支气管肺泡灌洗在小儿呼吸系统疾病中的临床应用

支气管肺泡灌洗(bronchoalveolar lavage,BAL)是通过对支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF)成分进行分析,探讨肺部疾病局部免疫病理过程和发病机制,也可以通过注入药物直接起治疗作用.BAL在成人呼吸科已广泛开展,目前BAL在儿科主要用于呼吸道感染病原学诊断、喘息性疾病和慢性咳嗽病因/发病机制研究、新生儿疾病预后判断及难治性肺炎的治疗等.     

下呼吸道感染患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液的病原学研究

目的 研究下呼吸道感染患儿病原体特点,为临床医生合理使用抗生素提供依据。方法 选取2017年1月至2018年6月因下呼吸道感染住院且接受纤维支气管镜治疗的108例患儿为研究对象,收集其支气管肺泡灌洗液,通过多重实时荧光PCR检测其病原体。结果 在108例患儿中,检测出病原体85例（78.7%）,其中单一病原体感染检出52例（48.1%）,多重病原体感染检出33例（30.6%）。肺炎支原体检出率最高,共检出38例（35.2%）,其中36~ < 72月龄患儿检出率最高;其次为肺炎链球菌及流感嗜血杆菌,各检出29例（26.9%）,其中肺炎链球菌主要集中于24月龄以下患儿。检出率较低的为鲍曼不动杆菌、白色念珠菌及肺炎克雷伯杆菌,各检出3例（2.8%）。在31例支气管肺炎患儿中,流感嗜血杆菌检出率最高（9例,29%）。在34例大叶性肺炎患儿中,肺炎支原体检出率最高（22例,65%）。在22例支气管异物合并支气管肺炎患儿中,肺炎链球菌检出率最高（10例,45%）。结论 在下呼吸道感染患儿中,肺炎支原体检出率最高,其次为肺炎链球菌及流感嗜血杆菌。不同年龄、不同类型下呼吸道感染患儿的病原体检出率存在差异。     

Antioxidants and protein carbonyls in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of children: normal data

Antioxidant-oxidant imbalances in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) are thought to contribute to oxidative stress in respiratory disease. However, normal reference ranges for BAL antioxidants and oxidized proteins in children are not available. In this study, we recruited 124 children attending for elective surgery for a noninflammatory condition; 83 were nonasthmatic, nonatopic (N) and 41 were nonasthmatic, atopic (NA). A nonbronchoscopic lavage was performed and ascorbate, uric acid, alpha-tocopherol, and protein carbonyl (as a measure of oxidative damage) concentrations were determined in BAL fluid. The 95% reference range was 0.112-1.897 micromol/L for ascorbate, 0.149-2.163 micromol/L for urate, 0.0029-0.066 micromol/L for alpha-tocopherol, and 0.280-4.529 nmol/mg for protein carbonyls in BAL fluid. Age, gender, and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke did not affect the concentration of ascorbate, urate, alpha-tocopherol, or protein carbonyls. However, in multiple linear regression analyses, the type of home heating (glass-fronted fires or oil-fired central heating) was found to influence ascorbate and urate concentrations in the BAL fluid (ss-coefficient for ascorbate: 0.445, p = 0.031; for urate: 0.114, p = 0.001). There was no significant difference between the N and NA group in BAL fluid concentrations of ascorbate, urate, or protein carbonyls. The alpha-tocopherol concentration was significantly increased in the NA group (p = 0.037). Uric acid and alpha-tocopherol concentrations in BAL fluid and serum were not correlated. Intriguingly, serum and BAL ascorbate concentrations were significantly correlated (r = 0.297, p = 0.018, n = 63), which may offer an explanation for why supplementing the diet with vitamin C can improve asthma symptoms. Further studies will investigate the role of BAL antioxidant concentrations in children with inflammatory respiratory diseases.     

支气管肺泡灌洗术在儿科呼吸系统疾病中的应用

支气管肺泡灌洗术( bronchoalveolar lavage,BAL)在儿童呼吸系统疾病中已得到广泛应用,其在肺部疾病的诊断和治疗价值已得到普遍证实。施行BAL 后所得的支气管肺泡灌洗液( bronchoalve-olar lavage fluid,BALF)常用于微生物病原学鉴定、细胞及非细胞成分分析,指导临床用药、疾病诊断治疗和发病机制研究等。该文就近年来儿科领域BAL的操作技巧、标本转运处理以及在下呼吸道感染、间质性肺病等肺部疾患临床应用中的新进展作一论述。     

儿童大叶性肺炎肺泡灌洗液病原学及临床研究

目的分析儿童大叶性肺炎主要致病原及其临床特点。方法回顾分析2015年3月至2019年3月住院治疗并采集肺泡灌洗液(BALF)的149例大叶性肺炎患儿的临床资料,分析以荧光定量PCR(FQ-PCR)法检测的BALF中的病原特点,以酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测的血清MP特异性抗体(MP-IgM)水平。比较不同年龄段、MP肺炎与非MP肺炎、混合感染与单一感染患儿的临床肺部感染评分(CPIS)的差异。结果 149例患儿中,病原体阳性129例,男71例、女58例,1～3岁18例、～6岁40例、～14岁71例。肺炎支原体(MP)阳性107例,肺炎链球菌(SP)18例,腺病毒(ADV)12例,流感嗜血杆菌(HI)6例,肺炎克雷伯杆菌(KP)3例,呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)3例,肺炎衣原体(CP)2例;混合感染23例,以合并MP、SP居多。1～3岁患儿细菌及病毒感染10例,占同年龄组阳性病例的55.6%;3岁患儿MP感染99例,占MP阳性病例的92.5%。在107例MP阳性患儿中,BALF以FQ-PCR法检测MP阳性率高于血清MP-IgM,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。与非MP肺炎组相比,MP肺炎组患儿胸腔积液、肝功能异常、神经系统受累比例较高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。混合感染组CPIS≥6的患儿比例高于单一感染组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论儿童大叶性肺炎MP检出率最高,其次为SP、ADV,不同年龄段感染的病原体不同,MP是多数混合感染的主要病原体,混合感染更易出现重症或难治病例。     

Clinical and diagnostic value of complex examination of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in nonspecific inflammatory lung diseases in children]

A study was made of the results of cytological, cytochemical (determination of the ratio of ethidium bromide extinction and NTB test) and microbiological studies of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in 125 children with acute pneumonia and 347 with chronic nonspecific inflammatory pulmonary diseases. It has been revealed that all-round studies permit defining the type and activity of endobronchitis together with the status of the ventilated alveolar tissue. Acute pneumonia is marked by catarrhal process with highly active inflammation of bacterial nature, whereas chronic nonspecific inflammatory diseases by purulent endobronchitis. In localized forms of nonspecific inflammatory pulmonary diseases, streptococci and pneumococci may be regarded as the dominant microflora.     

气道阻塞幼儿支气管镜检查和支气管肺泡灌洗58例临床观察

目的 探讨支气管镜检和支气管肺泡灌洗在幼儿气道阻塞性疾病中的应用价值.方法 58例发生气道阻塞常规治疗欠佳的难治性肺部疾病患儿适时给予支气管镜检及支气管肺泡灌洗,对其临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 58例患儿经交气管镜检明确诊断,经吸除分泌物、取出异物、清除肉芽、灌洗后及对症处理后,症状改善明显,疗效显著.结论 对保守治疗疗效不佳的难治性肺部疾病,支气管镜检和支气管肺泡灌洗起着重要的诊断和治疗作用.     

气道阻塞幼儿支气管镜检查和支气管肺泡灌洗58例临床观察

目的 探讨支气管镜检和支气管肺泡灌洗在幼儿气道阻塞性疾病中的应用价值.方法 58例发生气道阻塞常规治疗欠佳的难治性肺部疾病患儿适时给予支气管镜检及支气管肺泡灌洗,对其临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 58例患儿经交气管镜检明确诊断,经吸除分泌物、取出异物、清除肉芽、灌洗后及对症处理后,症状改善明显,疗效显著.结论 对保守治疗疗效不佳的难治性肺部疾病,支气管镜检和支气管肺泡灌洗起着重要的诊断和治疗作用.     

气道阻塞幼儿支气管镜检查和支气管肺泡灌洗58例临床观察

目的 探讨支气管镜检和支气管肺泡灌洗在幼儿气道阻塞性疾病中的应用价值.方法 58例发生气道阻塞常规治疗欠佳的难治性肺部疾病患儿适时给予支气管镜检及支气管肺泡灌洗,对其临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 58例患儿经交气管镜检明确诊断,经吸除分泌物、取出异物、清除肉芽、灌洗后及对症处理后,症状改善明显,疗效显著.结论 对保守治疗疗效不佳的难治性肺部疾病,支气管镜检和支气管肺泡灌洗起着重要的诊断和治疗作用.     

重症肺炎患儿肺泡灌洗液病原学分析及临床特点

目的了解苏州大学附属儿童医院重症肺炎患儿肺泡灌洗液病原学分布及主要病原菌耐药性。方法选取2014年1月至2018年12月在苏州大学附属儿童医院行纤维支气管镜镜检的重症肺炎患儿177例作为研究对象,收集患儿肺泡灌洗液行病原体鉴定及病原菌培养、药敏分析,并采用直接免疫荧光定量PCR技术对其病原进行检测。结果 177例重症肺炎患儿中,有100例检出至少1种病原体,总检出阳性率为58.13%;其中肺炎支原体(MP)检出率最高(41/100例);前3位检出的细菌分别为肺炎链球菌9例(10.59%)、金黄色葡萄球菌8例(9.41%)、铜绿假单胞菌6例(7.06%);前3位检出的病毒分别为巨细胞病毒(CMV)14例(33.33%)、人博卡病毒(HBoV)10例(23.81%)、呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)8例(19.05%);药物敏感试验结果提示,主要的革兰阳性菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺耐药率较低,主要的革兰阴性菌对喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类、碳青霉烯类、加酶的β内酰胺类耐药率较低。<5岁重症肺炎患儿病毒检出率约为30.00%,MP检出率约为20.00%,>5岁重症肺炎患儿MP检出率>30.00%;<2岁重症肺炎患儿细菌检出率>20.00%,>2岁重症肺炎患儿细菌检出率约为15.00%。重症肺炎患儿中,气道畸形比例较高,以气道软化、气道狭窄为主。结论苏州地区<5岁的重症肺炎患儿肺泡灌洗液病原学检查以病毒最常见,<2岁者细菌检出率亦较高;常见革兰阳性菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺敏感性高;铜绿假单胞菌对喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类、碳青霉烯类、加酶的β内酰胺类抗生素敏感性高。重症肺炎患儿,尤其是小年龄组婴儿需要重视气道畸形的可能。     

Differential cytology of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in immunosuppressed children with pulmonary infiltrates.

OBJECTIVE: Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a well established technique for the detection of pathogens in immunosuppressed children, but its diagnostic yield is variable. The aim of this study was to investigate whether BAL differential cell counts are helpful in the evaluation of pulmonary infiltrates in immunocompromised children. STUDY DESIGN: BAL was performed 28 times in 27 febrile immunocompromised children with pulmonary infiltrates. All patients were pretreated with broad spectrum antibiotics; 11 children also received amphotericin B. BAL was conducted with a flexible bronchoscope wedged in the area of maximal pathology as suggested by the chest radiograph or in the middle lobe in patients with diffuse interstitial radiographic changes. Differential cell counts were performed from cell smears obtained after centrifugation of BAL fluid. RESULTS: Bacterial or fungal organisms were detected in BAL fluid of 12 patients. Patients with bacterial or fungal infections (group 1) had a significantly higher percentage of granulocytes in BAL fluid both compared with patients with sterile BAL cultures (group 2) and with a control group of children without pulmonary disease (p < 0.001, Wilcoxon test). The proportion of lymphocytes was not different from the control group in group 1 but significantly increased in group 2 (p < 0.001, Wilcoxon test). Blood differential cell counts were not different in the two patient groups. Lymphocyte subsets of BAL fluid obtained in a subgroup of patients were not significantly different from controls. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that BAL differential cell counts may be a useful adjunct in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary infection in immunocompromised children.     

Prospective study of fever after bronchoalveolar lavage in children

BACKGROUND: We investigated the significance of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) characteristics and bacterial pathogens isolated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, oropharyngeal cultures and blood cultures for the development of fever in children after flexible bronchoscopy. METHOD: We studied 41 consecutive patients (age 4 months to 15 years), who underwent bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and 24 hours temperature monitoring. Two blood cultures of each patient drawn at two sites, oropharyngeal swabs, total cell counts, cell differentials and microbial cultures from lavage fluid were studied. RESULTS: Postbronchoscopic temperature increase was significantly higher in patients with positive BALF cultures (p = 0.04). Seven out of 41 patients had postbronchoscopic fever and positive bacterial cultures of BALF. Bacteraemia (with an identical pathogen isolated in BALF) was found in one febrile patient. There was a significantly higher total cell count (p = 0.03) and concentration of neutrophils (p = 0.001) in BALF among the children with presence of positive bacterial cultures. CONCLUSION: We conclude that fever is a frequent adverse event following BAL in children and is rarely associated with bacteraemia. Findings associated with the risk to develop fever are positive bacterial cultures and high neutrophil numbers in BALF.     

哮喘患儿痰液、支气管肺泡灌洗液、血清嗜酸细胞阳离子蛋白和白细胞介素—5变化及其意义

目的　探讨哮喘患儿吸入糖皮质激素治疗前后痰液、支气管肺泡灌洗液 (BALF)、血清嗜酸细胞阳离子蛋白 (ECP)和白细胞介素 5 (IL 5 )水平 ,及其与肺通气功能的关系。方法　采用荧光酶联免疫法和双抗体夹心ABC ELISA法检测对照组 ( 17例 )、吸入糖皮质激素 (GC)治疗前后间歇期哮喘 (SA组 11例 )、发作期哮喘 (EA组 2 0例 )痰液、BALF、血清ECP、IL 5水平 ,同时检测肺功能。结果　治疗前EA组痰液、血清ECP明显高于对照组 ( P <0 .0 0 1,P <0 .0 1)和SA组 ( P 均 <0 .0 5 ) ;EA组痰液、血清IL 5明显高于对照组 ( P <0 .0 0 1,P <0 .0 1)和SA组 (P均 <0 .0 5 ) ;SA组痰液ECP浓度 >血清ECP浓度 >BALFECP浓度 ,痰液IL 5明显高于血清IL 5。治疗后两组痰液、BALF、血清ECP、IL 5均明显下降 (P <0 .0 1～P <0 .0 5 ) ,通气功能改善 (P均 <0 .0 5 )。哮喘患儿痰液与血清ECP之间、痰液与血清IL 5之间均相关 ,BALF与血清ECP显著性相关 ,BALF与血清IL 5无显著性相关。结论　痰液、血清、BALF中ECP和痰液、血清IL 5水平能反映哮喘气道炎症的活动情况 ,其中以痰液中浓度最高。ECP、IL 5与通气功能相互补充 ,可作为监测和指导哮喘抗炎治疗的指标     

支气管肺泡灌洗在儿童呼吸系统疾病诊治中的作用

支气管肺泡灌洗是一种肺介入诊疗技术,它在儿童呼吸系统疾病的诊治中具有良好的应用前景,尤其在重症和疑难的呼吸系统疾病.本文重点介绍了支气管肺泡灌洗在儿童呼吸系统疾病诊断、治疗中的作用,对肺表面活性物质的影响等方面进行了阐述.     

肺炎支原体感染对哮喘患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液中T细胞功能的影响

目的 评价肺炎支原体（MP）感染对哮喘患儿急性期、稳定期支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中T 细胞功能的影响,探讨MP 感染与哮喘的关系。方法 71 例患儿（支气管炎、肺炎、哮喘）,分为无MP 感染对照组（无MP 感染的肺炎、支气管炎）、无MP 感染的哮喘组、MP 感染的哮喘组;用流式细胞仪技术检测各组患儿急性期、稳定期BALF 中CD3+、CD4+、CD8+T 细胞和CD4+/CD8+ 水平。结果 哮喘患儿无论在急性期还是稳定期,BALF 中CD3+、CD4+、CD8+ 和CD4+/CD8+ 与对照组比较均有明显差异（P+、CD4+ 较对照组有所降低,CD8+ 上升,而CD4+/CD8+ 则有明显降低（P+、CD4+及CD4+/CD8+ 低于对照组,CD8+ 稍有上升（P+、CD4+ 显著下降,CD8+ 升高（P+/CD8+ 显著下降（P+、CD4+、CD8+ 无明显差异（P>0.05）,CD4+/CD8+ 明显下降（P结论 MP 感染的哮喘患儿在急性期和稳定期可使气道T 细胞功能明显降低,进而引起免疫紊乱,提示MP 可能与哮喘发病有关。     

Immunoglobulin levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of children with recurrent obstructive bronchitis

Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed in 22 children with recurrent obstructive bronchitis and the recovered lavage fluid samples were analysed for concentration of IgA, IgG, IgM, IgE and C3. Previously a significant influx of exudate macrophages and persistence of bacteria on the bronchoalveolar surface were detected in these patients and a severe mucosal inflammation was observed bronchoscopically. The relative lavage fluid levels of immunoglobulins to albumin were significantly higher than in serum, indicating a local production of these proteins. The elevated levels of C3 indicated a high activity of the macrophages and the complement system. It is concluded that the mucosal inflammation in patients with recurrent obstructive symptoms cannot be attributed to a deficiency of immunoglobulins either in blood or in bronchial secretions.     

Alveolar microlithiasis in children. Contribution of bronchoalveolar lavage

This case of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis emphasizes the rarity of the disease and its exceptional diagnosis in infants which relies on the pulmonary pathologic study. Besides allowing for diagnosis, the study of the alveolar brushing fluid permitted to describe for the first time pictures of post-necrotic cellular calcification which is probably responsible for the disease.     

Characterization of cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of children with recurrent obstructive bronchitis

In children 1 to 6 years of age with recurrent obstructive bronchitis bronchoalveolar lavage was performed to obtain material to allow characterization of the cell-types present on the bronchoalveolar surface. Recurrent infections may produce a chronic mucosal inflammation which was observed bronchoscopically in the symptom-free periods, too. Two main components of the lavaged cells were alveolar and NAML macrophages with morphological, cytochemical and functional features of mononuclear phagocytes. It seemed that the persistence of bacteria in the respiratory tract induces an increased influx of macrophages without PMN accumulation. This inflammation may constitute the morphological basis of frequent relapses which sometimes occur without any sign of respiratory infection.     

慢性咳嗽和喘息性疾病支气管肺泡灌洗液成分分析

目的 分析慢性咳嗽及喘息性疾病患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液成分。方法 应用免疫组化及ELISA方法，对哮喘（13例）、慢性咳嗽（10例）、婴幼儿喘鸣（8例）患儿和对照组（8例）共39例的支气管肺泡灌洗液进行细胞学分析及上清液IL－5浓度测定。结果 哮喘患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液嗜酸性粒细胞为3．0％（0．7％－8．8％），上皮细胞为3．0％（0．7％－12．0％），IL－5为1．7ng/L(0－16.0ng/L)，与慢性咳嗽组及婴幼儿喘鸣组相比，差异有非常显著意义（P＜0．01）；2例慢性咳嗽及3例婴幼喘鸣儿哮酸性粒细胞亦有异常增多，与组内其他必相比差异有显著意义；婴幼儿喘鸣组中性粒细胞明显增多。结论 哮喘患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液以嗜酸性粒细胞和上皮细胞明显增多为其特征性改变；慢性咳嗽患儿中有嗜酸性粒细胞异常增多者，应注意与哮喘鉴别；婴幼儿喘鸣者以中性粒细胞增多为著，抗哮喘治疗应慎重。