锁骨钩钢板的临床应用

目的探讨锁骨钩钢板对锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位的疗效.方法对15例锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位的病人切开复位锁骨钩钢板固定(其中Neer Ⅱ型6例,Allman Ⅲ型9例).结果术后随访3～18个月,本组12例中骨折脱位全部愈合,肩关节功能优;有3例肩关节主动活动时,肩峰处有酸胀感,拆去固定物后,经功能锻炼症状消失.结论锁骨钩钢板是治疗锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位的一种可靠的方法.     

锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位52例疗效分析

目的 探讨锁骨钩钢板在锁骨远端骨折及肩锁关节脱位中的治疗方法和疗效分析.方法 回顾性分析在我院采用锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位52例患者,术后随访6 ～18个月.结果 采用Lazzcano标准评价手术治疗效果,并结合影像学检查,优49例,良2例,差1例.优良率为98.1%.结论 锁骨钩钢板在锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位的治疗上,具有创伤小、操作简单,术后固定牢靠、肩锁关节功能影响小等特点,是目前锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位理想的治疗方法.     

AO/ASIF锁骨钩钢板修复锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位:与克氏针的比较

背景:据国内外统计,临床上对股骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位患者多以内固定治疗为主,由于克氏针固定时的牢固性较差,因此容易发生退针,使固定失败。为减少内固定后出现的并发症,AO/ASIF锁骨钩钢板作为一种新的内固定物开始用于锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位患者的内固定治疗中。目的:探究AO/ASIF锁骨钩钢板置入内固定修复锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位的安全性及有效性,并与克氏针张力带进行对比。方法:将2010年6月至2013年12月通城县人民医院骨科收治的100例锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位患者作为研究对象,根据内固定方式的不同分为克氏针张力带组和AO/ASIF锁骨钩钢板组,每组50例。观察并比较两组患者内固定后肩关节功能恢复优良率、肩关节功能评分及上肢功能恢复情况。结果与结论:AO/ASIF锁骨钩钢板组内固定后肩关节功能恢复优良率为98%,明显高于克氏针张力带组(64%);AO/ASIF锁骨钩钢板组固定物取出后肩锁关节再脱位的发生率为0,较克氏针张力带组(12%)低,组间比较差异有显著性意义(P0.05)。两组患者内固定后5,10周的肩关节功能JOA评分较内固定前均明显提高,AO/ASIF锁骨钩钢板组明显高于克氏针张力带组(P0.05)。AO/ASIF锁骨钩钢板组患者内固定后10周内收、外展、前屈、后伸4种肩关节活动度均明显高于克氏针张力带组(P0.05)。提示AO/ASIF锁骨钩钢板是一种安全有效的修复锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位的内固定物,切口小、固定可靠、肩关节活动较早等优点十分突出。     

锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位的疗效分析

目的分析AO/ASOF锁骨钩钢板(Clavicular Hook Plate)对NeerII型锁骨远端骨折及TossyIII型肩锁关节脱位治疗中的疗效。方法 2005年7月～2009年5月,对16例急性锁骨远端骨折﹙NeerII型)和18例肩锁关节脱位(TossyIII型)行切开复位锁骨钩钢板内固定与喙锁韧带修补术。结果 34病例中28例得到随访,平均随访27个月。患者术后1周均能进行肩关节主动活动,术后6周均完全恢复日常生活和工作能力,无病例发生伤口感染、内固定松动断裂,无再骨折及肩锁关节半脱位。参照ConstantMurley功能评估标准,优22例,良6例。结论 AO/ASOF锁骨钩钢板治疗NeerII型锁骨远端骨折及TossyIII型肩锁关节脱位的一种较好的手术方法。     

锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折

目的探讨治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折的新方法。方法选择TossyⅢ型肩锁关节脱位16例锁骨远端骨折11例,采用切开复位锁骨钩钢板内固定术,随访6～15个月,按照Lazzcano标准评定。结果优24例,良3例,无其它合并症,肩锁关节无再脱位,骨折全部一期愈合。结论锁骨钩钢板是治疗肩锁关节脱位及锁骨远端骨折的有效方法。     

锁骨钩钢板在肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折中的疗效

目的探讨锁骨钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位的疗效。方法2008年1月至2012年6月采用肩锁钩钢板治疗Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱位18例,NeerII型锁骨远端骨折30例,全部获得随访,随访时间4～12个月,中位时间8个月。结果按照Lazzcano标准,疗效优40例,良8例。术后并发症少,骨折愈合佳,肩锁关节脱位复发率为零。结论肩锁钩钢板治疗肩关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折效果确切,骨折愈合快,脱位复位牢固。     

锁骨钩钢板置入内固定后特有并发症的预防与对策

背景:近几年锁骨钩钢板在国内外逐步被推广应用于锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位,被认为是一种比较理想的治疗方法。随着使用率的增加,一些内固定并发症,如内固定后肩痛、肩峰撞击、肩峰溶解、脱钩、应力性骨折等逐渐显现出来。目的:分析锁骨钩钢板置入内固定修复锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位后产生并发症的原因,并总结其防治对策。方法:2006年3月至2014年5月贵阳市第四人民医院共收治锁骨钩钢板置入内固定修复锁骨远端骨折及肩锁关节脱位患者112例,其中锁骨远端骨折48例,肩锁关节脱位64例。锁骨远端骨折按Neer分型法,Ⅰ型16例,Ⅱ型32例;肩锁关节脱位64例均为TossyⅢ型。其中肩关节上部悬吊复合体双重损伤4例。对患者的临床修复效果及内固定后并发症进行回顾性分析。结果与结论:103例获得随访并进入结果分析,其余病例因患者原因短期内失访,不予纳入结果分析。99例患者显示骨折端愈合及肩锁关节对位良好,并发症发生率为30.1%。采用Karlsson疗效评价标准,优79例,良16例,优良率为92.2%。提示锁骨钩钢板置入内固定修复锁骨远端骨折和肩锁关节脱位,根据个体化特点治疗,注意预防和处理其并发症,是可以得到理想疗效的。     

肩锁关节脱位重建：金属植入物的选择

目的：介绍肩锁关节脱位应用金属植入物内固定方法及其内固定物的选择,评价应用锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位的效果。 方法：以“锁骨钩钢板;肩锁关节脱位;内固定”为检索词,检索1996/2010 PubMed数据库、维普数据库与金属置入物置入固定肩锁关节脱位相关文献,重点探讨了肩锁关节脱位治疗方法及内固定物的选择,并进行了临床验证。应用AO/ASIF锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折、Rockwood分型Ⅲ型~Ⅴ型患者。采用Lazzcano评分标准进行功能评定。 结果：目前治疗肩锁关节脱位方法有单纯的克氏针固定法、克氏针张力带固定法、Bosworth法、喙锁间钢丝内固定、钛缆代替钢丝固定法、改良Weaver法或用肌腱、人工韧带重建喙锁韧带、锁骨钩钢板治疗法等,各有利弊。临床验证：应用AO/ASIF锁骨钩钢板治疗34例患者均获12个月的随访。未发现钢板、螺钉松动、折断情况。6~12个月内固定取出后2例出现肩锁关节半脱位,均未行喙锁韧带修复。采用Lazzcano评分标准评定优30例,良4例。 结论：锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折具有手术操作简单、固定可靠、创伤小、肩关节功能恢复快等优势。     

肩锁钩钢板治疗锁骨远段骨折17例分析

目的观察肩锁钩钢板手术治疗锁骨远端骨折的疗效。方法自2000年3月至2004年12月,应用肩锁钩钢板治疗锁骨远端骨折17例,平均随访时间14.6月。均采用湖北天辉科技开发有限公司的肩锁钩钢板。结果所有患者术后6周均恢复日常生活和工作能力,14例完全恢复肩关节正常活动度与肌力,其余3例存在不同程度肩关节活动受限和肩峰下疼痛。随访的X线检查均未见骨折移位或钢板断裂和松动。结论肩锁钩钢板是治疗锁骨远端骨折的一种较好的手术方法。     

锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折

目的 评价锁骨钩钢板治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折的疗效。方法 分析我科2002年8月至2006年3月收治并获得随访的15例新鲜的TossyⅡ、Ⅲ型肩锁关节脱住和NeerⅢ型锁骨远端骨折患者的治疗方法及效果。术后随访4～47个月，采用Iazzcan0标准进行临床评价。结果优13例，良2例，优良率达到100％。结论 锁骨钩钢板是治疗肩锁关节脱位和锁骨远端骨折的理想内固定材料。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.