Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the dry matter of culture broth of Termitomyces albuminosus and its extracts

Aim of the study

The objectives of this study were to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the dry matter of culture broth (DMCB) of Termitomyces albuminosus in submerged culture and its crude saponin extract (CSE) and crude polysaccharide extract (CPE).

Materials and methods

The analgesic effects of DMCB, CSE and CPE were evaluated with models of acetic acid-induced writhing response and formalin test in mouse. The anti-inflammatory effects of DMCB, CSE and CPE were evaluated by using models of xylene-induced mouse ear swelling and carrageen-induced mouse paw edema.

Results

The DMCB, CSE and CPE significantly decreased the acetic acid-induced writhing response and the licking time on the late phase in the formalin test. Treatment of DMCB (1000 mg/kg), CSE (200 mg/kg) or CPE (200 mg/kg) inhibited the mouse ear swelling by 61.8%, 79.0% and 81.6%, respectively. In the carrageen-induced mouse paw edema test, the group treated with indomethacin showed the strongest inhibition of edema formation by 77.8% in the third hour after carrageenan administration, while DMCB (1000 mg/kg), CSE (200 mg/kg) and CPE (200 mg/kg) showed 48.4%, 55.6% and 40.5%, respectively.

Conclusions

The results suggested that DMCB of Termitomyces albuminosus possessed the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Saponins and polysaccharides were proposed to be the major active constituents of Termitomyces albuminosus in submerged culture.     

Analgesic effects and anti-inflammatory properties of the crude methanolic extract of Schwenckia americana Linn (Solanaceae)

Aim of the study

To evaluate analgesic effect and anti-inflammatory properties of Schwenckia americana (Solanaceae), a medicinal plant used for treating rheumatic pains and swelling in North-western Nigeria.

Materials and methods

Three doses (25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg) of the crude methanolic extract of Schwenkia americana were evaluated for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities using acetic acid induced writhing test, formalin induced nociception, and formalin induced hind paw oedema in rats.

Results

All doses (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) of the extract tested were effective. The extract at the tested doses produced a percentage inhibition of the acetic acid induced abdominal constriction of (53.3, 58.0 and 86.7%), respectively. A percentage inhibition of the formalin induced nociception of 44.00, 56.04, and 56.04% (early phase) and 33.00, 36.63 and 59.71% (late phase) was also produced. The inhibition of oedema formation increased with increasing dosage from 25 to 100 mg/kg. The crude extract produced a statistically significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity comparable to the effect of standard drug (10 mg/kg Piroxicam).

Conclusion

This study demonstrated the potential analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of crude methanolic extract of Schwenkia americana thus justifying its traditional usage.     

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Cassia siamea Lam. stem bark extracts

Aim of the study

The present study was carried out to investigate analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Cassia siamea Lam stem bark extracts. We have also determined the cytotoxicity of each extract.

Materials and methods

C. siamea, a widespread medicinal plant traditionally used in sub-Saharan Africa, was collected in Congo Brazzaville. Stem bark was extracted with petroleum ether (CSE1), chloroform (CSE2), ethanol (CSE3) and water (CSE4). Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of these extracts were assessed in rats with hot plate test, paw pressure and carrageenan induced paw oedema. Cytotoxicity was assessed against KB and Vero cells.

Results

At the doses used (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) ethanol and water extracts showed significant and dose-dependent analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. None of the extracts had cytotoxic activity on KB and Vero cell lines and the most active extracts (CSE3 and CSE4) had no acute toxicity.

Conclusions

The study highlighted the analgesic and anti-inflammatory of C. siamea stem bark. Four major families of compounds present in the plant may explain these activities: triterpenes (lupeol, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, friedelin, betulin), flavonoids (apigenin, kaempferol, luteolin), anthraquinones (emodin), phytosterols (stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol).     

Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of individual and combined extracts from Commiphora myrrha, and Boswellia carterii

Aim of the study

The Chinese herbs of myrrh and frankincense are often combined for treating some inflammatory pain diseases with synergistic therapeutic effects. In this study, we investigated the effects of individual herbal extracts and combined extract on anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in vivo and analyzed the potential bioactive components from the combination extract by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrum (UPLC-MS/MS).

Materials and methods

The anti-inflammatory activities were investigated by utilizing the paw edema mice induced by formalin and carrageenan. In addition, we determined the levels of PGE₂ and nitrite in the edema paw. The analgesic activity was examined against oxytocin-induced dysmenorrhea in mice. The effects of the administration of dolantin or indomethacin were also studied for references. The components in combination extract (CWE) were analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS.

Results

The results showed that myrrh water extract (MWE) and the combined extract (CWE) at the 3.9 g/kg, and 5.2 g/kg showed inhibition of formalin-induced paw edema with inhibition rate of 30.44%, and 23.50%, respectively. The PGE₂ production was inhibited significantly by all samples (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). CWE showed stronger suppression on carrageenan-induced mice paw edema at 2 and 3 h after administration of drugs. The inhibitory effect of CWE on nitrite production was between that of MWE and water extract of frankincense (FWE) at 5.2 g/kg. The dysmenorrhea mice test showed MWE could remarkably reduce the writhing times (P < 0.05) and prolong the latency period, while FWE showed no obvious effects on the writhing times. CWE significantly reduced the writhing times and prolong the latency period (P < 0.01).

Conclusion

These results demonstrated MWE, FWE, and CWE exhibited significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. The findings suggest that CWE may be therapeutically more useful for mitigating inflammatory pain than individual herbal extract. In addition, 12 potential active compounds were identified from CWE. These data may support the fact the traditional application of this combined extract in treating various diseases associated with inflammatory pain.     

薏苡仁水提取物的抗炎、镇痛、镇静作用研究

目的：比较薏苡仁两种水提取物的抗炎、镇痛、镇静作用。方法：采用热水煎煮和冷水浸提两种方法分别提取薏苡仁有效部位（记作样品l和样品2）。通过二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀和角叉莱胶致小鼠足肿胀实验比较两种样品抗炎作用;通过热板法小鼠镇痛实验比较两种样品镇痛作用;通过滚笼法比较两种样品镇静作用。结果：样品1具有明显抗炎、镇痛、镇静作用（P〈0．01）,样品2具有镇痛作用（P〈0．05）和兴奋与抑制的双重作用（P〈0．05）,无明显抗炎作用。结论：薏苡仁具有抗炎、镇痛、镇静作用,作用强度与提取方法和给药剂量有关。     

Analgesic properties of a hydroalcoholic extract obtained from Alternanthera brasiliana

The present study describes the analgesic effects of the hydroalcoholic extract (HE) obtained from the aerial parts of Alternanthera brasiliana in two models of pain in mice. Such an extract, given intraperitoneally or orally produced significant and long-lasting (0.5–4 h) antinociception when evaluated against acetic acid-induced abdominal constrictions. In the formalin test, the HE inhibited both the first and second phases of formalin-induced pain. Furthermore, the HE was more potent than some standard drugs, such as aspirin, indomethacin and dipyrone, when evaluated against acetic acid-induced abdominal constrictions. These results suggest a strong analgesic effect for HE, possibly related to the presence of sterols, terpenes and phenolic compounds, confirming the popular use of A. brasiliana against dolorous processes. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Heracleum persicum essential oil and hydroalcoholic extract in animal models

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Fruits of Heracleum persicum (Apiaceae) are used as pain killer in Iranian folkloric medicine.

Aims of study

To evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the hydroalcoholic extract and essential oil of the plant fruits and analyzing the essential oil.

Materials and methods

Essential oil and hydroalcoholic extracts of the fruits were prepared according to standard methods and the components of essential oil were identified using GC–MS method. The acetic acid-induced writhing response and formalin test were used in male mice to assess analgesic activity. For evaluation of anti-inflammatory effect, carrageenan-induced rat paw edema was used.

Results

Hexyl butyrate (56.5%), octyl acetate (16.5%), hexyl 2-methylbutanoate (5.2%) and hexyl isobutyrate (3.4%) were identified as the major constituents of the oil. Oral or intraperitoneal administration of Heracleum persicum essential oil (HPEO) at doses of 50–200 mg/kg and Heracleum persicum hydroalcoholic extract (HPHE) at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg significantly reduced acetic acid-induced abdominal constrictions. HPEO and HPHE also significantly attenuated the pain response of the second phase of formalin test.In carrageenan test HPEO at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg and HPHE at a dose of 400 mg/kg induced a significant reduction of paw edema.

Conclusions

These results clearly show the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the plant essential oil and hydroalcoholic extract. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanism of action and the components responsible for these pharmacological effects.     

蛴螬脂溶性成分的气相色谱-质谱联用分析及抗炎、镇痛活性研究

目的:对蛴螬脂溶性成分进行分析,并对其抗炎、镇痛活性进行初步研究。方法:采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对蛴螬脂溶性成分进行分析;采用小鼠耳廓肿胀法实验研究其抗炎作用;采用热板法、醋酸扭体法观察其镇痛作用。结果:共鉴定出22个成分,占峰面积的88.81%,其中含量较高的成分为油酸、棕榈酸和棕榈油酸;蛴螬脂溶性成分能够抑制二甲苯所致小鼠耳廓的肿胀度;可提高热板所致小鼠痛阈值,减少醋酸所致小鼠的扭体次数。结论:蛴螬脂溶性成分有一定的抗炎、镇痛作用。     

风湿佳抗炎镇痛及免疫抑制作用研究

目的;通过对风湿佳抗炎,镇痛及免疫抑制作用的研究,为临床应用提供理论依据。方法：１．抗炎作用,小鼠耳廓肿胀法和大鼠足跖肿胀法。２．镇痛作用：小鼠扭体法和大鼠钾离子皮下透入致痛法。３．免疫抑制作用,测定小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化率,巨噬细胞的吞噬功能,外周血Ｔ淋巴细胞的百分率;迟发性的变态反应（ＤＴＨ）;血清溶血素和抗体形成细胞功能测定。结果：风湿佳有明显的抗炎作用,并能加强可待因的镇痛作用和免疫抑制作用,     

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of 11-O-galloylbergenin

Aims of the study

Current study was designed to explore the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of a constituent isolated from Mallotus philippinensis, in order to validate its folk use.

Materials and methods

11-O-galloylbergenin was isolated from ethanolic extract of Mallotus philippinensis. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the test compound were assessed using formalin test and carrageenan-induced paw edema models.

Results

11-O-galloylbergenin showed significant analgesic activity at doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg against formalin test in rats. Similarly, 11-O-galloylbergenin exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced paw edema model at doses of 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg.

Conclusion

11-O-galloylbergenin has demonstrated its significant potential to be further investigated for its discovery as a new lead compound for management of pain and inflammation.     

中药乳痛安片的镇痛抗炎作用研究

目的 观察中药乳痛安片的镇痛、抗炎作用.方法 采用甩尾法和小鼠扭体法观察乳痛安片镇痛作用;采用小鼠耳廓肿胀法、足肿胀法观察乳痛安片的抗炎作用.结果 乳痛安片能明显延长小鼠甩尾的潜伏期,同时使小鼠扭体反应次数明显减少(P<0.01);中、高剂量乳痛安片可使小鼠耳廓肿胀度明显减小(P<0.05),同时足肿胀度也明显减小(P<0.01).结论 乳痛安片具有明显的镇痛、抗炎作用.     

Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of the petroleum ether fraction from the ethanol extract of Desmodium podocarpum

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Desmodium podocarpum is a plant that has been used in the folk medicine to treat febrile diseases, cough and bleeding wounds. However, there is no scientific basis or reports in the modern literature regarding its effectiveness as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic agent.

Aims of the study

The objective of this study is to evaluate the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of the petroleum ether fraction (PEF) from the ethanol extract of Desmodium podocarpum.

Materials and methods

PEF (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) was estimated for its pharmacological properties by using the acetic acid-induced writhing test, the hot plate test, the Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model, the dimethylbenzene-induced mouse inflammation model, and the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced rat fever model. In addition, the acute toxicity of PEF was also studied.

Results

PEF significantly and dose-dependently inhibited the writhing responses in mice, increased reaction time of mice in the hot plate test, reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and the dimethylbenzene-induced ear edema in mice, and attenuated LPS-induced fever in rats. No death of mice was observed when orally administered PEF up to 4.2 g/kg.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that PEF possesses evident analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities, and has a favorable safety, which supports the use of Desmodium podocarpum as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic drug in the folk medicine.     

不同产地金樱根药材根和茎抗炎镇痛活性研究

目的：选取广西、云南、贵州三种产地的金樱根药材,对其根和茎样品的抗炎镇痛活性进行评价。方法：采用鼠耳肿胀法、大鼠足跖肿胀法对金樱根药材根和茎样品的抗炎活性进行比较,采用小鼠醋酸扭体法对其镇痛活性进行比较。结果：金樱根药材均可抑制鼠耳廓肿胀和小鼠扭体反应;部分金樱根药材样品对角叉菜胶致大鼠足跖肿胀表现为抑制作用。结论：金樱根药材样品具有一定的抗炎作用并且具有不同程度的镇痛作用。     

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Cnestis ferruginea Vahl ex DC (Connaraceae) methanolic root extract

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Cnestis ferruginea Vahl ex DC (Connaraceae) is a shrub widely used in traditional African Medicine (TAM) for the treatment of various painful and inflammatory conditions.

Aim of the study

The objective of this study was to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of the methanolic root extract of Cnestis ferruginea.

Materials and methods

Analgesic activity was evaluated using the acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin, tail clip, and hot plate tests in mice. The carrageenan- and egg albumin-induced rat paw oedema, formaldehyde-induced arthritis inflammation, and xylene-induced ear oedema tests were used to investigate the anti-inflammatory actions of Cnestis ferruginea.

Results

The methanolic root extract of Cnestis ferruginea (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg; p.o.) produced significant (P < 0.05) dose-dependent inhibition of pain response elicited by acetic acid and formalin while also increasing the nociceptive reaction latency in the tail clip and hot plate tests. In respect of anti-inflammatory activity, Cnestis ferruginea caused significant (P < 0.05) dose-dependent inhibition of oedema development in the carrageenan, egg albumin, formaldehyde, and xylene-induced inflammation tests. The effects of the extract in the various models were generally comparable to those of the standard drugs used.

Conclusion

The findings in this study suggest that the methanolic root extract of Cnestis ferruginea possesses analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities possibly mediated through peripheral and central mechanisms involving inhibition of release and/or actions of vasoactive substances (histamine, serotonin and kinins) and prostaglandins. The results justify the use of the extract in TAM for the treatment of painful and inflammatory conditions.     

Studies on the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Tithonia diversifolia leaf extract

A methanol extract of the dried leaves of Tithonia diversifolia was investigated for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. The extract (50–200 mg/kg, p.o.) produced dose-related inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw oedema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma in rats. At the same doses, analgesic effect was also observed with hot plate latency assays maintained at (55 °C) as well as on the early and late phases of formalin-induced paw licking in rats. The results of the present study further confirm the use of Tithonia diversifolia traditionally for the treatment of painful inflammatory conditions.     

Studies on the anti-inflammatory properties of Plantago erosa leaf extract in rodents

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Leaves of Plantago erosa ex Roxb are used traditionally in Northeast India in different illnesses which include wounds, cuts, bruises, insect bites, poison-ivy rashes, minor sores and snakebite, etc.

Aim of the study

Plantago erosa is one of the commonly used medicinal plants in various inflammatory conditions in this region; however, due to paucity of scientific literature on its anti-inflammatory property, the present study was aimed at evaluating its anti-inflammatory activity in the leaves using in vivo models of inflammation.

Materials and methods

Different models like carageenan induced paw edema in rat and mice, formalin induced paw licking in rats and cotton pellet induced granuloma in rats were used for studying the anti-inflammatory activity in methanol extract of Plantago erosa (PEME) leaves.

Results

The PEME at the oral doses from 300 to 600 mg/kg showed anti-inflammatory activity in various models. The extract (PEME) reduced carageenan induced paw edema in rat and mice, inhibited the formation of granulomatous tissue in cotton pellet induced granuloma after treatment and also decreased the reaction time in both early and late phases in formalin induced paw licking in rats.

Conclusion

The study evidently confirmed anti-inflammatory activity of PEME and thus supported the traditional claim. The anti-inflammatory activity could be attributed to the phytoconstituent (flavonoids, alkaloids and steroid) present in the methanol extract of the plant.     

羌药铁棒锤炮制品的抗炎镇痛作用及初步安全性评价

目的：观察羌药铁棒锤炮制品的抗炎、镇痛作用及初步安全性评价。方法：KM小鼠单次灌胃给药后,观察铁棒锤生品及不同炮制品的中毒情况,计算LD50或最大给药量;分别采用二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀模型和琼脂致小鼠肉芽肿模型观察铁棒锤炮制品的抗炎活性;冰醋酸致小鼠扭体实验观察炮制品的镇痛活性。结果：铁棒锤生品的LD50为0.9605g·kg-1,而160~180℃、200~220℃和240~260℃砂炒炮制品的最大给药量分别为17.492、16.836和16.840g·kg-1。其中160~180℃和200~220℃砂炒炮制品均能显著降低二甲苯所致的小鼠耳廓肿胀,并对琼脂致小鼠肉芽肿有明显的抑制作用,对小鼠冰醋酸致扭体疼痛,能明显减少动物扭体次数,延长扭体潜伏期,表现出一定的抗炎、镇痛作用,尤以160~180℃砂炒炮制品疗效更优。结论：铁棒锤生品毒性较大,经炮制后毒性明显降低,其中以160~180℃砂炒炮制品疗效更优,具有明确的抗炎、镇痛作用,适用于临床内服,这也体现了中医 “减毒存性”的炮制特色。     

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic extracts of Lychnophora species

Extracts from Lychnophora species are traditionally used in Brazil as anti-inflammatory, and to treat bruise, pain and rheumatism. The ethanolic extract of aerial parts of five species of Lychnophoras and one specie of Lychnophoriopsis were examined for the antinociceptive (hot-plate and writhing tests) and anti-inflammatory (carrageenan-induced paw oedema test) activity in mice, by oral and topical routes, respectively. In the hot-plate test, the Lychnophora pinaster (0.75 g/kg) and Lychnophora ericoides (1.50 g/kg) extracts significantly increased the time for licking of the paws. The species Lychnophora passerina, Lychnophoriopsis candelabrum and Lychnophora pinaster, using the dose of 0.75 g/kg, and Lychnophora ericoides and Lychnophora trichocarpha in both doses evaluated (0.75 and 1.50 g/kg) significantly reduced the number of writhes induced by acetic acid. The administration of Lychnophora pinaster and Lychnophora trichocarpha ointments, in both concentrations evaluated (5 and 10%, w/w), and Lychnophora passerina and Lychnophoriopsis candelabrum, in the concentration of 10%, significantly reduced the paw oedema measured 3 h after carrageenan administration, suggesting, for the first time, an anti-inflammatory activity upon topical administration of these species. The present work comparatively demonstrated the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of some Brazilian Lychnophoras.     

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the crude hydroalcoholic extract obtained from the bark of Hymenaea martiana

Experiments were designed to examine the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the crude hydroalcoholic extract (CE) of Hymenaea martiana. The CE of H. martiana (25-200 mg/kg, i.p.) caused a graded inhibition of hindpaw oedema induced by carrageenan, PAF-acether (PAF), serotonin (5-HT), dextran and histamine (HIS). However, the CE given orally up to 500 mg/kg had no effect on the agonist-induced hindpaw oedema. The CE given intraperitoneally, but not orally, caused a graded and pronounced inhibition of His, 5-HT, bradykinin (BK) and PAF-induced increase of vascular permeability. When the CE was given orally (300 mg/kg) once a day for 15 days it caused a significant increase of agonist-induced increase of vascular permeability. The CE given either by p.o. or by i.p. routes (100-800 mg/kg) dose-dependently inhibited arachidonic acid (AA)-induced ear oedema in mice, being significantly more potent when it was given by the latter route. In contrast, CE at the same doses, failed to inhibit croton-oil-induced ear oedema in mice. The CE of H. martiana given by either i.p. or p.o. routes caused a marked and dose-dependent antinociceptive activity as revealed by its antagonistic action against acetylcholine, acetic acid or AA-induced writhing responses in mice, being more effective when given intraperitoneally. These results, and those previously reported with the CE of H. martiana in the isolated preparations, provide strong experimental support which argues in favour of the beneficial use of this plant extract in folk medicine. The exact mechanism that underlies its analgesic and anti-inflammatory profiles remains unclear, but may result from its ability to inhibit the generation of lipoxygenase and/or cyclooxygenase products of the arachidonic acid pathway.     

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity and pharmacokinetics of alkaloids from seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica after transdermal administration: effect of changes in alkaloid composition

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Strychnos nux-vomica L. (Loganiaceae) is grown extensively in southern Asian countries. The dried seed of this plant, nux vomica, has been clinically used in Chinese folk medicine for improving blood circulation, relieving rheumatic pain, reducing swelling and treating cancer.

Aim of the study

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of removing most strychnine from the total alkaloid fraction (TAF) extracted from nux vomica on analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity and pharmacokinetics after transdermal administration.

Materials and methods

Most strychnine was removed from TAF and the resulted modified total alkaloid fraction (MTAF) was obtained. The contents of strychnine and brucine in TAF and MTAF were determined. Then the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of TAF, MTAF, brucine and strychnine dissolved in hydrogel was compared after transdermal administration. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo transdermal absorption profiles of brucine after administration of TAF, MTAF and brucine dissolved in hydrogel were also compared.

Results

In contrast to TAF, most strychnine was removed from MTAF and the ratio of brucine to strychnine was adjusted from 1:1.8 to 2.7:1. MTAF showed significant analgesic activity in all the chemical-, thermal- and physical- induced nociception models, which indicated the presence of both centrally and peripherally mediated activities. MTAF also showed significant anti-inflammatory activity against xylene-induced ear edema. But TAF and strychnine demonstrated little activity in all those pharmacological tests. Brucine showed to be effective in acetic acid-induced writhing and xylene-induced ear edema test. Brucine in MTAF was absorbed more completely than it alone at the same dosage of brucine after transdermal administration.

Conclusions

The results from the present study appeared to support the viewpoint that most strychnine should be removed from TAF to improve analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. The relatively higher pharmacological activity of MTAF compared to brucine alone is partly due to the enhanced transdermal absorption of brucine.