肺表面活性物质联合布地奈德预防极低出生体重儿支气管肺发育不良的疗效观察

目的探讨肺表面活性物质(PS)联合布地奈德气管内滴入预防极低出生体重早产儿支气管肺发育不良(BPD)的临床疗效。方法选取胎龄32周的患有宫内感染的呼吸窘迫综合征(NRDS)(Ⅲ或Ⅳ级)的极低出生体重儿30例,随机分成PS+布地奈德组(15例)和PS组(15例)。比较两组血气分析、氧合指数(OI)、呼吸机使用时间、吸氧时间、BPD发生率、纠正胎龄36周时病死率以及其他并发症的发生率。结果 PS+布地奈德组患儿BPD发生率低于PS组,呼吸机使用时间和吸氧时间明显短于PS组(P0.05);给药后第2~6天,PS+布地奈德组pH、OI均高于PS组,PaCO——2均低于PS组,且差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);两组间纠正胎龄36周时病死率以及其他并发症差异无统计学意义。结论 PS联合布地奈德气管内滴入能有效降低重度NRDS极低出生体重早产儿BPD的发生率。     

肺表面活性物质与肺持续扩张压力联合应用治疗极低出生体重儿呼吸窘迫综合征

目的：探讨肺表面活性物质（PS）与肺持续扩张压力联合应用治疗极低出生体重儿呼吸窘迫综合征（RDS）的疗效及临床价值。方法：选取2003年1月至2006年12月收住我院新生儿科的所有患新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的出生体重＜1 500 g、胎龄≤34周的极低出生体重儿90例作为研究对象,联合组应用PS与Infant Flow Advance系统提供的相对恒定的肺持续扩张压力联合治疗;PS组为单用PS治疗;CDP组单用Infant Flow Advance系统治疗。观察3组患儿治疗后1,6,12,24 h临床症状、体征、血气变化,并发症如肺部感染、慢性肺病及住院天数、早产儿视网膜病发生情况。结果：3组患儿治疗前PaO2,PaCO2,pH值比较无统计学意义,治疗后1,6,12,24小时PaO2,PaCO2,pH值与治疗前比较有明显改善（P＜0.01）,联合组PaO2,PaCO2分别与PS组,CDP组组比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,联合组pH值与PS组、CDP组比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。3组患儿氧疗时间比较,观察组与PS组,CDP组相比差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,平均住院天数联合组少于其他两组（P＜0.01）。结论： PS与Infant Flow Advance系统联合应用,可有效治疗NRDS,减少机械通气率,缩短氧疗时间及住院天数,从而减少有创通气相关并发症。     

极低体重儿肺炎治疗探讨

为了提高极低体重儿肺炎的治愈率,通过对６７例ＶＬＢＷＩ肺炎临床表现和治疗的分析,我们认为ＶＬＢＷＩ肺炎以产前感染肺炎为主,其特点为：１．发病早;２．主要通过吸入污染的羊水引起感染;３．临床表现不典型,４．病原菌以革兰氏阴性杆菌为主,对氨苄青霉素耐药,可首选头孢氨噻肟或头孢三嗪;５．合并症多。     

极低体重儿呼吸机治疗的探讨

目的 探讨不同时期上机指征、呼吸机参数及呼吸管理在极低体重儿（ＶＬＢＷＩ）应用呼吸机时的治疗效果。方法 对不同时期应用呼吸机治疗的ＶＬＢＷＩ发动动脉导管未闭（ＰＤＡ）、肺部感染、肺气压伤及预后进行比较。结果 ＶＬＢＷＩ在呼吸机治疗时,肺部感染、气胸及病死率,在后期（１９９６年￣１９９７年）较早期（１９９５年￣１９９６年）均明显减少（Ｐ〈０．０５）。结论 及时掌握早期上机指征是治疗成功的关键;关闭Ｐ     

肺表面活性物质早期给药对新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的影响

目的 探讨肺表面活性物质(Curosurf)早期给药对极低出生体重儿呼吸窘迫综合征(MRDS)近期预后的影响。方法 对26例患NRDS的极低出生体重儿给予Curosurf治疗并进行临床对照实验。结果 NRDS患儿给药后12小时Po2/FiO2显著上升,分别为(252.53±49.45)和(184.47±35.04),与给药前比较均P<0.01;比较早期给药组(生后2 h内)和普通治疗组,有创机械通气时间分别为(54.55±11.21)h和(112.00±84.93)h,t=2.217,P<0.05,差异有显著性。患儿体重恢复至出生时水平分别为(11.55±3.70)d和(15.27±4.71)d,t=2.171,P<0.05;贫血出现的时间分别为(21.64±4.48)d和(12.60±4.91)d,t=4.807,P<0.01,差异有显著性;结论 对于极低出生体重儿NRDS,早期给予Curosurf可明显改善近期预后,提高存活率。     

极低出生体重儿综合治疗十年体会

目的　总结既往治疗经验,提高极低出生体重儿的生存率。方法　分析近10年共89例患儿,以前、后5年对比的方式探讨可行的治疗方法。结果　治愈率从35%提高至75.5%,主要体现在应用呼吸机后呼吸窘迫综合征的治愈率明显提高;重度窒息及硬肿症发生减少。结论　强调综合治疗,从出生时开展新法复苏到入院后的保暖、监护、防治各种并发症、维持内环境稳定和保证营养需求。每一个步骤都不容忽视。同时,仍需努力提高医护水平。     

极低体重儿呼吸机治疗的探讨

目的探讨不同时期上机指征、呼吸机参数及呼吸管理在极低体重儿（ＶＬＢＷＩ）应用呼吸机时的治疗效果。方法对不同时期应用呼吸机治疗的ＶＬＢＷＩ发生动脉导管未闭（ＰＤＡ）、肺部感染、肺气压伤及预后进行比较。结果ＶＬＢＷＩ在呼吸机治疗时,肺部感染、气胸及病死率,在后期（１９９６年～１９９７年）较早期（１９９５年～１９９６年）均明显减少（Ｐ＜００５）。结论及时掌握早期上机指征是治疗成功的关键;关闭ＰＤＡ是缩短呼吸机治疗疗程的重要手段;继发性肺部感染是呼吸机治疗失败的主要原因     

肺表面活性物质早期给药对新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的影响

目的探讨肺表面活性物质(Curosurf)早期给药对极低出生体重儿呼吸窘迫综合征(NRDS)近期预后的影响.方法对26例患NRDS的极低出生体重儿给予Curosurf治疗并进行临床对照实验.结果NRDS患儿给药后12小时PO2/FiO2显著上升,分别为(252.53±49.45)和(184.47±35.04),与给药前比较均P＜0.01;比较早期给药组(生后2 h内)和普通治疗组,有创机械通气时间分别为(54.55±11.21)h和(112.00±84.93)h,t=2.217,P＜0.05,差异有显著性.患儿体重恢复至出生时水平分别为(11.55±3.70)d和(15.27±4.71)d,t=2.171,P＜0.05;贫血出现的时间分别为(21.64±4.48)d和(12.60±4.91)d,t=4.807,P＜0.01,差异有显著性;结论对于极低出生体重儿NRDS,早期给予Curosurf可明显改善近期预后,提高存活率.     

Insulin pump therapy in the very low birth weight infant

Ten critically ill, very low birth weight infants less than 30 weeks' gestation were treated with exogenous insulin administered through a continuous insulin infusion pump (Betatron II, Cardiac Pacemaker, Inc). Infants were hyperglycemic to dextrose infusions greater than 6 mg/kg/min. The blood glucose concentration became normal in all infants within two to four hours, with varying requirements for continued insulin treatment. Tolerance to intravenous dextrose increased from a mean of 7.4 mg/kg/min to 11.2 mg/kg/min with glycosuria. Energy intake increased from 49.5 calories/kg/d prior to insulin pump therapy to 70.4 calories/kg/d afterward (P less than .01) with weight gain changed from -23 g/d to +13 g/d (P less than .01). One unexpected observation was the apparent normalization of blood glucose homeostasis on higher dextrose doses among some infants after only one three- to six-hour treatment with insulin. The continuous insulin infusion pump is a flexible tool that allows insulin infusion rates to be changed as dictated by blood glucose values without altering other parenteral infusions.     

Rickets in a very low birth weight infant

A report on a case of rickets in a very low birth weight infant (VLBWI) is presented. The infant had no high-risk factors for rickets and was fed a specialized preterm formula with vitamin D supplementation (200 IU daily) by 10 days of age. Feeds were advanced so that an enteral intake of 120 cal/kg/day was achieved by the 20th day of life. Mean calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D intakes between the 20th and 61st days of life were 185 mg/kg/day, 93 mg/kg/day, and 367 IU/day, respectively. On the 62nd day of life, a diagnosis of rickets was made, and a nutrient balance study was performed. Urinary calcium excretion was low (1.3 mg/kg/day), suggesting calcium deficiency. However, retention of calcium (127 mg/kg/day) and phosphorus (76 mg/kg/day) was occurring at intrauterine rates. Thus, while calcium absorption was adequate at 10 weeks of age, the same was not true earlier in life. We suggest that there is a limiting role of calcium absorption on bone mineralization during early life in the VLBWI.     

极低出生体重儿高频振荡通气

高频通气(HFV)用于新生儿呼吸衰竭的治疗已20余年,积累了许多实验资料及临床经验,检索到的文献达1300余篇[1].由于通气策略的不断改进,早期HFV常作为对新生儿严重呼吸衰竭常规呼吸机治疗失败后的营救性治疗.极低出生体重(VLBW)儿行常规通气(CV)治疗呼吸衰竭时易产生多种急、慢性肺部并发症,影响治疗效果及预后.近年来在用高频振荡通气(HFOV)减少肺损伤和对肺采取保护性治疗策略方面进行了探讨,简述如下. 1 HFV的主要种类及其作用 HFV有三种类型:即高频喷射通气(HFJV)(以Bunnell公司的Lifepulse为代表),目前已较少应用;高频气流阻断(HFFI)(以Infransouics公司的Infant star为代表);HFOV(以Sensormedics公司的Sensormedics 3100A为代表).其他尚有德国Drger公司的Babylog 8000及英国的SLE 200等.前述三种呼吸机内部功能不完全相同,但通气容量均近于或小于死腔气容量.HFOV为目前广泛应用的一类,Infant star虽以HFFI形式进行通气,由于以呼气为主动,其作用也可理解为HFOV.Sensormedics 3100A通气时设高频率,吸、呼比值为1∶ 2,而Infant star行HFV时除设置高频率外尚需与CV联合应用,设2～5/min,间歇强制通气(IMV).     

Fungal colonization in the very low birth weight infant

In the neonate, fungal infections result in significant morbidity and mortality. For very low birth weight (less than 1,500 g) infants, we prospectively determined the fungal colonization rate to be 26.7%. In one third of infants with fungal colonies, mucocutaneous candidiasis developed, and in 7.7%, systemic disease developed. Two thirds of the infants had colonies in the first week of life. This colonization was probably acquired during labor and delivery, because those infants who had colonization were more often delivered vaginally than by cesarean section. Early colonization, commonly from the gastrointestinal or respiratory tract, featured Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. Late colonization, occurring after 2 weeks of life (15.0% of patients), was more likely to be cutaneous and was associated with either Candida parapsilosis or such poor growth that the organism could not be identified. Infants with colonization only rarely had budding yeasts (6.1%), whereas more than half of the infants with either a urinalysis showing budding yeasts or a urine culture growing fungi had invasive disease. Fungal contamination was not found on either thoracotomy tubes or catheter tips. In the low birth weight infant, fungal colonization represents a significant risk factor for cutaneous or systemic candidiasis in these infants.     

Cerebrospinal fluid values in the very low birth weight infant

The cerebrospinal fluid values obtained in the first 12 weeks of life from 43 infants with birth weights of 1500 gm or less were analyzed to determine the ranges for leukocyte count and chemistry values. All these neonates had birth weights appropriate for gestational age, negative cerebrospinal fluid culture for bacteria, and no evidence of intracranial bleeding by head ultrasound examination. The mean birth weight was 1002 gm (range 550 to 1500 gm), and mean gestational age was 27 weeks (range 24 to 33 weeks). The mean cerebrospinal fluid leukocyte count was 5 cells/mm3 (range 0 to 44 cells/mm3); leukocyte differential was 7% polymorphonuclear leukocytes (range up to 66%) and 85% mononuclear leukocytes (range 13% to 100%). Additional values included protein concentration, 142 mg/dl (range 45 to 370 mg/dl); and glucose, 60 mg/dl (range 29 to 217 mg/dl). Knowledge of these measurements should help in the interpretation of the cerebrospinal fluid values of the very low birth weight infant undergoing examination of a central nervous system disorder.     

Holding the very low birth weight infant: skin-to-skin techniques

Skin-to-skin holding has been reported as a valuable intervention for preterm infants for over a decade. However, many neonatal intensive care units are not practicing this therapy and cite lack of protocols and techniques as a barrier. This article describes in detail the nursing considerations and techniques involved to successfully implement skin-to-skin holding for very low birth weight, technology-dependent infants. NICU protocols can be derived from this article.