纹状体神经细胞分型及其功能构建

根据基底神经节和丘脑的解剖结构及功能，他们被分为感觉运动区、辅助运动区、运动前区、联合边缘区。既构成皮质—基底神经节—丘脑—皮质环路，又存在发自皮质不同区域，影响此环路的神经亚环路。纹状体是基底神经节中接收传入信息的主要核团，新近研究表明，他不仅参与随意运动的执行，调节运动各参数，而且在运动可塑性方面也发挥特殊作用。山西大学体育学院运动人体科学实验室前期工作表明，新纹状体腹外侧区神经元在运动疲劳产生的中枢机制中也发挥一定的作用。     

语言功能的脑定位

大脑不同部位对人类的听、说、读、写等功能起着不同的形成及修饰作用,从而使人类之间能够顺利地进行交流与沟通。而不少患者因为脑卒中等病变而产生了不同程度、不同类型的语言功能的丧失。就不同的脑组织对语言功能的形成、定位进行分析,以便临床工作者更好地进行语言康复治疗。     

突触膜糖蛋白及其在神经系统中的应用

突触膜糖蛋白 (ｓｙｎａｐｔｏｐｈｙｓｉｎ ,ｐ38)是突触小泡膜的特异性组成蛋白[1] ,在中枢、外周神经系统和神经内分泌细胞中均有表达 ,在神经系统的发育、疾病、损伤和再生等的研究中具有重要意义。本文仅对突触膜糖蛋白及其在神经系统中应用的部分文献作一简要综述。1　ｐ38的发现及特性1985年 ,Ｊａｈｎ等[2 ] 首先在大鼠脑中发现 ｐ38。同年 ,Ｗｉｅｄｅｎｍａｎｎ等[3 ] 从牛脑中提取出 ｐ38。ｐ38是位于突触小泡膜上的糖蛋白 ,分子量为 38ｋＤ ,去糖基化后为 34ｋＤ ,通常以同源 6聚体的形式存在。该蛋白具有 4个跨膜区域 ,单一的…     

脑损伤后功能重建的研究进展

脑损伤后人体可有自身的功能重建,大脑的这种可塑性使临床的功能恢复成为可能。了解功能重建的机制并采取相应的治疗方法促进功能重建的过程,使病人的恢复达到理想的程度。     

电针促进阿尔茨海默病模型小鼠（SAMP8）海马神经元突触可塑性的神经细胞黏附机制

目的:研究电针对快速老化痴呆模型小鼠(SAMP8)海马神经元突触超微结构、神经细胞黏附分子(NCAM)、多聚唾液酸转移酶ST8SiaII/IV的影响,从神经细胞黏附角度探讨电针治疗阿尔茨海默病(AD)的可塑性作用机制。方法:以SAMP8小鼠作为AD动物模型,电针"百会"、"涌泉"穴,1次/d,连续刺激21d。以Morris水迷宫测试小鼠学习记忆能力的变化;电镜观察海马神经元突触界面曲率、突触后致密物(PSD)厚度和突触间隙宽度的变化;以免疫组织化学、原位杂交方法检测海马神经元NCAM及其mRNA、ST8SiaII/IVmRNA的表达。结果:①模针组小鼠平均逃避潜伏期较模型组小鼠短(P<0.05);模针组小鼠在平台所在象限停留的时间(39.55±5.47s)较模型组小鼠(30.27±6.12s)长(P<0.05);②模针组突触后致密物厚度(76.928±25.236nm)较模型组(65.371±24.219nm)增厚(P<0.05);突触间隙宽度(25.941±6.217nm)较模型组(29.161±7.830nm)减小(P<0.05);突触界面曲率(1.083±0.049)较模型组(1.062±0.048)变化不明显(P>0.05);③与模型组比较,模针组小鼠NCAM及其mRNA、ST8SiaII/IVmRNA阳性表达明显增强(P<0.05)。结论:①电针能有效改善SAMP8小鼠学习记忆能力;②电针能有效调整海马神经元突触形态,使PSD增厚,突触间隙宽度变窄,促进突触形态可塑性的发挥;③电针改善SAMP8小鼠学习记忆能力的效应可能是通过诱导NCAM及ST8SiaII/IVmRNA的合成,促进神经细胞黏附,促进神经元突触形态可塑性来实现的。     

丰富环境对卒中后认知障碍小鼠认知功能及突触可塑性的影响

目的探讨丰富环境干预对卒中后认知障碍小鼠认知功能的影响及相关作用机制。 方法采用光栓法制作小鼠卒中后认知障碍模型,采用随机数字表法将实验小鼠分为假手术标准环境组（Sham+SE组）、卒中后认知障碍标准环境组（PSCI+SE组）和卒中后认知障碍丰富环境组（PSCI+EE组）。各组小鼠在相应环境下分别饲养28d后,采用水迷宫检测小鼠认知功能,采用电生理方法检测小鼠海马长时程增强,采用Western blot法检测海马突触素表达情况,采用电镜定量检测海马CA1区神经元突触超微结构变化。 结果与Sham+SE组小鼠比较,PSCI+SE组小鼠水迷宫成绩显著下降（P<0.05）,卒中对侧海马长时程增强诱导障碍（P<0.05）,海马CA1区突触素表达显著降低（P<0.05）,海马CA1区神经元突触数量、突触间隙宽度、突触后膜致密物厚度及突触界面曲率均发生明显不良改变（P<0.05）;PSCI+EE组小鼠水迷宫成绩、海马长时程增强、CA1区突触素表达、CA1区神经元突触结构均较PSCI+SE组有显著改善（P<0.05）,但与Sham+SE组间差异仍具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论丰富环境干预可改善卒中后小鼠认知功能,其作用机制与提高卒中对侧海马突触可塑性有关。     

脑损伤后功能恢复机制的研究进展

随着各种原因所致的脑损伤发病率的上升,脑损伤后的功能恢复已成为多学科研究关注的焦点。本文以脑的可塑性学说为基础,从神经细胞的改变、功能重组、功能替代、大脑皮层兴奋性改变和特殊技巧学习等几个方面,对脑损伤后的功能恢复机制进行阐述。     

语言功能的脑定位

大脑不同部位对人类的、说、读、写等功能起着不同的形成及修饰作用，从而使人类之间能够顺利地进行交流与沟通。而不少患因为脑卒中等病变而产生了不同程度、不同类型的语言的丧失。就不同的脑组织对语言功能的形成、定位进行分析，以便临床工作更好地进行语言康复治疗。     

沉默突触及其在神经系统疾病中的研究进展

突触可塑性是大脑可塑性的重要组成,也是脑卒中后功能恢复机制研究的重要方向,而沉默突触作为没有传递功能的突触,存在于大脑的各个时期和各个部位,其与功能性突触的转化是突触可塑性的重要表现,对进一步研究脑卒中后功能恢复的机制以及其他各种神经系统疾病的发生、发展机制具有重要意义。本文献综述表明,沉默突触存在于大脑的任何阶段（发育期、成年期或老年期）,且发挥着不同的作用,而沉默突触的形成、激活和消除机制对于研究和干预神经系统疾病具有重要意义。     

电针调控前额叶组蛋白乙酰化修饰改善血管性痴呆大鼠认知功能的实验研究

目的:探讨电针百会、神庭穴干预对血管性痴呆(vascular dementia,VD)大鼠认知行为学、前额叶组蛋白H3K9乙酰化修饰,以及突触可塑性相关蛋白表达的影响.方法:健康雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠24只,随机分为假手术组、模型组、电针组,每组各8只.模型组和电针组采用2-VO(结扎双侧颈总动脉)方法制...     

应用超声心动图评价血清同型半胱氨酸水平与心血管结？…

目的 探讨应用超声心科评价血清同型半胱氨酸（Ｈｃｙ）与心脏和血管结构及功能的关系,方法 应用ＨＰＳｏｎｏｓ５５００型超声诊断仪对５７例冠心病患者和正常对照组２４例健康者进行测定及计算劲动脉内膜－中层厚度、斑块积分等各项心血管指标,血清Ｈｃｙ水平应用高效液 谱法测定。结果 劲动脉内膜－中层厚度、斑块积分、僵硬度θ、Ｐｅｔｅｒｓｏｎ’ｓ弹性指数ＥＰ、舒张末期室间隔厚度、左室心肌重量和左室重量指数均与Ｈ     

Control of glycinergic input to spinal dorsal horn neurons by distinct muscarinic receptor subtypes revealed using knockout mice

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) play an important role in the tonic regulation of nociceptive transmission in the spinal cord. However, how mAChR subtypes contribute to the regulation of synaptic glycine release is unknown. To determine their role, glycinergic spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) were recorded in lamina II neurons by using whole-cell recordings in spinal cord slices of wild-type (WT) and mAChR subtype knockout (KO) mice. In WT mice, the mAChR agonist oxotremorine-M dose-dependently decreased the frequency of sIPSCs in most neurons, but it had variable effects in other neurons. In contrast, in M3-KO mice, oxotremorine-M consistently decreased the glycinergic sIPSC frequency in all neurons tested, and in M2/M4 double-KO mice, it always increased the sIPSC frequency. In M2/M4 double-KO mice, the potentiating effect of oxotremorine-M was attenuated by higher concentrations in some neurons through activation of GABA(B) receptors. In pertussis toxin-treated WT mice, oxotremorine-M also consistently increased the sIPSC frequency. In M2-KO and M4-KO mice, the effect of oxotremorine-M on sIPSCs was divergent because of the opposing functions of the M3 subtype and the M2 and M4 subtypes. This study demonstrates that stimulation of the M2 and M4 subtypes inhibits glycinergic inputs to spinal dorsal horn neurons of mice, whereas stimulation of the M3 subtype potentiates synaptic glycine release. Furthermore, GABA(B) receptors are involved in the feedback regulation of glycinergic synaptic transmission in the spinal cord. This study revealed distinct functions of mAChR subtypes in controlling glycinergic input to spinal dorsal horn neurons.     

Etiology of stroke subtypes

The definitions and terms currently used to categorize and describe various stroke syndromes clearly reflect a change from years past when a stroke diagnosis was based on little more than clinical presentation. With the advent of sophisticated diagnostic technology and the development of precise diagnostic algorithms, diagnoses may be made more confidently for the various stroke subtypes. With more accurate diagnoses and a better understanding of the cause of certain stroke subtypes, perhaps the incidence of this condition will continue to decline and the management of those people who are at risk for stroke or already affected will improve.     

糖尿病分型的新挑战

糖尿病是复合病因所致的高血糖临床综合征,疾病谱复杂,临床表现多样,呈高度异质性。本文简述其某些类型,以引起临床注意。     

M2, M3, and M4 receptor subtypes contribute to muscarinic potentiation of GABAergic inputs to spinal dorsal horn neurons

The spinal cholinergic system and muscarinic receptors are important for regulation of nociception. Activation of spinal muscarinic receptors produces analgesia and inhibits dorsal horn neurons through potentiation of GABAergic inputs. To determine the role of receptor subtypes in the muscarinic agonist-induced synaptic GABA release, spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) were recorded in lamina II neurons using whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings in rat spinal cord slices. The muscarinic receptor agonist oxotremorine-M dose-dependently (1-10 microM) increased GABAergic sIPSCs but not miniature IPSCs. The potentiating effect of oxotremorine-M on sIPSCs was completely blocked by atropine. In rats pretreated with intrathecal pertussis toxin to inactive inhibitory G (i/o) proteins, 3 microM oxotremorine-M had no significant effect on sIPSCs in 31 of 55 (56%) neurons tested. In the remaining 24 (44%) neurons in pertussis toxin-treated rats, oxotremorine-M caused a small increase in sIPSCs, and this effect was completely abolished by subsequent application of 25 nM 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide (4-DAMP), a relatively selective M(3) subtype antagonist. Furthermore, himbacine (1 microM), a relatively specific antagonist for M(2) and M(4) subtypes, produced a large reduction in the stimulatory effect of oxotremorine-M on sIPSCs, and the remaining effect was abolished by 4-DAMP. Additionally, the M(4) receptor antagonist MT-3 toxin (100 nM) significantly attenuated the effect of oxotremorine-M on sIPSCs. Collectively, these data suggest that M(2) and M(4) receptor subtypes play a predominant role in muscarinic potentiation of synaptic GABA release in the spinal cord. The M(3) subtype also contributes to increased GABAergic tone in spinal dorsal horn by muscarinic agonists.     

缺血性脑卒中的亚型分析

目的 依据国际广泛应用的牛津郡社区卒中计划(OCSP)分型方法对中国缺血性卒中人群进行亚型分析,探讨中国缺血性卒中人群的症候学特征.方法选取2004年9月至2005年8月于我科住院治疗的首发缺血性卒中患者900例,依据OCSP分型标准确定每个患者所属亚型,将所得结果与其他人群的分型结果进行比较.结果OCSP亚型的构成比例为:腔隙性脑梗死19.3%,完全前循环梗死17.2%,部分前循环梗死45.3%,后循环梗死18.2%.不同性别患者的OCSP亚型构成比间差异无统计学意义.结论人种差异、OCSP分型标准的信度差异以及研究对象的差异是造成不同人群之间分型结果不同的主要原因.     

Twelve-month mortality among delirium subtypes

This study used data from the Delirium Among the Elderly in Rural Long-Term Care Facilities Study and data from the National Death Index (NDI) to examine mortality among 320 individuals. Individuals were grouped into noncases, subsyndromal cases, hypoactive delirium, hyperactive delirium, and mixed delirium on the basis of scoring using the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM), NEECHAM Scale, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clinical Assessment of Confusion-A (CAC-A), and Vigilance A instruments. Risk ratios of mortality using "days of survival" did not reach statistical significance (α = .05) for any subgroup. Underlying cause of death (UCD) using International Classification of Disease, 10th version (ICD-10), showed typical UCD among older adults. There appeared to be clinical differences in UCD between delirium subgroups. Findings supported the conclusion that careful monitoring of patients with delirium and subsyndromal delirium is needed to avoid complications and injuries that could increase mortality.     

Common suicidal subtypes and their treatment

Self-destructive behavior is the final pathway for a variety of underlying problems. Because there is such a wide range of diagnostic possibilities in patients who attempt suicide, more precise diagnosis is essential. The often-asked question "Will the patient attempt suicide again?" is insufficient. Rather, an understanding of why the person is unhappy facilitates identification of the suicidal subtype and the necessary therapeutic interventions.     

Clinical subtypes of lone atrial fibrillation

AIMS: In the face of increasing evidence of underlying genetic heterogeneity for lone atrial fibrillation (LAF), we undertook a clinical analysis of subjects to identify the phenotypic subsets of this arrhythmia. METHODS AND RESULTS: We evaluated serial patients who presented with LAF between July 5, 2001 and December 19, 2003. Subjects underwent a standardized interview to elicit a detailed medical history, prior therapies, and precipitants of atrial fibrillation. The results of a physical exam, electrocardiogram and echocardiogram were reviewed. One hundred and eighty subjects with a mean age of 45 years (15-67 years) at the time of diagnosis were enrolled. The majority of patients originally presented with paroxysmal fibrillation (94%), and 7.8% progressed to permanent AF. Reported triggers for AF included sleeping (44%), exercise (36%), alcohol use (36%), and eating (34%). Women with LAF had distinct symptoms, triggers for episodic AF, and over one-fourth had an underlying rheumatologic condition. Several subsets of AF including familial AF (39%), exercise-induced AF (32%), and conduction system disease requiring pacemaker implantation (7%), were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Family history, exercise as a trigger of AF, and a history of a pacemaker identified subtypes of LAF.