湖南省2009-2013年新型农村合作医疗基金筹资和利用情况分析

目的 分析湖南省2009-2013年新型农村合作医疗基金的筹资和利用情况,探讨新农合基金运行及参合农民受益情况。方法 采用2009-2013年《湖南省新型农村合作医疗统计调查年报表》数据计算农民参合率、筹资增长率、年人均受益次数、补助人次、补助金额、次均补助金额占住院费用比例等指标。结果 新农合参合率和筹资金额逐年增长,2013年湖南省农民新农合参合率达到98.98%,人均实际筹资额达到343.63元。2009-2013年间,新农合受益总人次由21071306人次提高到61036513人次,增长了1.9倍;年人均受益次数由0.46次提高到1.29次。全省次均住院总费用由2516.47元上升至3127.48元。全省实际住院报销补助比例从41.64%增加到62.31%。结论 2009-2013年间,湖南省新农合制度发展较快,基本实现了对农村居民的全覆盖,释放了农村居民的就医需求,较大程度上解决了农村居民“看病贵、看病难”的问题。     

谷城县新型农村合作医疗试点工作的做法与思考

谷城县于2003年4月被湖北省政府确定为全省8个新型农村合作医疗试点县之一。一年多来，该县参加合作医疗的农民达到28．9万人，占农村人口总数的76．5％。共筹集农村合作医疗基金l094．8万元。全县共接诊合作医疗病人8．02万人，为农民提供合作医疗费用补助685．8万元。其中门诊病人7．04万人次，补助费用173．6万元，例均补助24．7元。住院病人0．98万人次，补助费用553．2万元，人均补助达到563．7元，人均住院补助比例达到35．1％。     

合作医疗的医疗费用的研究

文章通过6个项目县基线调查和终末调查资料农村居民医疗费用的比较分析研究，揭示了如下合作医疗改革研究方案实施前后农村居民医疗费用方面的变化趋势：农村居民年人均医疗费用支出占人均收入的百分比从8．34％下降为6.41％；医疗费用实际补偿比显著提高，门诊费用补偿比由10．00％上升到25．77％，住院费用补偿比从15．67％增加到22．08％；按1993年可比价格计算，农民人均年医疗费用支出由100．65元增长到105．31元。表明合作医疗改革研究对控制医疗费用、钱轻农民医疗费用负担具有积极作用。     

全国新型农村合作医疗制度的筹资运行状况

根据财务决算报表分析2003年新型农村合作医疗制度筹资和运行状况。迄今全国已有304个试点县，6444个乡实施了新型农村合作医疗制度。实际参加合作医疗的人数已达到1．0397亿人，平均参合率为54．70％。总筹资金额已达36．21亿元，资金到位率达90．00％。人均筹资水平达到34．80元。门诊补偿率和住院补偿率分别占32．00％左右。结果证明：1年来新型农村合作医疗的运行是基本平稳的；具有较好的受益率，但不能防止农民的因病致贫问题；目前，中央和省、市(地)政府的财政拔款往往比较滞后，应该引起有关领导部门的注意。     

甘肃省静宁县新型农村合作医疗运行分析

目的了解甘肃省静宁县新型农村合作医疗运行现状,发现存在的问题,提出相应对策和建议。方法收集甘肃省静宁县2010—2015年间新型农村合作医疗年报表,分析该县新型农村合作医疗参合情况、资金平衡情况、次均费用、农民受益情况及参合农民住院费用负担情况。结果农村居民参合率趋于稳定并保持在98%以上;筹资水平和受益水平逐年升高;基金运行情况良好;县级以上医疗机构住院人次和基金补偿金额所占比例的快速增长是住院次均费用上涨的主要原因。结论静宁县新农合制度运行总体良好。需进一步加强监管,建立分级诊疗和转诊制度,切实降低医疗费用和参合农民的医疗负担。     

陕西：农民住院可直接从省级定点医院获补助

近日，陕西省卫生厅在省人民医院启动新型农村合作医疗省级定点医疗机构报销直通车试点工作，今后，凡是参加新农舍的农民患者在省级定点医院住院后，可以直接从所住医院获得补助。目前全省参加新型农村合作医疗的农民共有2495万人，参合率为91．58％，人均住院补助费用占个人医疗总费用的38.9％，由于监管结算等原因，农民报销费用只在市、县、乡三级定点医疗机构实行直通车制度，在省级医院住院产生的费用，需要到县合作医疗办进行报销。     

农村互助医疗模式下的居民受益率与利用率

利用互助医疗项目第3年度镇安县试点机构数据，分析居民受益率和利用率，与实行新型农村合作医疗的镇安县的其他乡镇及国内其他地区相比较，在互助医疗模式下，总的门诊受益率为64.94％，男性受益率低于女性。门诊总的利用率为422.51％，住院总的利用率为2.75％。基金运行良好，达到了预期目标，基金使用率为97.90％，门诊总的补偿比为34.30％，住院总的补偿比为22.90％。互助医疗住院利用率略低于全国新型农村合作医疗平均水平，报销比例偏低，互助医疗模式的实行，降低了居民门诊就诊的费用，引起了需求的释放，门诊受益率和利用率很高，可见门诊需求具有极大的价格弹性。总之，不管实行那种补偿模式，最终目的是缓解“因病致贫，因病返贫”，提高卫生服务利用的可及性和公平性，提高农村居民的健康水平。互助医疗模式也不失是一条可供选择的道路。     

新农合大病保险研究

新型农村合作医疗（以下简称“新农合”）自2003年试点以来,参合人数以年均34％的速度迅猛增长。截至2011年底,参合人数达8．32亿人,各级财政仅2011年度的新农合补助资金就达1710．2亿元,占整个新农合基金的83．52％。尽管如此,新农合的保障水平仍较低,特别是对减少大病费用支出的作用较有限,人民群众的大病医疗费用负担仍较重。     

积极探索全力推进新型农村合作医疗工作

铜山县22个镇、347个行政村、农村人口104万余人。2004年度全县85．05万农民参加合作医疗，占农业总人口的81．76％。按照年人均30元的筹资标准，共筹集合作医疗基金2550．15万元。其中省财政补助850万元、市财政补助170．1万元、县财政补助680．4万元，农民个人缴纳资金850．5万元，基金总到位率为100％。至2004年12月31日，全县累计补偿1791093人次，补偿总额2385．96万元，合作医疗基金支出占当年基金总额的93．56％。     

587例农村孕产妇住院分娩费用影响因素的探讨

目的：探讨影响丽水地区农村孕产妇住院分娩费用的因素,分析新型农村合作医疗和农村妇女住院分娩补助实施前后农村孕产妇住院分娩费用的变化。方法：对587例参合和接受农村孕产妇住院分娩补助的孕产妇进行回顾性调查分析。结果：剖宫产人均合作医疗报销和住院分娩补助2438．78元,占总费用的42．37％;阴道产人均合作医疗报销和住院分娩补助1136．87元,占总费用的40．01％。剖宫产分娩住院总费用是阴道产的2．03倍。医疗保健机构级别越高,分娩所需的费用越高。结论：新型农村合作医疗和农村孕产妇住院分娩补助的实施,有助于提高住院分娩率;控制剖宫产的比例,对于降低产妇住院分娩费用具有重大意义;丽水地区控制住院分娩费用的重点在区县级以上医疗保健机构。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.