动脉狭窄者和C组36例正常对照者应用DTI从心尖四腔切面测定三尖瓣环的右室侧壁和室间隔的收缩期（Sa）、舒张早期（Ea）和舒张晚期（Aa）运动速度峰值，并进行显著性检验。结果A组和B组的Sa和Ea均低于正常组（P〈0．05～0．01），但A组Ea／Aa之比显著低于正常组（P〈0．01），而B组的Ea／Aa之比和两组的Aa与正常组相比无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。证明冠状动脉病变确实影响了右室壁的运动功能。结论DTI技术测定三尖瓣环运动速度可作为评价冠心病右室功能的新方法。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.