努力避免非计划性的胆道再次手术

胆道再次手术是指胆道手术后因为并发症、原有疾病未治愈或者再发而再次实施的手术，不包括其他腹部手术后再次针对胆道疾病所进行的手术。     

胃肠道非计划性再次手术的原因及防治措施

目的 探讨胃肠道非计划性再次手术的原因及其防治措施。方法 回顾性分析2012年6月至2013年6月期间笔者所在医院胃肠外科因不同原因施行非计划性再次手术的21例患者的临床资料。结果 2 492例胃肠道手术患者中,行非计划性再次手术21例,再次手术率为0.8%。导致再次手术的原因为腹腔内出血10例,胃肠道瘘7例,炎性肠梗阻伴腹膜炎1例,切口裂开3例。施行缝扎止血术、结肠造瘘术、吻合口漏修补术、清创缝合术等处理后,20例治愈或好转,1例死亡。本组患者住院时间的中位数为25 d （16～49 d）,住院费用的中位数为76 000元（46 000～116 000元）。结论 胃肠道非计划性再次手术可对患者造成较严重的经济和精神负担,规范手术操作和加强围手术期监测可以降低非计划性再次手术的发生率,且合理掌握再次手术指征、实施及时有效的再次手术可避免疾病的进一步恶化。     

肢体软组织肉瘤手术术式的合理选择

软组织肉瘤系间叶组织中独特的一个病种群，来源广泛，形态学多样化。其病理学基础与临床生物学行为均较特殊，尤以四肢肿瘤巨大、广泛浸润时，临床治疗较为困难，处理不当极易复发或转移。近年来，以肿瘤多学科综合治疗的模式为主导理念，以控制肿瘤、保存肢体、功能重建、提高生活质量为治疗核心，外科手术目前仍是主要的治疗手段。本文结合文献及临床实践，介绍软组织肉瘤外科手术合理选择的热点和焦点问题以及最新进展。     

原发肢体软组织肉瘤208例预后的影响因素分析

目的 探讨影响肢体软组织肉瘤预后的因素,特别是外科治疗对其预后的影响.方法 回顾性研究208例手术治疗的肢体软组织肉瘤患者,其中男性128例,女性80例,平均年龄46岁(9～98)岁.分析患者是否初治、肿瘤的大小(＜5 cm、5～10 crn、＞10 cm)、深度(深筋膜深层、浅层)、组织学分型(脂肪肉瘤、恶性纤维组织细胞瘤、滑膜肉瘤、纤维肉瘤、恶性神经鞘瘤、其他肿瘤)、病理分级(FNCLCC系统Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级)、外科边界(囊内切除、边缘切除、广泛切除、根治切除)以及辅助治疗等因素对患者预后的影响.结果 中位随访时间37.5个月(1.3 ～ 128.1个月),总体3年、5年生存率77％和75％;复发率28％和37％;转移率35％和43％.肿瘤大小、病理分级和术前是否有转移可以独立影响生存率(x2=18.813、24.849、21.107,均P＜0.05);是否为初治病例、组织学分型可以独立影响复发率(x2=21.915、12.192,P＜0.05);病理分级可以独立影响转移率(x2=7.714,P＜O.05).手术外科边界可以独立影响局部复发率和转移率(x2=19.610、9.272,P＜0.05).结论 外科边界独立影响局部复发率和远处转移率,从而间接影响生存率.尤其对无转移的初次治疗的软组织肉瘤,手术是首选方案,手术外科边界达到广泛切除或根治性切除将明显改善患者的预后.     

软组织肉瘤切除后的修复重建

目的探讨修复重建在技术手术治疗软组织肉瘤中的作用和地位。方法１９９０年１１月～１９９６年１１月,治疗软组织肉瘤１０７例,其中３２例进行了一期修复重建手术。３２例中,恶性纤维组织细胞瘤１２例,滑膜肉瘤６例,脂肪肉瘤３例,神经纤维肉瘤３例,横纹肌肉瘤３例,皮隆突纤维肉瘤２例,纤维肉瘤２例,上皮样肉瘤１例;４例为原发,２８例为复发;外科分期为ⅠＢ３例,ⅡＡ３例和ⅡＢ２６例。根治性切除１３例,广泛切除１７例,局部切除２例。手术加化疗１３例,手术加放疗７例。血管重建３例,动力功能重建１６例,皮肤缺损修复２２例。结果术后随访到３０例,随访时间４个月～６年６个月,肉瘤局部控制率为８０％,血管重建保肢率为１００％,动力功能重建优良率为８７．５％,缺损组织修复成活率为９６％。结论修复重建是软组织肉瘤切除后外科治疗的延续,是减低肿瘤的复发率,提高患者生活质量的重要措施之一。     

后腹腔软组织肉瘤的手术与预后影响因素的分析

目的探讨后腹腔软组织肉瘤(RSTS)的手术预后相关因素。方法回顾广西医科大学附属肿瘤医院从2002年1月至2013年10月住院的腹膜后肿瘤手术患者,应用SPSS16.0统计软件,总生存率(OS)、无病生存率(DFS)和无进展生存率(PFS),复发率(LRR)及生存率分析采用Kaplan-Meier法和Log-rank检验进行单因素分析预后分析,多因素分析采用Cox回归,P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果完整切除术后1、3、5年LRR分别为26.7%、86.7%、100%,复发中位时间17.5月;1、3、5OS分别为100%、93.3%、40%,中位生存时间56月;1年、3年DFS 83.4%、33.4%。单因素分析肿瘤分层、大小、切缘、分化程度、AJCC分期、手术方式是患者预后的影响因素,但Cox回归分析提示:手术方式(P=0.045)与AJCC分期(P=0.05)是复发率的影响因素,是否复发(P=0.013)、手术方式(P=0.015)、切缘(P=0.049)、分化程度(P=0.002)、AJCC分期(P=0.020)是影响生存率的危险因素。结论手术方式、切缘、分化程度、AJCC分期是影响手术预后的重要因素,相关预后因素值得进一步探讨。     

肢体软组织肉瘤的外科治疗

软组织肉瘤是一组来源于中胚层的恶性肿瘤。发病部位以四肢最为多见，约占全部病例的60％，另外腹膜后占15％，头颈部占10％，其余发生于腹壁、胸壁等部位。软组织肉瘤发病率约为2／10万至3／10万，占成人恶性肿瘤的1％，但其病死率占所有癌症相关病死率的2％。因此提高肢体软组织肉瘤的治疗水平具有重要的意义。     

三维切除在胸部软组织肉瘤的应用

胸部软组织肉瘤在全身各类型肿瘤中较为少见,组织来源于皮肤肌肉等软组织。胸部软组织肉瘤局部复发率高,是外科手术的难点之一。手术治疗的关键在于对肿瘤的根治性切除。经典手术方式是由Mohs提出的莫氏手术,旨在减少皮肤和皮下组织的损伤,直至Moehrle提出治疗肉瘤的三维手术概念［1］,强调手术切缘的无瘤化。我院在2010年后逐步对胸部肉瘤采用三维手术切除方式。我们回顾性分析了从2009年6月至2014年1月在我院接受外科手术治疗的39例胸部软组织肉瘤患者,现结合文献讨论如下。     

Ⅲ期软组织肉瘤规范化治疗及预后的相关因素分析

目的 探讨对Ⅲ期软组织肉瘤规范化治疗的疗效及影响预后的因素.方法 对2003年1月至2006年1月收治的67例经同一临床路径治疗的Ⅲ期肢体软组织肉瘤患者进行回顾性分析,确立切缘类型、肿瘤大小、解剖深度、术后随访期间是否肺转移、是否接受新辅助化疗为影响因素,观察各影响因素对主要指标总生存(0S),次要指标无转移生存(DRFS)的影响及各切缘类型的复发率.结果 单因素分析显示肿瘤大小、解剖深度、转移出现时间与OS相关(P＜0.05);肿瘤大小、解剖深度与DRFS相关(P＜0.05).切缘类型、新辅助化疗与OS、DRFS无相关性.各切缘类型的复发率差异无统计学意义.结论 盲目扩大切除并不能使患者的局部控制及生存受益,同级别肉瘤的大小及解剖深度是影响预后的重要影响因素.术后化疗期间发生肺转移患者预后较差.新辅助化疗对患者的OS及DRFS的影响尚无定论.     

儿童软组织肉瘤的化疗

软组织肉瘤(softtissuetumor, STS)是起源于间叶性组织的一大类恶 性肿瘤,在儿童中相对较常见有两大 类[1～3]:横纹肌肉瘤(rhabdomyosarcoma, RMS)和非横纹肌肉瘤(non RMSsoft tissuesarcomasNRSTS),前者是最为常 见的儿童软组织肿瘤,后者主要包括滑 膜肉瘤(synovialsarcoma)、恶性纤维组 织细胞瘤(malignantfibroushistiocy toma)、恶性外周神经鞘瘤(malignant peripheralnervesheathtumor)、纤维肉瘤 (fibrosarcoma)等,前者好发于10岁以下 的儿童,后者常见于年长的儿童。近年 …     

手指软组织肉瘤的创面修复与重建

目的 回顾性分析手指原发软组织肉瘤病例,判断在根治肿瘤的同时是否能实施保指以满足手指外观功能的需要.方法 收集2007年4月至2009年11月期间11例手指软组织肉瘤保指的患者,采取肿瘤广泛切除后,对创面覆盖选用第一掌背动脉皮瓣7例,第二掌背动脉皮瓣修复4例;其中5例合并肌腱缺损患者同期行肌腱移植修复,1例骨质缺损行髂骨移植术.结果 术后6例接受新辅助化学治疗,1例接受辅助放射治疗.术后随访时间14个月至5年,9例肿瘤无复发,1例术后14个月肺转移死亡,1例肺转移带瘤生存.术后皮瓣全部存活,1例局部复发行截指.术后1年手指外观满意度为81％,功能评分为8～15分,平均12.6分,优或良10例,占91％.结论 建议对手指软组织肉瘤有保指可能时应尽可能实施保指,并同期进行功能重建.     

Oncological and functional outcomes of planned and unplanned excision of soft tissue sarcoma: A retrospective study

BackgroundIn soft tissue sarcomas, the oncological and functional outcomes between planned excision and unplanned excision with additional wide resection remains controversial. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of unplanned excision on oncological and functional outcomes.MethodsA retrospective single-center study was performed. Patients with soft tissue sarcoma surgically treated in 2005–2019 were included in this study. A total of 120 patients consisting of planned excision (PE) group (n = 88), and unplanned excision (UE) group (n = 32) were included. Overall-survival (OS), local recurrence-free survival (LRFS), metastasis-free survival (MFS), disease-free survival (DFS), incidence rate of reconstructive surgery and musculoskeletal tumor society (MSTS) score were assessed. Propensity score matching method was used in statistical analysis.ResultsThe 5-year survival rate of OS, LRFS, MFS, and DFS did not differ between the PE and UE groups, however, rates of reconstructive surgery were higher in the UE group (PE: 48% vs. UE: 84%, p < 0.001). These results did not differ (PE: 41% vs. UE: 82%, p = 0.012) after propensity score matching was performed to align the backgrounds with difference in tumor size and depth. For MSTS score, the total score and “pain” and “emotional acceptance” scores were higher in the PE group before propensity score matching. The “pain” and “emotional acceptance” scores were higher in the PE group after propensity score matching also.ConclusionsUnplanned excision did not deteriorate oncological outcomes, however unplanned excision lead to unnecessary reconstructive surgery. Unplanned excision adversely affected patient-reported outcomes without worsening pure functional outcomes.     

Risk factors for postoperative wound complications after extremity soft tissue sarcoma resection: A systematic review and meta-analyses

IntroductionAdvancements in imaging, surgical, and radiation techniques have made resection of larger and more extensive extremity soft tissue sarcomas (ESTS) possible but with the potential for high complication rates. This study summarizes complication and reoperation rates associated with resection of ESTS and reviews predictors for wound complications.MethodsA systematic review of the literature on ESTS in adults was undertaken from the four databases MEDLINE, Embase, MEDLINE In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CCRCT). Meta-analyses of the complications, reoperations, and risk factors were performed.ResultsIn the twenty-one studies included, there was an overall wound complication rate of 30.2% (95% CI 26.56–33.47) and a reoperation rate of 13.37% (95% CI 10.21–16.52) in 5628 patients. Individual studies reported that older patient age, obesity, smoking, diabetes, large tumor size, tumor site, and preoperative radiotherapy were associated with adverse outcomes. Tumors of the lower limb, diabetes, smoking, obesity, and radiation were identified as independent predictors of wound complications in meta-analysis. A high level of heterogeneity between studies limited pooled analysis for many variables.ConclusionsDespite advancements in the treatment of ESTS, postoperative complication rates remain high. Awareness of the risk factors for wound complications, especially those that may be modifiable, is essential to decrease postoperative morbidities in these patients to improve treatment outcomes and quality of life.     

Immediate versus delayed free-tissue transfer salvage of the lower extremity in soft tissue sarcoma patients

Background: Free tissue transfer (FTT) can extend the limits of limb salvage in patients with soft tissue sarcoma (STS), but few data exist on the efficacy and morbidity in this patient population. Methods: We prospectively examined 19 patients who underwent resection of STS and an immediate or a delayed FTT reconstruction between November 1989 and May 1992. Results: There were 11 immediate and eight delayed FTT reconstructions (mean age 52 years). All delayed patients presented with complications resulting from previous STS treatment. Defects involved the leg (n=7), knee (n=2), and thigh (n=10) and had a mean size of 129 cm², 154 cm², and 283 cm², respectively. Preoperative radiatiotherapy had been administered to 74% of patients in the series (mean dose 53 Gy). FTT success rate was 95% (one failure in the delayed group). Limb salvage and postreconstruction ambulatory rates were both 95%. The overall complication rate was 47%, with the trend of a higher rate (63%) in the delayed group compared with the immediate group (36%). The immediate reconstruction group required no additional operative procedures before FTT and had a shorter hospital stay (13 days) compared with that of the delayed reconstruction group (40.6 days). Mean follow-up was 11.9 months (range 2–30). Conclusions: FTT is a reliable and versatile adjunctive treatment for lower extremity salvage of patients with STS. Immediate reconstruction appears to carry a lower complication rate and a faster rehabilitation for the patient.The results of this study were presented at the 46th Annual Cancer Symposium of the Society of Surgical Oncology, Los Angeles, March 18–21, 1993.     

Core needle biopsy for diagnosis of extremity soft tissue sarcoma

Background: Classic teaching has advocated the use of open biopsy to diagnose and grade extremity soft-tissue sarcoma. Reported advantages of core needle biopsy include the minimal morbidity, cost, and time. The perceived disadvantage has been diagnostic inaccuracy. The objective of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of core needle biopsy to incisional or frozen section biopsy for primary extremity masses suspicious for soft-tissue sarcoma. Methods: Patients presenting with extremity masses were identified from our prospective soft-tissue sarcoma database (malignant) and from the clinical information center (benign) between January 1, 1990, and December 31, 1995. Biopsy and subsequent resection data were collected from the pathologic records. Results: During this time, 164 primary extremity soft-tissue masses were evaluated before any biopsy. As the initial diagnostic approach, there were 60 core needle, 44 incisional, 36 frozen section, and 26 excisional biopsies. Two patients underwent two biopsy procedures. Ninety-three percent of the specimens obtained at core needle biopsy were adequate to make a diagnosis. Of the adequate core needle biopsy specimens, 95%, 88% and 75% correlated with the final resection diagnosis for malignancy, grade, and histologic subtype, respectively. Of the frozen section biopsy specimens, 94% were adequate, and accurate diagnostic results of malignancy were obtained with 88%. However, only 62% and 47% were correct for grade and histologic subtype, respectively, which was significantly different than the results obtained with incisional biopsy. The false-negative and false-positive rates for core needle biopsy were 5% and 0% for malignancy. Two core needle biopsy specimens graded low were found to be high, and one core needle biopsy specimen graded high was subsequently found to be low on final resection. Conclusions: When read by an experienced pathologist, the results of core needle biopsy provide accurate diagnostic information for malignancy and grade. Adequate core needle biopsy obviates the need for open biopsy and can be used for rational treatment planning. In the absence of adequate tissue, open biopsy is required. Presented at the 49th Annual Cancer Symposium of The Society of Surgical Oncology, Atlanta, Georgia, March 21–24, 1996.     

Superficial extremity soft tissue sarcoma: An analysis of prognostic factors

Background: Experience with soft tissue sarcoma has suggested that superficial tumors have a favorable prognosis. We evaluated the prognostic features of this subset of sarcoma. Methods: Prospective data on 215 patients presenting to Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center with primary extremity superficial soft tissue sarcomas between July 1, 1982 and July 1, 1996 were analyzed. Superficial sarcomas were defined as subcutaneous tumors not invading the investing fascia of the muscle. Analysis was by univariate and multivariate tests for local recurrence, metastasis, and tumor mortality. Results: Ninety (42%) patients were over 50 years of age, 115 (53%) had high-grade tumors, 53 (25%) had tumors 5 cm, and 18 (8%) had positive margins following definitive resection. Median follow-up was 45 months (range 2 days to 151 months), 31 (14%) patients had local recurrences, 20 (9%) had distant metastases, and 15 (7%) died of disease. Five- and 10-year actuarial disease-specific survivals were 91% and 85%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, age >50 years predicted local recurrence (RR 5.7; 95% CI, 2.4–13.3;p<0.0001). High grade (RR 4.2; 95% CI, 1.4–12.7;p<0.006), and size 5 cm (RR 4.4; 95% CI, 1.8–11;p<0.002) predicted distant metastases. High grade (RR 7; 95% CI, 1.5–31.4;p<0.003), size 5 cm (RR 6.9; 95% CI, 2.3–20.8;p<0.0006), and positive margins (RR 3.8; 95% CI, 1.2–12.4;p<0.006) predicted tumor mortality. Conclusion: Primary superficial extremity soft tissue sarcomas have a favorable prognosis. Size and grade of superficial tumors are the strongest factors in predicting survival.Presented at the 50th Annual Cancer Symposium of The Society of Surgical Oncology, Chicago, Illinois, March 20–23, 1997.     

320排CT血管造影在肢体软组织肉瘤治疗中的作用

目的评估320排CT血管造影（CT angiography,CTA）及三维重建成像对肢体软组织肉瘤手术的指导价值。方法 2008年5月-2010年12月对23例肢体软组织肉瘤行320排CTA检查,观察肿瘤与周围血管、组织器官的关系。其中男10例,女13例,年龄10～65岁（平均38岁）。肿瘤分类：恶性纤维组织细胞瘤7例,滑膜肉瘤5例,脂肪肉瘤4例,横纹肌肉瘤2例,原始神经外胚层瘤2例,恶性黑色素瘤2例,恶性神经鞘瘤1例。结果 320排CTA能清楚显示肿瘤的形态及其与邻近大血管、组织器官的关系。23例患者中7例行广泛切除术,16例行边缘切除术。其中2例肿瘤位于腘窝的患者,CTA显示肿瘤包绕腘动脉,术中将血管切除后行大隐静脉重建。随访10～40个月（平均24个月）,8例复发,复发率34.8%。结论 320排CTA能提供肢体软组织肉瘤与邻近血管及器官组织的三维空间图像,是手术入路选择和术中血管处理的重要依据,有助于制定手术方案、减少并发症和保证疗效。     

Impact of the unplanned excision on the oncological outcomes of patients with soft tissue sarcomas: a single-center retrospective review of 490 patients

Objective:This study aimed to (1) compare the oncological results of patients who underwent re-excision after unplanned excision with those who underwent planned excision and (2) analyze the impact of local recurrences on oncological outcomes.Methods:Patients with soft tissue sarcoma who had been treated in our center between 2000 and 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups: Group PE (Planned excision; n = 345) and group UE (Unplanned excision; n = 145). Two groups were compared in terms of local recurrence-free survival (LRFS), metastasis-free survival (MFS), and overall survival (OS). Local recurrences effects over MFS and OS were also analyzed.Results:There were 26 (17.9%) local recurrences in the UE group and 30 (8.7%) local recurrences in the PE group (P = 0.005). There was no difference in MFS and OS between study groups (P = 0.278 and P = 0.848, respectively). Five years MFS rates of UE and PE groups were 76.4% and 73.6%, and five-year OS rates of UE and PE groups were 70.3% and 73.9%, respectively (P = 0.417, P = 0.656). Patients with local recurrence had a 1.96 times higher risk of metastasis than patients without local recurrence (P = 0.008). Patients with local recurrence had 1.65 times higher risk of mortality than patients without local recurrence (P = 0.047).Conclusion:Although local recurrence is much more common in the UE group, this outcome does not seem to affect MFS or OS. These results indicate that similar outcomes can be achieved if UE patients are referred and appropriately treated with wide re-resections.Levelof Evidence: Level III, Therapeutic Study     

Concomitant upper extremity soft tissue sarcoma limb-sparing resection and functional reconstruction: assessment of outcomes and costs of surgery

Background

The purpose of this study is to investigate functional outcomes and cost impacts of immediate functional reconstruction performed in conjunction with limb-sparing resection of upper extremity soft tissue sarcomas.

Methods

Patients undergoing simultaneous limb-sparing upper extremity soft tissue sarcoma resection and functional reconstruction between December 1998 and March 2004 were retrospectively identified, their medical records reviewed, and costs of surgery analyzed. Functional outcomes and patient satisfaction were assessed via patient surveys and the Toronto Extremity Salvage Score (TESS).

Results

Thirteen patients met the inclusion criteria. Average follow-up was 43.3 months. Reconstructions included rotational innervated muscle flaps (n = 6), free innervated myocutaneous flaps (n = 1), and tendon transfers or grafts (n = 6). Overall survival was 85 % (n = 11) and disease-free survival was 77 % (n = 10). Average total cost of surgery was $26,655. Patients undergoing reconstruction for hand and forearm sarcomas had significantly higher total costs of surgery than those undergoing reconstruction for elbow and upper arm sarcomas. Survey response rate was 91 % (n = 10). Average TESS score was 76. Of the patients who worked preoperatively, 88 % returned to work postoperatively, and all patients who returned to work currently use their affected limb at work.

Conclusions

Patients undergoing immediate functional reconstruction for upper extremity soft tissue sarcoma resection achieved very good to excellent functional outcomes with quick recovery times and a high return-to-work rate following immediate functional reconstruction, thereby minimizing surgical cost impacts. Immediate functional reconstruction in the same surgical setting is thus a viable strategy following upper extremity soft tissue sarcoma resection.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11552-013-9567-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.