Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in patients with recently diagnosed diabetes mellitus

Background: The severity of diabetic retinopathy is well known to have a close association with the duration of diabetes mellitus. Patients with recently diagnosed diabetes should have adequate eye examinations to eliminate the possibility of diabetic retinopathy being present because there is no accurate means of determining the duration of the disease. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients with known duration up to one year was investigated in the present study. Methods: A centre for diabetic retinopathy screening was set up in a community in Hong Kong. The screening procedures included history taking, visual acuity measurement, anterior ocular health assessment and retinal examination by fundus photography. Fundus photographs were taken in nine different positions of gaze through natural or dilated pupils. Using the criteria recommended by the American Optometric Association the retinopathy was graded in severity. ‘Recently diagnosed diabetes mellitus’ was defined as having diabetes diagnosed by a physician within the previous year. Results: A total of 12,112 patients having their first visits to the centre were recruited from 2006 to 2009. Among them, 3,510 patients had recently diagnosed diabetes. The mean age of patients was 59.5 years. The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was 18.2 per cent (639 patients) among the recently diagnosed diabetic patients. Most of the patients had mild non‐proliferative diabetic retinopathy. In these 639 patients, approximately seven per cent had sight‐threatening retinopathy that included significant macular oedema, all of whom required monitoring. The presence of hypertension or smoking was not significantly associated with the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in recently diagnosed diabetic patients. Conclusions: Screening for diabetic retinopathy is important for newly diagnosed diabetic patients. In Hong Kong, the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was alarmingly high and some patients had already developed sight‐threatening retinopathy that included macular oedema. Most of them had no symptoms until the retinopathy progressed and they developed macular oedema. A systematic screening program in the community is needed for early detection and to reduce blindness in diabetic patients.     

Diabetic retinopathy in people aged 70 years or older. The Oulu Eye Study

AIMS—To evaluate the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy and the value of retinopathy screening in people aged 70 years or older.
METHODS—In a population based study on 500 of 560 eligible (89%) people aged 70 years or older, signs of diabetic retinopathy were evaluated through dilated pupils by an ophthalmologist using photographic and/or ophthalmoscopic methods.
RESULTS—23% of the study population (113/500) had diabetes mellitus. Signs of diabetic retinopathy were found in 24 people (21% of the diabetic population). Retinopathy changes were graded as mild to moderate non-proliferative retinopathy (NPDR) in 40 eyes (18 people), severe NPDR (preproliferative) in five eyes (four people), and proliferative in three eyes (two people). Preproliferative or proliferative changes were present in four people (3.5% of the diabetic population) and diabetic maculopathy was diagnosed in nine (8% of the diabetic population). Laser treatment was considered to be indicated in seven people for maculopathy, and in two for proliferative changes. In four people the visual acuity was reduced to a low vision level as a result of diabetic retinopathy.
CONCLUSION—In spite of the high prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the elderly population, the prevalence of vision threatening diabetic retinopathy, particularly proliferative retinopathy, is low. Ophthalmoscopically, reliable information on fundus changes could be obtained in 94%, but photographs were gradable in only 76% of the diabetic population. Therefore, the value of photographic screening for diabetic retinopathy in this age group is poor in comparison with younger age groups.

     

Newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus patients presenting with proliferative diabetic retinopathy as an initial sign

AIM: To investigate the clinical features of newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus (NDM) patients showing proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) as an initial sign.METHODS: As a retrospective case series, the medical records of a total of four hundred and thirty-two patients who underwent a vitrectomy due to PDR were reviewed to find the subjects. Of 432 patients, six cases of NDM patients showing PDR as an initial sign were included and analyzed with their systemic and ocular features. Main outcome measures:the systemic features and ocular features [preoperative and postoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraoperative findings].RESULTS: The mean onset age of visual symptoms was 36.3 years old. The mean serum insulin and C-peptide titer was below the normal range. The mean fasting plasma glucose was 178mg/dL and the mean postprandial 2h plasma glucose was 306mg/dL. The mean HbA1c at diagnosis was 11.02%. In all cases, an acute progressive fibrovascular proliferation was observed. Intraoperative retinal tears were found in three cases of six. The mean preoperative BCVA was +0.67±0.58 logMAR and the mean BCVA at postoperative 6 months was +0.20±0.30 logMAR.CONCLUSION: All patients were considered to have latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA). A rapid deterioration of kidney function as well as poor diabetic control status at diagnosis was observed in all six cases. The ocular features of the patients showed acute progressive fibrovascular proliferation and relatively favorable postoperative visual acuity.     

Hyperhomocysteinemia in patients with diabetes mellitus with and without diabetic retinopathy

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of hyperhomocysteinaemia in diabetic patients with no diabetic retinopathy (no DR), with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This prospective, case-control study, included 179 diabetic patients and 156 age-matched controls with no diabetes and no history of ocular disease, who were undergoing routine physical checkups. Plasma homocysteine levels of all study participants were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Hyperhomocysteinaemia was defined when homocysteine levels were higher than 15 micromol/l. RESULTS: The mean plasma homocysteine level was 11.75+-0.24 in the control group,13.46+0.74 in the no DR group, 14.56 + 0.64 in the NPDR group and 15.86 + 1.34 in the PDR group. Mean homocysteine levels were significantly elevated in the NPDR and PDR groups compared to the control group(P = 0.001 and <0.0001, respectively). The prevalence of hyperhomocysteinaemia was also higher in the NPDR and PDR groups compared to the control group (P = 0.032 and 0.011, respectively). No statistically significant difference was found between the no DR and the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that hyperhomocysteinaemia may be associated with diabetic retinopathy and partially explain the increased risk of microvascular angiopathy occurring in these patients.     

Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, in the Dolj district

260 patients with type I diabetes treated in Diabetes and Nutrition Diseases Clinic of Emergency District Hospital Dolj, were included in the selective screening program, for evaluation the incidence of diabetic retinopathy. The results of this screening were determine both including all new cases and reevaluating all the old cases, because the progression of ocular lesions under treatment. The retrospective study of 156 patients revealed the incidence of diabetic retinopathy in 35.2% at the time of implementation of the screening program, being 50.2% after 5 years of continuous surveillance. From 10,000 followed-up patients, the type I of insulin-dependent diabetes represents 13.3%. The incidence of new cases is minimal in the age group 0-10 years (1.9%) and the retinopathy was absent. The maximal prevalence was after 25 years old, being present in 69 cases from 164.     

1型糖尿病患者视网膜病变的危险因素分析

目的：探讨1型糖尿病(T1DM)患者视网膜病变(DR)的危险因素。

方法：回顾性研究。选取2010-01/2020-10在南方医科大学附属南海医院就诊的204例T1DM患者,根据眼底表现将患者分为DR组(71例)和无DR组(133例),其中DR组包括非增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变(NPDR)组(48例)和增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变(PDR)组(23例)。采集其临床资料并检测相关生化指标。通过单因素分析DR/PDR的相关因素,采用多因素Logistic回归分析DR/PDR的危险因素并绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)。

结果：T1DM患者的发病年龄、病程、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c),合并高血压、高脂血症、糖尿病肾病(DN)、糖尿病周围神经病变(DPN)与DR有关(P<0.05)。病程、体质量指数(BMI)、收缩压(SBP),合并高脂血症、DN、DPN与PDR有关。Logistic回归分析结果显示病程(OR=1.130,P<0.001)和HbA1c(OR=2.734,P<0.001)是发生DR的危险因素; 病程(OR=1.144,P=0.005)和合并DN(OR=6.500,P=0.001)是发生PDR的危险因素。ROC曲线分析结果显示,病程和HbA1c预测DR发生的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.720、0.727,截断值分别为15.1a,8.2%,敏感性分别为50.7%、76.1%,特异性分别为86.5%、59.4%。病程预测PDR发生的AUC为0.713,截断值为18.5a,敏感性为73.9%,特异性为60.4%。

结论：T1DM患者视网膜病变与糖尿病发病年龄较晚有关。糖尿病病程和高血糖是DR的主要影响因素。HbA1c与DR的发生相关,DN与PDR的发生相关。     

不同程度糖尿病视网膜病变患者血浆炎性因子检测

目的研究不同程度糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)患者血浆肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、可溶性白介素-2受体(IL-2R)及C反应蛋白(CRP)水平,为探究炎性反应在DR发病机制中的作用提供依据。设计前瞻性比较性病例系列。研究对象2型糖尿病但无DR患者21例(DM无DR组),非增生性DR患者17例(NPDR组),增生性DR患者23例(PDR组),无糖尿病患者23例作为对照组(无DM组)。方法记录患者年龄、性别、病史资料。行视力、眼压、裂隙灯及眼底检查。采集静脉血检测糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹血糖(Glu)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL)、甘油三酯(TG)、同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)、肌酐(CR),以及炎症相关指标TNF-α、IL-2R、IL-8 IL-6及CRP的水平。主要指标血浆炎性因子浓度。结果四组之间年龄、性别、既往高血压、冠心病及脑梗塞病史、TC、LDL、HDL、TG、Hcy和血浆CR均无显著统计学差异。HbA1c在PDR组(7.51±2.03)%、NPDR组(7.48±1.49)%、DM无DR组(7.09±1.54)%,均显著高于无DM对照组(5.35±0.54)%(P<0.001)。TNF-α水平在PDR组及NPDR组(42.54±31.80及32.07±28.84 pg/ml)显著高于无DM组(10.30±5.35 pg/ml)及DM无DR组(12.63±6.65 pg/ml)(P<0.001)。IL-8水平在PDR组及NPDR组(157.26±200.16及197.45±331.08 pg/ml)显著高于无DM组(30.23±29.41 pg/ml)及DM无DR组(29.70±22.04 pg/ml)(P=0.006)。四组之间IL-2R、IL-6及CRP浓度均无显著统计学差异。结论NPDR及PDR患者血浆炎性因子TNF-α及IL-8显著高于DM无DR及无DM对照者。血浆TNF-α升高为PDR的重要危险因素。血浆炎性因子与肌酐水平显著正相关,全身高炎症状态可能是糖尿病肾病及DR的共同危险因素。     

Risk of retinopathy in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus before 2 years of age

PURPOSE: To assess the risk of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) diagnosed at a very early age. DESIGN: Observational case series. METHODS: The records of 51 patients were identified through the diabetes database of the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism at Washington University School of Medicine. The patients were diagnosed with T1DM before 2 years of age and were monitored for at least 5 years after diagnosis. The results of ophthalmic screening examinations were reviewed. RESULTS: Fifty-one patients were identified, 33 of whom were monitored for >8 years. None of the patients developed DR. CONCLUSIONS: Children have a negligible risk of developing DR during the first 10 years of life, even if they are diagnosed before age 2. These results indicate that screening for DR is not necessary before age 10.     

Asymmetric retinopathy in patients with diabetes mellitus

We reviewed retrospectively the records of 57 diabetic patients with asymmetric retinopathy persisting for two years or more (mean, 4.8 years) to identify intraocular risk and protective factors for the development of proliferative retinopathy. For each patient in this series, the more severely affected eye had proliferative retinopathy and the fellow eye had either background diabetic retinopathy or no retinopathy. Branch vein occlusion (P = .016) was identified as a statistically significant risk factor for proliferative retinopathy and chorioretinal scarring (P = .031) was found to be a statistically significant protective intraocular factor. In 34 patients with long-standing asymmetric retinopathy, no intraocular risk or protective factors were identified.     

南通市区患者初诊糖尿病视网膜病变严重程度的相关因素分析

目的 分析影响南通市区糖尿病性视网膜病变(DR)患者病情程度的相关因素.方法 对南通市区初诊眼底的糖尿病患者200人进行相关问卷调查,问卷主要包括年龄、性别、家族史、糖尿病病程和治疗方式、高血压病程、文化程度、症状出现时间、既往眼病史、诊疗史等方面内容.完善眼底各项检查,记录分析与初诊病情严重程度可能相关的危险因素.结果 确诊DR患者174例.糖尿病病程与DR严重程度具有相关性(x2=87.466,P＜0.01).高血压病程的长短与DR严重程度具有相关性(x2=56.761,P＜0.01).文化程度与DR严重程度具有相关性(x2 =50.712,P＜0.01).症状出现与初就诊的间隔时间,与DR严重程度也具有相关性(x2 =364.044,P=0.032).结论 糖尿病病程、高血压病程、文化程度、症状出现的时间均影响DR患者的病情程度.提高全民文化水平,加强糖尿病眼病知识宣传,将有助于疾病的早期诊断和治疗.     

C-reactive protein and diabetic retinopathy in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

AIM: To investigate the relationship between C-reactive protein (CRP) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in a cohort of Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: Community-based observational cohort study. There were 1131 participants recruited from November 2009 to September 2011 in Desheng community in urban Beijing. Patients diagnosed T2DM were recruited and underwent a standardized evaluation consisting of a questionnaire, ocular and anthropometric examinations and laboratory investigation. The presence and severity of DR were assessed by seven fields 30° color fundus photographs. Subjects were then classified into groups with no DR, any DR, or vision-threatening DR. CRP was analyzed from serum of study subjects. RESULTS: A total of 1007 patients with T2DM were included for analysis, including 408 (40.5%) men and 599 (59.5%) women. The median CRP level was 1.5 mg/L for women and 1.1 mg/L for men (P=0.004, OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.18-0.74). After adjusting for possible covariates, higher levels of CRP were associated with lower prevalence of any DR (P=0.02, OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.35-0.89), but not associated with vision-threatening DR (P=0.62, OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.28-2.14). After stratification by sex, the inverse association between CRP and DR was found to be statistically significant in men (P=0.006, OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.16-0.73), but not in women (P=0.58, OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.29-1.16). CONCLUSION: The data drawn from a Chinese population with T2DM suggest that increasing CRP levels may be inversely associated with development of DR.     

Impaired antiendotoxin immunity in patients with diabetic retinopathy and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Solid-phase enzyme immunoassay was used to study the serum levels of the antiendoxin IgA, IgM, IgG antibodies and total immunoglobulins of classes A, M, and G in 62 patients (122 eyes) with type 2 diabetes mellitus at different stages of diabetic retinopathy. Patients with diabetic retinopathy concurrent with type 2 diabetes mellitus were found to have a significant imbalance of antiendotoxin immunity. The highest level of anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-IgA was detected in patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy that exhibited macular edema, single or multiple aneurysms, hemorrhages, portions of solid lipid exudate and preproliferative diabetic retinopathy, in addition to vascular changes. Much lower levels of anti-LPS-IgA were found in nonproliferative retinopathy in which only retinal vascular changes and in proliferative diabetic retinopathy were noted. The patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy complicated by neovascular glaucoma were ascertained to have the lowest levels of antiendotoxin antibodies of all the classes. As compared with the control group, the patients of all groups had the decreased levels of anti-LPS-IgM. The paper presents the results of a correlation analysis of the relationship of the parameters of antiendotoxin immunity to the levels of total immunoglobulins.     

糖尿病玻璃体性状特点及其与增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变的关系

糖尿病患者体内持续的高血糖及相应的病理状态不仅会导致糖尿病视网膜病变(DR),也会影响玻璃体代谢,导致糖尿病玻璃体病变。由于玻璃体与视网膜在解剖位置上毗邻,因此糖尿病玻璃体病变与DR在发生发展方面相互促进,特别是玻璃体后脱离(PVD)和玻璃体劈裂等玻璃体视网膜界面的改变,为纤维血管增殖膜的生长提供了支架,并与玻璃体切割术(PPV)术中操作密切相关。本文整理了糖尿病患者玻璃体结构及胶原交联产物改变、玻璃体视网膜界面改变及其与增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变(PDR)关系的相关研究,旨在深入了解糖尿病玻璃体病变,为DR的研究和治疗、PPV手术方案的制定等提供参考。     

2型糖尿病视网膜病变与糖尿病其他并发症的相关性

目的：探讨2型糖尿病视网膜病变（ diabetic retinopathy, DR）与糖尿病的全身并发症的相关性。方法：分析2型糖尿病住院患者702例,将其分为NDR组、DR组两组,DR组又分为非增生性糖尿病视网膜病变（non－proliferative diabetic retinopathy,NPDR）组和增生性糖尿病视网膜病变（ proliferative diabetic retinopathy, PDR）组,分析DR与糖尿病大血管并发症、糖尿病肾病（ diabetic nephropathy, DN ）、糖尿病周围神经病变（ diabetic peripheral neuropathy,DPN）,糖尿病周围血管性疾病（ peripheral vascular disease of diabetes mellitus, PVD）、糖尿病足（ diabetic foot,DF）、糖尿病酮症酸中毒（ diabetic ketoacidosis,DKA）等糖尿病并发症的相关性。结果：DR的发生、发展与高血压、高血脂、颈部血管硬化、斑块,下肢动脉硬化、斑块, DN、DPN、DF及PVD等并发症有关。 PDR与高血压、DPN关系密切。结论：血管内皮损伤、微循环障碍是DR及糖尿病的全身大、小血管并发症的共同病理基础。糖尿病患者出现全身并发症时,DR的患病率增加,尤其是合并高血压、DPN时,PDR的患病率增加。所以糖尿病患者尤其是出现全身并发症者必需定期行眼底检查,以早期发现、早期治疗DR,降低致盲率。     

胰岛素治疗与2型糖尿病患者视网膜病变的关系

目的：探讨胰岛素治疗与2型糖尿病视网膜病变的关系。

方法：收集2016-06/2018-01于我院内分泌科住院的2型糖尿病患者415例830眼。根据不同降糖用药、眼底造影检查结果、胰岛素用量分别进行分组,收集各组患者一般资料,采集清晨空腹静脉血,测量空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹C肽等指标。分析不同用药和不同视网膜病变组间患者空腹血糖、HbA1c、空腹C肽的变化以及胰岛素用量和糖尿病视网膜病变的相关关系。

结果：不同用药组间糖尿病视网膜病变程度不同,不同视网膜病变组间患者的胰岛素用量不同(P<0.05),2型糖尿病患者并发视网膜病变的胰岛素用量切点值为37.5U/d。胰岛素用量>37.5U/d组中2型糖尿病患者的视网膜病变较多,且胰岛素用量与2型糖尿病患者视网膜病变程度呈正相关。

结论：不同降糖治疗对糖尿病视网膜病变的影响不同,使用胰岛素治疗与2型糖尿病性视网膜病变的发病及严重程度呈正相关。