210例老年择期手术患者术前用药情况评价及药物重整

目的:调查并评价老年择期手术患者术前用药情况,为临床药师对老年患者术前用药的管理提供参考。方法:以2015年10月-2016年10月在北京清华长庚医院进行择期手术的210例老年患者为研究对象,药师对其进行药物重整,获取其疾病及用药信息,并依据《老年患者最佳术前评估指南》对术前用药情况(如用药适应证、用法用量、相互作用、药物选择及术前是否需要停用等)进行分析及评价,提供相关用药建议。结果:在210例患者中,男性132例(62.86%)、女性78例(37.14%),平均年龄(69.96±7.67)岁;43.81%的患者患有3种以上疾病,13.33%的患者患有5种以上疾病;31.43%的患者术前长期用药≥5种;38.10%患者存在2种以上用药风险;110例(52.38%)患者术前用药中包含术前应避免使用的药物(如抗血小板聚集药),23例(10.95%)患者存在潜在不适当用药(如质子泵抑制药),12例(5.71%)患者存在应谨慎使用的药物(如阿司匹林),35例(16.67%)患者包含术前应继续使用的药物(如β受体阻滞药);药师通过药物重整及术前用药评估为患者和医师提出如停药等用药建议共计177例次(患者71次、医师106次),最终采纳率分别为100%、95.28%。结论:老年患者术前合并疾病多、用药风险因素多、多重用药常见,应重视术前用药管理;药物重整是开展老年患者术前用药管理的有效途径,老年患者术前用药评估及分析对保证临床用药安全具有重要意义。     

药物重整服务与临床实践

目的:介绍药物重整服务这一新的药学服务理念.方法:通过文献分析阐述药物重整服务概念,结合临床案例分析其意义.结果与结论:现阶段我国可以通过临床药师的努力,实现这一新的药学服务模式,为实现药学服务收费打下基础.     

国外临床药师药物重整工作简介

根据笔者6个月的美国临床药师培训工作的见闻,结合相关参考文献,对美国及其它相关的药物重整工作的情况进行简介,包括药物重整工作的定义、目的、发展情况和存在问题。供中国的临床工作者特别是临床药师在日常工作中学习和实践。     

药学问诊在药物重整服务中的作用

目的:探讨药学问诊在药物重整服务中的作用。方法:临床药师通过药学问诊,对患者进行药物重整服务,并分析评价临床药学实践中的问诊案例及取得的效果。结果与结论:药学问诊可侧重于患者既往用药史、不良反应史、过敏史、伴发疾病的药物治疗、自备药品的使用情况等方面。通过药学问诊,可详细了解患者病情、药物治疗情况、用药依从性、不良反应发生史,结合现有的药物治疗方案,分析其治疗效果不佳的原因,判断发生药物相互作用和不良反应的风险,为协助医师调整治疗方案提供依据,最大程度地保证患者用药安全,在药物重整工作中发挥作用。     

临床药师在药物整合服务中的实践总结

目的：通过总结临床药师在心内科对药物整合服务的实践,以探索临床药师对药物整合服务的进一步参与。方法：对2012年8月20日-11月26日期间心内科新入院的患者进行药物整合服务,主要通过问诊的方法获取用药信息。统计分析药师问诊结果和医师问诊结果的差异,并分析差异存在的原因。结果：共获取39位患者的用药信息,33％（n=13）的患者药师问诊信息是完全正确的,药品不良反应的问诊结果差异较大。结论：目前临床药师的药物整合服务还存在一定的缺陷,但在加强用药管理、降低药物治疗差错方面已经显现出一定作用。提示今后药师应注意问诊结果与检索信息的结合,加强问诊能力,提高患者依从性,逐步构建完善的药物整合体系。     

Value of Pharmacist Medication Interviews on Optimizing the Electronic Medication Reconciliation Process

Purpose:

Few studies have explored the impact of using different methods for obtaining accurate medication histories on medication safety. This study was conducted to compare the accuracy and clinical impact of pharmacist medication histories obtained by electronic medical record review (EMRR) alone with those obtained by direct interviews combined with EMRR.

Method:

This 18-week prospective study included patients who were admitted to the Inpatient Medicine Service at the study institution and who had a pharmacist-conducted medication reconciliation EMRR within 48 hours of hospital admission. A chart review was performed to collect data to determine whether differences existed in the number of discrepancies, recommendations, and medication errors between the EMRR alone group compared to the EMRR combined with the patient interview group.

Results:

Five hundred thirteen discrepancies were identified with the EMRR group compared to 986 from the combined EMRR and patient interview group (P < .001). Significantly more recommendations were made in the combination interview group compared to the EMRR alone group (260 vs 97; P < .001). Fewer medication errors were identified for the EMRR alone group compared to the combination interview group (55 vs 134; P < .001). The most common errors were omitted medications followed by extra dose/failure to discontinue therapy and wrong dose/frequency errors.

Conclusion:

Pharmacist-conducted admission medication interviews combined with EMRR can potentially identify harmful medication discrepancies and prevent medication errors.Key Words: medication reconciliation, pharmacist medication interviewsPatient safety is a national priority for The Joint Commission and the Institute of Medicine.^1–3 It has been estimated that 25% of medication-related injuries are related to preventable medication errors.^4–6 Many of these medication errors are related to unintentional medication discrepancies that occur during transitional points of health care, including hospital admissions, transfers, and discharge.^1,3,6–8 According to The Joint Commission, medication reconciliation is defined as “…the process of identifying the medications currently being taken by an individual.” ³ These medications are compared to newly ordered medications, and discrepancies are identified and resolved. Medication reconciliation is an essential process that health care systems need to implement to avoid unnecessary harm to patients related to medication errors. Approximately 46% of all medication errors and 20% of adverse drug events (ADEs) have been attributed to a lack of medication reconciliation.2,⁷ As a result, The Joint Commission mandated that institutions comply with the National Safety Goal 8 to “accurately and completely reconcile medications across the continuum of care” to prevent drug omissions, duplications, and drug interactions.³ Recently, The Joint Commission revised its Hospital National Patient Safety goals related to medication reconciliation and currently requires hospitals to “maintain and communicate accurate patient medication information.”³ To accomplish this standard, a current list of the patient’s outpatient medications will be obtained upon admission and then compared with the patient’s hospital medication orders in efforts to identify and resolve discrepancies.^1,3 At discharge, The Joint Commission recommends that patients should receive “written information on the medications” that the patients will be taking following discharge from the hospital and should receive patient education on the “importance of managing” their medication information.³Although The Joint Commission recommends that medication reconciliation should be performed at admission, the agency does not provide guidance for how health care institutions should effectively conduct this process. One strategy is to follow the Institute of Medicine’s recommendations to implement information technologies, including the use of electronic medical records and computerized physician order entry systems.^9,10 Ideally, the use of these technologies would facilitate the effectiveness and efficiency of performing chart reviews and, thereby, the medication reconciliation process. Another strategy is to obtain a medication history by directly interviewing the patient and/or the patient’s caregiver.⁹Studies have revealed that obtaining an accurate and complete medication history is an important step for initiating the medication reconciliation process.^6–21 Results from a review of 22 studies demonstrated that 27% to 54% of patients had at least one medication error on hospital admission.⁶ In particular, several studies have described the value of pharmacist-obtained medication histories.^6,13,15,16 These studies have demonstrated that pharmacists identified a higher number of medications or medication discrepancies compared to physicians and other nonphysician providers when obtaining medication histories. Other studies also demonstrate that pharmacist-initiated histories resulted in fewer medication errors^15,18 and ADEs.^11–13Despite these benefits, many health care institutions do not require that pharmacists routinely perform medication interviews as part of the medication reconciliation process, because of workload concerns and lack of pharmacy manpower.^6,15 Moreover, with the use of information technologies, the need to have pharmacists conduct interviews may not be necessary if pharmacists can obtain a complete and accurate medication list through electronic medical chart review. Few studies have explored the impact of using different methods for obtaining accurate medication histories on medication safety.^{9,22, 23} This study was conducted to compare the accuracy and clinical impact of pharmacist medication histories obtained by electronic medical record review (EMRR) alone with those obtained by direct interviews combined with EMRR.     

Medication Reconciliation Practices in Canadian Emergency Departments: A National Survey

Background:

As of 2015, Accreditation Canada’s Qmentum program expects emergency departments (EDs) to initiate medication reconciliation for 2 groups of patients: (1) those with a decision to admit and (2) those without a decision to admit who meet the criteria of a risk-based, health care organization–defined selection process. Pharmacist-led best possible medication histories (BPMHs) obtained in the ED are considered more complete and accurate than BPMHs obtained by other ED providers, with pharmacy technicians obtaining BPMHs as effectively as do pharmacists. A current assessment of the role of pharmacy in BPMH processes in Canadian EDs is lacking.

Objectives:

To identify and describe BPMH and medication reconciliation practices in Canadian EDs, including those performed by members of the ED pharmacy team.

Methods:

All Canadian hospitals with an ED and at least 50 acute care beds were contacted to identify the presence of dedicated ED pharmacy services (defined as at least a 0.5 full-time equivalent position). Different electronic surveys were then distributed to ED pharmacy team members (where available) and ED managers (all hospitals).

Results:

Survey responses were obtained from 60 (63%) of 95 ED pharmacy teams and 128 (53%) of 243 ED managers. Only 38 (30%) of the 128 ED managers believed that their current BPMH processes were adequate to obtain a BPMH for all admissions. Fifty-nine (98%) of the ED pharmacy personnel reported obtaining BPMHs (most commonly 6–10 per day), with priority given to admitted patients. Only 14 (23%) of the 60 ED pharmacy teams reported that their EDs had adequate staffing to comply with Accreditation Canada’s requirements for obtaining BPMHs. This result is supported by the 104 (81%) out of 128 ED managers who reported that additional ED staffing would be needed to comply with the requirements. Numerous ED managers identified the need to expand ED pharmacy services and improve information technology support.

Conclusions:

BPMH processes in Canadian EDs were variable and inadequately supported. Survey responses suggested that additional staff and significant improvements in structured processes would be required to meet Accreditation Canada standards.     

临床药师在慢性肾功能不全患者中的药物重整实践

目的:探讨临床药师在药物重整中的作用。方法:选择2015年8-10月收入或转入我院肾病内科的住院患者200例,在入科后48 h内,由临床药师主导,通过查阅电子病历、问诊、查询患者自备药品和既往病史等方式收集其1年内的用药史,并进行药物重整。结果:临床药师获得的药物清单中,药物品种共987种,只有9.63%(95种)的药物在医师的病历中有记录;不良反应共5例,只有40.00%(2例)的不良反应在医师的病历中有记录。200例患者中,有45例患者需进行药物重整,重整率为22.50%;200例患者的492条医嘱中有103条医嘱存在用药偏差,例均用药偏差为(2.3±1.8)个,主要包括用量错误、重复用药、溶剂错误和存在药物相互作用等,其潜在危害等级以1级为主(53条,51.46%)。103条重整医嘱中,重整方案以停药为主(78例,75.73%),其次为改药(17例,16.50%)和加药(8例,7.77%);共90条重整医嘱被医师采纳,干预成功率为87.38%。结论:与医师相比,临床药师可获得更详细、准确的药物治疗清单。通过临床药师的药物重整,可减少临床用药偏差,最大程度地保证患者用药安全。     

Pharmacy-Based Medication Reconciliation Program Utilizing Pharmacists and Technicians: A Process Improvement Initiative

Background:

Pharmacists and pharmacy technicians have an opportunity to impact the quality of the medication histories and improve patient safety by ensuring accurate medication lists are obtained and complete reconciliation has occurred with the admission medication orders by owning the admission medication reconciliation process.

Objective:

To compare the quality of a pharmacy-based medication reconciliation program on admission utilizing pharmacists and technicians to the usual multidisciplinary process.

Methods:

This was a retrospective chart review process improvement study at a 186-bed tertiary care inpatient facility. Primary outcomes included both the accuracy of pre-admission medications listed and the reconciliation of those medications with admission inpatient orders. Technicians obtained patient medication histories. Pharmacists checked the technician-obtained medication histories and ensured reconciliation of those medications with admission orders.

Results:

Medication accuracy increased from 45.8% to 95% per patient (P < .001) and medication reconciliation increased from 44.2% to 92.8% (P < .001) and remained above benchmark.

Conclusion:

A pharmacy-based medication reconciliation program utilizing both pharmacists and technicians significantly increased the accuracy and reconciliation of medications on admission. These gains were maintained for the duration of the 6-month period studied and beyond per continued process improvement data collection.     

Medication Reconciliation in Pediatric Cardiology Performed by a Pharmacy Technician: A Prospective Cohort Comparison Study

Background:Medication reconciliation reduces potential medication discrepancies and adverse drug events. The role of pharmacy technicians in obtaining best possible medication histories (BPMHs) and performing reconciliation at the admission and transfer interfaces of care for pediatric patients has not been described.Objectives:To compare the completeness and accuracy of BPMHs and reconciliation conducted by a pharmacy technician (pilot study) and by nurses and/or pharmacists (baseline). The severity of identified unintentional discrepancies was rated to determine their clinical importance.Methods:This prospective cohort comparison study involved patients up to 18 years of age admitted to and/or transferred between the Cardiology ward and the Cardiac Critical Care Unit of a pediatric tertiary care teaching hospital. A pharmacy resident conducted two 3-week audits: the first to assess the completeness and accuracy of BPMHs and reconciliation performed by nurses and/or pharmacists and the second to assess the completeness and accuracy of BPMHs and reconciliation performed by a pharmacy technician.Results:The total number of patients was 38 in the baseline phase and 46 in the pilot period. There were no statistically significant differences between the baseline and pilot audits in terms of completion of BPMH (82% [28/34] versus 78% [21/27], p = 0.75) or completion of reconciliation (70% [23/33] versus 75% [15/20], p = 0.76) within 24 h of admission. Completeness of transfer reconciliation was significantly higher during the pilot study than at baseline (91% [31/34] versus 61% [11/18], p = 0.022). No significant differences between the baseline and pilot audits were found in the proportions of patients with at least one BPMH discrepancy (38% [13/34] versus 22% [6/27], p = 0.27), at least one unintentional discrepancy upon admission (21% [7/33] versus 10% [2/20], p = 0.46), or at least one unintentional discrepancy at the transfer interface (6% [1/18] versus 3% [1/34], p = 0.58). None of the 16 unintentional discrepancies were rated as causing severe patient discomfort or clinical deterioration.Conclusions:A trained pharmacy technician can perform admission and transfer medication reconciliation for pediatric patients with completeness and accuracy comparable to those of nurses and pharmacists. Future studies should explore the sustainability and cost-effectiveness of this practice model.     

药物整合在呼吸内科患者用药差错防范中的应用

目的：探讨开展药物整合服务在促进合理用药、防范呼吸内科患者用药差错及风险中的作用。方法：临床药师通过回顾性病历调查分析,收集患者既往用药史、整理入院药物治疗医嘱清单,对2014年12月-2015年9月收住呼吸内科的95例患者进行药物整合,并探查临床用药中不合理问题及存在的风险。结果：临床药师问诊针对用药品种、用法用量及不良反应方面更详细;通过药物整合,发现不合理用药及风险共109例次,重复用药占42.20%,药物遗漏占11.01%,药物使用无指征占8.26%,不良相互作用占8.26%;针对药师发现的问题,87.16%被医师采纳并调整给药。结论：药物整合对促进合理用药、防范用药差错及风险具有重要的作用,为临床药师开展药学服务提供了一种新的方式。     

Implementation of Medication Reconciliation conducted by hospital pharmacists: A case study guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research

BackgroundMedication reconciliation (MR) implementation in hospital care transitions has proved to be a challenge for health professionals and managers. It points to the need to conduct Implementation Research with a view to understanding the tasks of the real world and knowing how they impact this process. Guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), this study aims to analyze the factors that influenced the MR implementation process conducted by pharmacists at a hospital setting.MethodsA qualitative case study was carried out in the cardiology and gastroenterology units of a teaching hospital in Brazil, involving participant observation and semi-structured interviews with physicians, pharmacists, nurses, nutritionists and a social worker. The CFIR was used to guide data collection and thematic analysis. The constructs were classified according to their influence and strength.ResultsSixteen health professionals involved directly or indirectly with MR implementation participated in the study. Based on the analysis of the participants' quotes and of the field diary, 18 constructs of the CFIR were identified as influencing MR implementation. The constructs that most strongly influenced MR implementation concerned “Inner Setting”, “Characteristics of Individuals” and “Characteristics of Intervention”. The participating professionals showed little knowledge of MR and had different points of view on its scope, weakly relating MR to patient safety. The tools used to conduct MR were adapted according to the hospital's needs, thus facilitating its implementation. However, MR proved to be complex and require clinical knowledge and aligned teamwork to identify and resolve undocumented medication discrepancies, being as well intertwined with culture and organizational communication.ConclusionsThe results point to implementation failures and highlight that MR is a complex intervention, requiring specific knowledge from the multidisciplinary team and alignment with other existing workflows. The barriers and facilitators identified may serve to design and test implementation improvement strategies.     

Simulated Order Verification and Medication Reconciliation during an Introductory Pharmacy Practice Experience

Objective. To create, implement, and assess a simulated medication reconciliation and an order verification activity using hospital training software.Design. A simulated patient with medication orders and home medications was built into existing hospital training software. Students in an institutional introductory pharmacy practice experience (IPPE) reconciled the patient’s medications and determined whether or not to verify the inpatient orders based on his medical history and laboratory data. After reconciliation, students identified medication discrepancies and documented their rationale for rejecting inpatient orders.Assessment. For a 3-year period, the majority of students agreed the simulation enhanced their learning, taught valuable clinical decision-making skills, integrated material from previous courses, and stimulated their interest in institutional pharmacy. Overall feedback from student evaluations about the IPPE also was favorable.Conclusion. Use of existing hospital training software can affordably simulate the pharmacist’s role in order verification and medication reconciliation, as well as improve clinical decision-making.     

临床药师开展内科住院患者入院药物重整的药学服务实践

目的:探讨临床药师在慢性疾病患者药物治疗中的重要性和必要性以及开展药物重整(MR)的可行性,为临床药学内科工作模式的建立提供依据。方法:以2016年5-7月于我院呼吸内科住院的患者为研究对象,介绍临床药师在患者入院当日进行详细的药学问诊后,分别对患者的长期用药进行MR的情况。结果:通过临床药师对住院患者用药过程中存在的问题进行分类归整,共获得98例住院患者的入院MR记录,涉及296条药物医嘱,其中存在用药差错96条。参与MR的患者中,依从性好者仅有44例(占44.9%),其他患者均存在部分用药差错,主要表现为用药随意、用法用量不当、担心药物副作用而拒绝用药、因不良反应而停药、特殊疾病未随访导致用药剂量过量或不足、与医师沟通不畅导致用药错误、忘记服药/漏服和过度医疗等。发生用药差错的药物种类以心血管系统药物最常见,其次为呼吸系统药物和内分泌系统药物。结论:临床药师开展入院MR,有利于识别和纠正患者用药差错,避免潜在的用药差错,且有助于疾病控制,可作为内科病区药学服务工作的项目之一。     

开展药物整合教学 深化临床药学教育改革

阐述药物整合概念以及临床药师通过药物整合开展临床药学服务的意义,探讨如何在临床药学教学中开展药物整合教学,以培养具有实践能力的临床药师,体现临床药师的价值,深化临床药学教育改革。     

老年多重用药住院患者的用药现状评估及药师干预效果评价

目的:评估老年多重用药住院患者的用药状况,评价临床药师开展药学服务的效果,为老年患者临床用药合理化提供参考。方法:选择2018年10月-2019年2月于首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院住院且存在多重用药的老年患者,通过老年综合评估团队构建并开展老年住院患者的药学服务流程;结合欧洲医药保健网分类系统对药物相关问题进行分析,采用Bayliff工具评价药物相关问题的危害程度以评价其用药现状;采用Morisky调查问卷分析患者用药依从性,并随访患者出院3个月后的用药情况以评价药师干预的效果。结果:共纳入71例存在多重用药现象的老年住院患者,其中52例患者(73.24%)存在54个药物相关问题,其中32个(59.26%)与治疗有效性相关,13个(24.07%)为发生药物不良事件(可能存在),9个(16.67%)为不必要的药物治疗问题。药物相关问题发生原因共有69个,其中医嘱原因有58个(84.06%),以药物选择(36.23%)、药物剂量(24.64%)和药物剂型(20.29%)为主。临床药师共进行了143次干预,干预成功102次,成功率为71.33%。干预接受程度最高的是药物不良事件上报(100%),其次涉及患者层面(97.56%)、医师层面(65.12%)和药物层面(52.83%)。54个药物相关问题中潜在危害程度以1级危害最多,有35个(64.81%)。经临床药师用药教育后,患者用药依从性评分为(6.19±0.58)分,显著高于其入院初期评分(4.13±1.62)分(P<0.05)。随访结果显示,有6例患者自行停药,13例患者自行加服药物。结论:该院大部分老年多重用药住院患者普遍存在药物相关问题。临床药师可根据临床实际情况建立适合临床需求的可行的药学服务流程,同时可借助相关用药标准、药品说明书和用药软件等评估工具,根据患者的生理病理情况,与医师共同为老年患者选择适宜的治疗药物,减少多重用药和不合理用药,以提高老年患者用药的有效性和安全性。     

痤疮的药物治疗评价

目的：对目前主要的治疗痤疮药物进行总结评价，为临床合理使用抗痤疮制剂提供参考依据。方法：检索、统计近年来国、内外相关文献。结果及结论：痤疮是一种慢性炎症性疾患，发病人数多，用药时间长，且常持续数年、迁延不愈对患者造成一定的心理负担。治疗中应根据痤疮的严重度分级合理选择药物，不主张单独应用外用抗生素以减少抗生素耐药的产生，推荐联合用药治疗痤疮。     

妊娠期用药评价浅

目的：初步分析妇女妊娠期用药的安全性问题.方法：介绍并分析美国相关的一系列政策与做法.结果：针对孕妇的药物临床对照试验难以开展,尚有许多药物对胎儿的影响不明.结论：妊娠期用药评价与再评价势在必行.