天津市氡浓度水平调查

目的 调查天津市的氡浓度水平。方法 用径迹法对天津市不同市区的建筑物室内、环境进行监测。结果 天津市室内氡浓度为30.8Bq/m³,最低值为7.0Bq/m³,最高值为232.6Bq/m³;环境的氡浓度水平为19.6Bq/m³,变化范围11.0~51.0Bq/m³。结论 调查结果可与我国部分地区室内氡浓进行比较:室内氡浓度范围为7.5~92.6Bq/m³,室外环境氡浓度均值范围为3.3~40.8Bq/m³。     

隧道施工场所的氡浓度调查及防护建议

目的 调查隧道施工场所空气氡浓度水平。方法 采用PCMR-2连续测氡仪,在4个施工隧道作业场所进行空气氡浓度检测。结果 4个施工主洞最小氡浓度分别达到897Bq/m³、589Bq/m³、527Bq/m³和788Bq/m³,最大氡浓度分别到达2087Bq/m³、3764Bq/m³、2223Bq/m³和2480Bq/m³,介于工作场所氡浓度补救行动水平上限的2.1~3.7倍之间。结论 在隧道工作场所氡浓度水平可能超出国家相关标准,隧道施工人员的氡防护问题应该受到关注和重视。     

广东省居民住宅室内氡浓度检测与评价

目的 了解广东省居民室内氡浓度水平与相关影响因素。方法 采用被动式活性炭室内氡探测器进行测量。结果 本次调查的广东省室内氡浓度总算术平均值为46.1 Bq/m³(卧室)和38.8 Bq/m³(客厅)。室内不同建材类型地面氡浓度均值为:花岗岩(53.5 ±19.2)Bq/m³、瓷砖(45.4 ±32.0)Bq/m³、木地板(29.7 ±21.20)Bq/m³。冬季氡浓度比夏季多一倍多。结论 广东省居民室内氡浓度总算术平均值基本与世界平均值40.0 Bq/m³相接近,其中中山、博罗室内氡浓度均值较世界均值约高1倍。     

哈尔滨市高校学生寝室氡浓度的调查分析

目的 了解哈尔滨市高校学生寝室氡浓度的水平及它的影响因素。方法 采用双滤膜测量结果,在冬春两季对5所高校的学生寝室氡浓度分别进行了测量。结果 冬季学生寝室平均氡浓度为155.90Bq/m³,春季为31.02Bq/m³,前者为后者的5倍多。结论 冬季学生寝室的氡浓度较高,可以通过与室外进行通风、保持室内空气清洁的方法降低室内氡浓度。     

我国锡矿山的辐射水平和放射卫生防护对策研究

目的 探索辐射水平在我国锡矿山的分布情况,在此基础上提出放射卫生防护的建议,为保护锡矿山井下工人身体健康提供科学依据。方法 分析、应用文献资料和现场调查的测量结果,得到了锡矿山井下工作场所的辐射水平。结果 锡矿山井下环境中γ辐射空气吸收剂量率绝大部份属于正常本底辐射水平。早期,锡矿山井下工作场所空气中氡浓度及氡子体α潜能浓度浓典型值分别为3.12 kBq/m³和5.61μJ/m³。目前,绝大多数锡矿山井下工作场所空气中氡浓度及氡子体α潜能浓度,分别低于1 000 Bq/m³和3.57μJ/m³。结论 锡矿山工作人员中凡个人年有效剂量大于1mSv或物料中天然铀比活度大于1 Bq/g的锡矿山均应进行放射卫生防护的审管。锡矿山井下工作场所空气中氡及氡子体α潜能浓度和井下环境中γ辐射空气吸收剂量率管理限值分别为1 000 Bq/m³、3.57μJ/m³和1μGy/h。锡矿山井下矿工个人剂量管理目标值定为10mSv/a。工作人员总的年有效剂量超过10 mSv时,工作人员应视为放射工作人员。     

通风和洒水对隧道施工期间氡浓度的影响

目的 探讨延长通风时间和洒水对隧道施工期间氡浓度的影响。方法 采用脉冲电离室法对隧道施工期间常规工况和试验工况下的氡浓度进行检测,结果进行相关统计学分析。结果 常规通风工况下氡浓度范围为(69~1024 Bq/m³),试验通风工况下氡浓度范围为(62~668 Bq/m³),试验通风加洒水工况下氡浓度范围为(65~608Bq/m³),试验通风和试验通风加洒水工况比常规通风工况下的氡浓度低,差异具有统计学意义。结论 延长通风时间和湿式作业均能降低隧道作业场所空气中氡浓度。     

广州某地下人防工事空气氡浓度监测分析

目的 了解广州某地下人防工事空气氡浓度水平及其变化规律。方法 采用RAD7型测氡仪对指挥中心、通道等场所进行瞬时氡浓度测量与分析,并粗略估算氡及其子体所致工作人员年有效剂量。结果 指挥中心、无线通讯室、中央主通道和仓库区通道这4个有人员停留的主要工作场所的日间氡浓度均值分别为106.7、98.4、129.0、111.1 Bq/m³,总体平均为111.0 Bq/m³。²²²Rn子体所致工作人员的年有效剂量当量为0.400 mSv/a。结论 不同场所的氡浓度不尽相同,且其受通风、排水等人为活动的影响呈不同的变化规律。     

西安市室内空气氡浓度水平及人体辐射暴露研究

目的 了解西安市室内氡浓度水平。方法 采用Model 1027连续测氡仪对西安市三环内室内氡浓度水平进行监测。室内氡浓度监测共选取西安市三环内样本数92个,每个采样点选取2~3个监测点,并且对监测点连续监测1 h,所有监测点的平均值即为该点的氡浓度水平。结果 西安市三环内室内氡浓度范围为3.70~525.40 Bq/m³,算术平均值为89.93 Bq/m³。冬季室内氡浓度水平高于春季。结论 除网吧外,西安室内空气氡浓度在国家规定范围之内,网吧室内氡浓度普遍偏高。     

某地下工事内空气中氡浓度监测分析

目的 探讨不同作业状态下地下工事内空气中氡浓度变化规律。方法 选取不同作业面,采用测氡仪连续测量。结果 作业期间施工阶段洞口至深度地下600 m氡及其子体浓度为24~6251 Bq/m³。结论 随着掘进深度的增加,氡浓度随之升高;避免岩层裸露、加强通风可有效降低空气中的氡浓度。     

新疆某钒矿氡浓度水平调查及其通风防治方法

目的 为伴生放射性矿山工程设计人员和辐射防护工作提出实际参考意义。方法 钒矿区平峒内γ外照射和氡气现场的监测。结果 钒矿区部分平峒内的氡浓度水平达到830 Bq/m³。结论 钒矿部分平峒内氡浓度达到国家标准中考虑采取补救行动的要求。通过增大井下通风率(至少达到0.01min^-1)和其他利益代价较小的降氡方式,可有效的降低井下氡浓度。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.