婚恋培训女性学员的婚姻满意感及相关因素

目的:调查参加婚恋培训女性的婚姻满意感现状并探索其相关因素。方法:采用方便取样,对376名参加婚恋培训的女性学员,用中文版Kansas婚姻满意感量表(C-KMS)、自编婚姻质量问卷和亲密关系问卷进行调查。结果:58.8%被试对婚姻满意,13.8%不满意,27.4%中等。46.8%的被试亲密关系不安全,最常用的冲突处理模式为回避冲突。回归方程显示有6个因子与婚姻满意感正相关,相关程度最高的因素是冲突处理,其余依次为感受关爱、性生活、宗教信仰/价值观、姻亲关系和金钱管理。有3个因子与冲突处理正相关,相关程度最高的因素为寂寞感,其余依次为战火升高与回避冲突。结论:参加婚恋培训的女性总体婚姻满意感呈中上等水平,学习解决冲突的技巧与增加亲密感的方法可提高婚姻满意感。     

Marital distress, depression, and attributions: is the marital distress-attribution association an artifact of depression?

We examined whether the association between marital distress and attributions is an artifact of depression. Study 1 showed that the attributions of 40 wives recruited from the community accounted for variance in their marital satisfaction after the effects of depression had been taken into account. Study 2 compared the attributions of 20 clinically depressed and maritally distressed wives (respondents to an advertisement offering therapy for depression and marital problems), 20 nondepressed but distressed wives (clients seeking marital therapy at a clinic), and a control group of 20 nondepressed and nondistressed wives (respondents to an advertisement for participants in a research project). The first two groups did not differ in attributions, but the attributions of both groups differed from those of the control group. Both studies therefore suggest that the association between attributions and marital satisfaction is not due to depression.     

Cortisol responses to marital conflict depend on marital interaction quality

A sample of 80 couples were videotaped discussing a marital conflict and were then grouped in 3 types according to their interaction behavior: both partners displaying predominantly negative behavior (N = 36 couples); both partners showing positive behavior (N = 26); and couples showing a symmetric behavior (one positive, one negative; N = 16). Positive or negative in this context refers to the empirically defined quality of speaker and listener skills by the Kategoriensystem Partnerschaftlicher Interaktion. Psychophysiological responses were measured 5 times, both before and after the conflict discussion. Participants rated their overall marital quality, the number of marital problems, and their actual cognitions and emotions. Overall responses to the conflict revealed a greater cortisol response in women than in men. Couples grouped according to their interaction style showed significant differences in cortisol responses: In couples with positive interaction, cortisol increased markedly, whereas couples with negative interaction showed a nonresponse, that is, a slight decrease expected with diurnal variation, although they rated the actual conflict discussion as “stressful” like the other groups of couples. We conclude that marital interaction directly affects physiological responses to a conflict depending on interaction quality.     

Personality,marital and occupational factors associated with quality of life

In three studies that employed community-based samples the relationship between personality, marital, and job-related factors and quality of life was examined. Study I indicated that hardiness and self-esteem were important components of overall quality of life. The marital communication skills of expressiveness and intimacy were identified as major aspects of overall quality of life in the second study. In Study 3, satisfaction with various job characteristics was related to overall quality of life. These studies start to provide definition to the quality of life concept in terms of personality characteristics, skills, and beliefs that have potential for modification.     

Exercise, magnesium and immune function

Physical exercise may deplete magnesium, which together with a marginal dietary magnesium intake may impair energy metabolism, muscle function, oxygen uptake and electrolyte balance. Consequently, the ability to perform physical work may be compromised. Many aspects of immune function can be depressed temporarily by either a single bout of very severe exercise or a longer period of excessive training. Although the disturbance is usually quite transient, it can be sufficient to allow a clinical episode of infection, particularly upper respiratory tract infections. However, regular and moderate exercise has been reported to improve the ability of the immune system to protect the host from infection. Magnesium also has a strong relation with the immune system in both non specific and specific immune responses and magnesium deficit has been shown to be related to impaired cellular and humoral immune function. Magnesium deficiency leads to immunopathological changes that are related to the initiation of a sequential inflammatory response. Although in athletes magnesium deficiency has not been investigated regarding alterations in the immune system, the possibility exists that magnesium deficiency could contribute to the immunological changes observed after strenuous exercise.     

Does marital agony precede marital ecstasy? A comment on Gottman and Krokoff's "Marital interaction and satisfaction: a longitudinal view"

In a recent article, Gottman and Krokoff (1989) presented a fascinating and counterintuitive portrayal of a temporally related dynamic relationship of marital conflict and marital satisfaction. Unfortunately the results from which their conclusions spring are quite problematic. In a 2-wave, extreme-groups design, Gottman and Krokoff used raw change in satisfaction as a correlate of Time 1 conflict variables for purposes of analysis. Serious psychometric questions arise with this approach to the causal assessment of change. Given the considerations raised, there is a high likelihood that Gottman and Krokoff's data result from statistical artifact. Alternative approaches to the measurement of change are discussed in the context of illustrating the problematic components of Gottman and Krokoff's analysis.     

军嫂的婚姻质量、自我和谐与社会支持

目的:探讨军嫂婚姻质量与自我和谐、社会支持的关系.方法:以网络问卷调查和纸质问卷调查相结合的方式,获得军嫂的有效问卷334份.采用Locke-Wallace婚姻调适测定(MAT)、自我和谐量表(SCCS)和社会支持评定量表(SSRS)进行调查.结果:已生育子女的军嫂MAT得分低于未生育子女的军嫂[(104.7±30.3) vs.(117.1±20.4),P＜0.01],而SCCS和SSRS得分高于未生育子女军嫂[(91.7±13.5) vs.(83.4±15.9),(40.4±7.3) vs.(38.5±6.7); P＜0.01或0.05];两地分居的军嫂MAT和SSRS得分均低于夫妻共同生活的军嫂[(104.5±30.0) vs.(119.4±18.7),(38.3±6.6)Vs.(41.2±7.4);Ps＜0.01];受教育程度为本科及以上军嫂的SCCS得分低于专科及以下军嫂[(83.3±15.4) vs.(91.7±14.4),P＜0.01].军嫂的MAT得分与SSRS得分呈正相关(r=0.34,P＜0.01),SCCS得分与SSRS、MAT得分均呈负相关(r=-0.23、-0.46,P＜0.01).进一步回归分析发现,自我和谐、社会支持可以预测婚姻质量(β=0.25、-0.40,P＜0.01),解释总变异的27％.中介效应检验发现,社会支持在军嫂的自我和谐和婚姻质量之间起着部分中介作用,中介效应大小12.5％.结论:军嫂的自我和谐水平越高其婚姻质量也越高,且社会支持在两者之间起到中介作用.     

Longitudinal associations between marital quality and sleep quality in older adulthood

The current study examined how changes in marital quality are associated with changes in sleep quality in older adults over an 8-year period. Older adults from the Health and Retirement Study completed measures of both marital support/strain and sleep quality in 2006, 2010, and 2014 (N = 4981). We used latent growth curve models to examine intraindividual change in support, strain, and sleep quality. Further, we examined interrelationships between changes in each of these three indicators. Results showed that higher marital quality was associated with better sleep at baseline. We also found that marital quality and sleep quality were coordinated over time—as marital quality increased, so did sleep quality. When this covariation was accounted, the prospective effects of baseline marital quality on changes in sleep quality were not found. The current study provided evidence for a long-term temporal coordination of marital quality and sleep quality in older adults.     

女性工作动机 归因方式与婚姻质量关系研究

本研究以天津市已婚女性为研究对象,采用归因风格、工作动机及婚姻质量评价量表进行调查,研究结果为:①区域变量对女性的婚姻质量、努力归因、内归因、生存动机、关系动机、责任动机差异有统计学意义。区域的差异更可能体现出文化差异,即中国传统文化与市区现代的、时尚的及多元文化的差异。②归因方式单独对婚姻质量的解释仅为10.4%的变异量,工作动机对婚姻满意度的单独解释了55.4%的变异量,而归因风格、工作动机的十二个因子可以解释婚姻质量的56.8%的变异量,从归因风格、工作动机与婚姻质量的回归分析看:生存动机、关系动机、责任动机及努力归因对婚姻质量具有显著的预测力。     

Hostility and erosion of marital quality during early marriage

We examined the association between hostility and longitudinal changes in marital quality in a sample of 53 newlywed couples who were in their first marriages and were without children. Spouses' reports of marital quality were assessed initially at an average of 5 months into marriage and, thereafter, at three follow-up points approximately 1, 2, and 3 years subsequent to the date of marriage. Individual growth models were computed to assess the rate of change of marital quality. Hostility among husbands was significantly associated with linear decreases in their own, and their wives', reports of marital quality, even after controlling for the passage of time and the correlated variable of neuroticism. Results are consistent with the psychosocial vulnerability model of hostility and illness (Smith,Health Psychol. 11: 139–150, 1992), which posits that associations between hostility and heightened risk for morbidity and mortality are partially mediated by poor-quality relationships that develop as a consequence of the abrasive interpersonal properties of hostility.     

Learned helplessness,generalized self-efficacy,and immune function

Generalized self-efficacy is considered one of important personality traits that determine psychological and physiological stress responses. The present study examined the interaction effects of generalized self-efficacy and controllability of acute stress on salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (s-IgA), task performance, and psychological stress responses in a typical learned helplessness paradigm. Twenty low and 19 high self-efficacy undergraduate women performed two response selection tasks one after another. In the first task, they were exposed to controllable or uncontrollable aversive noise. The second task was identical for all, but perceived controllability was higher for the high self-efficacy group than the low. Performance under uncontrollable condition was lower than controllable condition. The interaction of self-efficacy and controllability was observed only on the s-IgA variable; increase of secretion of s-IgA secretion under stressor uncontrollability was more prominent in the low self-efficacy group than the high. These results suggested that generalized self-efficacy was a moderator of the stressor controllability effect on secretory immunity.     

Lithium and immune function

Lithium has potent antiviral and immunostimulating properties which are probably consequences of its actions on prostaglandin synthesis. Although lithium has considerable potential in the prophylaxis of some viral illnesses and other manifestations of defective immune function, it is, paradoxically, capable of activating autoimmune mechanisms in predisposed patients.     

Sleep and immune function

Sleep and the circadian system exert a strong regulatory influence on immune functions. Investigations of the normal sleep–wake cycle showed that immune parameters like numbers of undifferentiated na?ve T cells and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines exhibit peaks during early nocturnal sleep whereas circulating numbers of immune cells with immediate effector functions, like cytotoxic natural killer cells, as well as anti-inflammatory cytokine activity peak during daytime wakefulness. Although it is difficult to entirely dissect the influence of sleep from that of the circadian rhythm, comparisons of the effects of nocturnal sleep with those of 24-h periods of wakefulness suggest that sleep facilitates the extravasation of T cells and their possible redistribution to lymph nodes. Moreover, such studies revealed a selectively enhancing influence of sleep on cytokines promoting the interaction between antigen presenting cells and T helper cells, like interleukin-12. Sleep on the night after experimental vaccinations against hepatitis A produced a strong and persistent increase in the number of antigen-specific Th cells and antibody titres. Together these findings indicate a specific role of sleep in the formation of immunological memory. This role appears to be associated in particular with the stage of slow wave sleep and the accompanying pro-inflammatory endocrine milieu that is hallmarked by high growth hormone and prolactin levels and low cortisol and catecholamine concentrations.