肘部尺神经半脱位的解剖学和流行病学研究

目的：研究肘部尺神经半脱位的发生原因及其临床意义。方法：对１００侧成人尸体肘部的尺神经位置进行解剖观察；在人群中随机调查了８５４位正常人肘部尺神经的位置。结果：肘管深度为７．１±０．１４ｍｍ（χ±ｓχ）。解剖观察发现，６侧肢体的尺神经在屈肘时发生半脱位，肘管深度平均为４．８ｍｍ。８５４位正常人肘部尺神经半脱位发生率为８．９％（７６／８５４）。结论：绝大多数的肘部尺神经半脱位是先天性的。肘部尺神经半脱位不一定是肘部尺神经卡压的发病原因。     

肘关节体位对尺神经电生理检查的影响

为了解肘关节体位改变时肘段风神经电生理变化，于１９９１年３月至１９９１年１２月对１５侧肘管综合征患者进行测试．在极度屈肘位时，肘段风神经长度平均比伸肘位增加２．１２±０．６１ｃｍ。术前屈肘位时肘段尺神经潜伏期比伸肘位延长１．１７±１．１５ｍｓ。术中尺神经从肘管松解出来前，屈肘位潜伏期比伸肘位延长１．４３±１．３８ｍｓ。本组术前和术中松解前，屈肘位潜伏期比伸肘位延长超过０．４ｍｓ的占９０％．因此可作为肘段尺神经卡压的电生理诊断依据之一。屈肘位时肘段尺神经长度增加，若不影响潜伏期，则传导速度加快；若加重了卡压，引起潜伏期延长．则使传导速度减慢。     

肘部骨赘致尺神经卡压征1例

孙××，男，53岁，木匠。1995年2月14日入院，诉3个月前右手环、小指酸麻不适，抓持无力，精细动作不能。1个月后继发手掌尺侧胀痛，屈肘时为甚。检查：右手环、小指爪样畸形，无明显肌肉萎缩，尺侧1个半指感觉迟钝，环、小指指深屈肌和尺侧腕屈肌肌力均为Ill级s夹指征（＋），肘部尺神经Tinel氏征（十）。其它未见异常。X线检查：右肘关节诸骨骨质增生。诊断：右肘部尺神经卡压征。手术治疗：右肘部尺神经探查。术中见肘部尺神经浅面有一2．ocmXI．ocmXI．ocm囊肿压迫之，其基底附着于神经外膜。手术显微镜下切除该囊肿，其内容物为淡…     

肘部尺神经卡压的定位诊断和电生理学研究

目的：对肘部尺神经卡压进行精确定位和电生理学研究。方法：对４６例临床诊断为肘部尺神经卡压患者，除进行常规ＥＭＧ、ＮＣＶ、和尺神经混合神经动作电位（ＭＮＡＰ）测定以外，还进行尺神经短段传导时间（ｓｈｏｒｔｓｅｇｍｅｎｔｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｔｉｍｅ，ＳＳＣＴ）测定。结果：４６例经ＳＳＣＴ测定，发现了卡压最常发生的４个部位，即肱骨内上髁后神经沟、肱尺弓、尺侧腕屈肌的出口和内侧肌间隔。结论：和传统的电生理测定方法相比较，ＳＳＣＴ技术可以更精确地对尺神经卡压进行定位诊断     

肘管综合征临床治疗进展

尺神经在肘部通过尺神经沟时受到腱膜、异常的肌肉或骨性改变的压迫而产生的症候群称肘管综合征。它是第二位常见的上肢神经卡压症，仅次于腕管综合征，发病率相当于腕管综合征的1/2。1958年Feindel和Stratford首先使用了肘管综合征这个术语。Bozentka[1]认为肘管前界是肱骨内上髁，外侧界为肘关节内侧的尺肱韧带，后侧界为尺侧腕屈肌两个头之间形成的纤维弓，管顶由尺骨鹰嘴延伸到肱骨内上髁的纤维束组成。１致病因素由于尺神经在肘部独特的解剖特点，即位置表浅、相对固定、位于肘关节屈伸轴的后方，因此极易受到损伤。它周围的组织如St…     

尺神经肌下前置术后解剖学变化及动态分析

目的从解剖学的角度为治疗肘管综合征选择肌下前置术式提供理论依据. 方法分析32例肘管综合征临床资料,男22例,女10例.年龄17～73岁.观察尺侧上副血管的分支分布及其与尺神经的关系,尺神经病变的部位、范围、粗细等;用扩张器测量新肘管容积.将20侧福尔马林固定的成人尸体上肢标本,分别制成尺神经皮下前置及肌下前置模型,动态观测设定范围内尺神经移位前后肘关节不同伸屈状态下的长度变化,进行对比分析. 结果尺侧上副动脉可与尺神经一同前置,新肘管重建后可充分容纳尺神经.皮下前置伸肘位时,尺神经较移位前被拉长7.55%±0.52%,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);肌下前置伸肘位时,尺神经长度与术前比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05). 结论肘部尺神经肌下前置术较好地解决了尺神经肘部受压迫及屈肘受牵拉的问题,尺神经前置后其血供及组织床良好,新肘管宽松,对尺神经无卡压,术式符合生物力学及神经生理学要求,是治疗肘管综合征可选择的术式.     

腓总神经卡压的应用解剖学研究

目的：为腓总神经卡压综合征的诊治提供解剖学资料。方法：在７０侧成人整尸上对窝外侧沟、腓管等结构做了观测。结果：腓总神经在入腓管之前走行在致密的窝外侧沟内，在腓管内与腓骨骨膜紧密相贴，长度约为２７．０±１．４ｍｍ。腓管顶为腓骨长肌纤维拱，长约２７．５±１．７ｍｍ，其构成为全腱性者占７．１％，混合性者占９０％，全肌性占２．９％。腓总神经在窝外侧沟起始部横径为４．４±０．８ｍｍ，在腓骨颈横径为６．１±０．７ｍｍ，在腓管上端有１～２支恒定的膝返神经。结论：致密的窝外侧沟及腓管的解剖形态、腓管内腓总神经与腓骨骨膜紧贴等是腓总神经易卡压的解剖学基础，过度非正常姿势或病理状态是卡压发生的诱因。膝返神经卡压可能是膝外侧痛的原因之一。     

肘管综合征原位松解手术中关于尺神经卡压部位的探讨

目的探讨肘管综合征原位松解手术中尺神经的卡压部位并评估治疗效果。方法 2017年1月-2019年1月,采用尺神经原位松解术治疗肘管综合征22例,术前全部经神经肌电图证实,所有病例行尺神经原位松解术,根据术中探查情况,分析尺神经卡压部位。结果术中发现造成肘部尺神经卡压部位中Osborne韧带卡压10例,肘关节腱鞘囊肿卡压7例,被尺侧腕屈肌两头之间腱性组织卡压5例。尺神经功能(主要是感觉)在术后均有显著改善。结论肘管综合征行尺神经原位松解手术中,造成尺神经卡压的部位主要有Osborne韧带、腱鞘囊肿和尺侧腕屈肌两头之间腱性组织。找到尺神经卡压点并予以处理对尺神经原位松解手术的效果至关重要。     

肘部尺神经卡压与尺神经半脱位的诊疗进展

肘部尺神经卡压也称为肘管综合征,可造成手部一系列功能障碍,是最常见的上肢神经卡压症之一。尺神经脱位及半脱位为尺神经卡压的影响因素。尺神经卡压按McGowan分级分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级。Ⅰ级首选保守治疗 Ⅱ、Ⅲ级保守治疗效果欠佳,多需要手术治疗。手术方式主要有尺神经原位松解术（包括肱骨内髁切除术）、粘膜下尺神经前置术、肌下尺神经前置术及肌内尺神经前置术等,其中原位松解手术操作相对简单,但对于尺神经卡压伴有尺神经脱位者多属禁忌,应首选尺神经前置术。     

肘部尺神经血供的解剖及其临床意义

目的　观察肘部尺神经的血液供应 ,为尺神经前移术提供解剖学基础。方法　 40侧防腐成人上肢标本观察测量肘部尺神经血供来源和血管外径及血管长度的相关数据 ,10个新鲜肘关节标本模拟临床尺神经前移术。结果　肘部尺神经血供有 3个来源 :尺侧上副动脉、尺侧下副动脉和尺侧返动脉后支 ,三条动脉从起始处至肱骨内上髁的距离分别是 (14.5± 2 .3)cm、(4.8± 1.2 )cm和 (5 .9± 0 .7)cm ,其伴随尺神经行走的距离分别是 (15 .4± 2 .1)cm、(5 .1± 1.1)cm和 (6 .6± 1.3)cm。结论　将肘部尺神经从肘管内移位到肘前部治疗肘管综合征时 ,保护其血供是完全可能的。     

电烧伤后肘关节纤维性强直的解剖学基础与临床治疗

目的　探讨电烧伤后肘关节纤维性强直并神经损伤的较好治疗方法。　方法　取30块健康成人肘关节固定标本,进行解剖学观察。对笔者单位10例电烧伤并发肘关节纤维性强直的患者,采用屈、伸肘功能重建的方法进行治疗,即松解尺、桡侧副韧带的前、后束与延长肱二、三头肌肌腱,同时下移内上髁处前臂屈肌群起点的附着点、前置尺神经,以生物力学观察标准进行疗效评价。　结果　通过对健康成人肘关节的解剖学观察可知,如果尺、桡侧副韧带后束与肱三头肌废用性挛缩,可引起肘关节伸直位强直;如果尺、桡侧副韧带前束与肱二头肌废用性挛缩,可引起肘关节屈曲位强直。10例电烧伤患者的术后功能恢复满意。术后随访1—3年,患者肘关节屈伸范围不变,灵活度加强。结论　重建屈、伸肘功能是治疗电烧伤后肘关节纤维性强直的关键,如同时下移内上髁处前臂屈肌群起点的附着点、前置尺神经,可进一步改善关节屈曲与神经嵌压。     

Ultrasound-guided surgical treatment for ulnar nerve entrapment: A cadaver study

Several open and endoscopic techniques for the surgical treatment of ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow (cubital tunnel syndrome) have been described that provide decompression with or without anterior transposition. Based on our experience with US-guided decompression for carpal tunnel syndrome in our department, we developed a similar surgical technique for the decompression of the ulnar nerve at the elbow. Using sixteen cadaver upper limbs, we performed decompression of all the structures possibly responsible for ulnar nerve compression at the elbow. The structures involved were Struthers’ arcade, the cubital tunnel retinaculum, Osborne's fascia and Amadio-Beckenbaugh's arcade. The procedure was followed by anatomical dissection to confirm complete sectioning of the compressive structures, absence of iatrogenic vascular or nervous injuries and absence of nerve dislocation or instability. There were no remaining compressive structures after the release procedure. There was no iatrogenic damage to the nerves and no nerve dislocation was observed during elbow flexion or extension. In 3.4% cases, a thin superficial layer of one or more of the identified structures remained but these did not appear to compress the nerve based on US imaging. Using ultrasonographic visualization of the nerve and compressive structures is easy. Each procedure can be tailored according to the nerve compression sites. Our cadaveric study shows the feasibility of an US-guided percutaneous surgical release for ulnar nerve entrapment.     

The effect of operative technique on ulnar nerve strain following surgery for cubital tunnel syndrome

Background

The aim of this study is to compare the amount of strain on the ulnar nerve based on elbow position after in situ release, subcutaneous transposition, submuscular transposition, and medial epicondylectomy.

Methods

Six matched cadaver upper extremity pairs underwent ulnar nerve decompression, transposition in a sequential fashion, while five elbows underwent medial epicondylectomy. A differential variable reluctance transducer (DVRT) was placed in the ulnar nerve. An in situ release, a subcutaneous transposition, and a submuscular transposition were performed sequentially with the strain being measured after each procedure in neutral, full elbow flexion, and extension positions. The strain was then averaged and compared for each procedure. Five cadavers underwent medial epicondylectomy and were similarly tested.

Results

After the in situ release, there was no statistically significant change in strain in either flexion or extension. After a subcutaneous transposition, there was a statistically significant decrease in strain in full elbow flexion but not in extension. Similarly after a submuscular transposition, there was a statistically significant decrease in strain in full flexion but not in extension. There was not a statistically significant change in strain with medial epicondylectomy.

Conclusion

An in situ release of the ulnar nerve at the elbow may relieve pressure on the nerve but does not address the problem of strain which may be the underlying pathology in many cases of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow (UNE). Transposition of the ulnar nerve anterior to the medial epicondyle addresses the problem of strain on the ulnar nerve. In addition, it does not create an increased strain on the ulnar nerve with elbow extension.     

Compression neuropathy of the cubital nerve at the elbow]

Compression neuropathy of the ulnar nerve at the elbow has numerous known etiologies, and the anatomy of the ulnar nerve around the elbow leaves it vulnerable to compression at numerous sites. The compression may be extrinsic such as in occupational neuropathy or in cases of postanesthesia neuropathy. The so-called idiopathic compression may be favored by some anatomic variations. The cubital tunnel retinaculum may be loose, leading to ulnar nerve dislocation or subluxation or tight compression of the nerve during flexion of the elbow. Bulging of the synovium in the floor of the tunnel may be the cause of compression in rheumatoid arthritis, whereas osteophytes may be the cause in degenerative osteoarthritis. Cubitus valgus or instability due to a pseudarthrosis of the lateral epicondyle or to ligamentous injury may stretch the nerve. The choice of a surgical technique must be based on (i) the pathophysiology of chronic nerve compression at the elbow, (ii) an understanding of the etiology of the nerve compression in the particular patient's case, and (iii) the knowledge of the potential technical drawbacks of the various operative procedures. Simple decompression is the first choice in case of minimal compression without instability of the nerve. Decompression of the nerve with a medial epicondylectomy is indicated in case of instability of the nerve and is the first choice in case of pseudarthrosis or malunion of the medial epicondyle. Ulnar nerve transposition is technically the most demanding procedure. Inadequate surgical technique creates new sites of compression.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Cubital tunnel syndrome and heterotopic ossification. Eight case reports

INTRODUCTION: The occurrence of cubital tunnel syndrome during heterotopic ossification is infrequent. Entrapment of the nerve requires early decompression whereas definitive elbow release is often delayed to reduce the risk of recurrence of periarticular ossification. The pathophysiology and treatment of these two conditions are discussed. METHOD: The authors report a retrospective study of eight men (average age 37 years), all with previous head injury. The nerve entrapment was severe in two cases, moderate in four and mild in two. The elbow was ankylosed with a mean flexion deformity of 96 degrees (77 degrees-123 degrees). Management consisted of early decompression and neurolysis with anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve. In four cases elbow release was postponed until maturation of the ossification. RESULTS: The neurolysis results were assessed according to the score of KLEIMAN modified by TEOH. They were excellent in two cases, good in five and bad in one. DISCUSSION: Entrapment of the ulnar nerve in the context of heterotopic ossification seems related to compression and tension on the ulnar nerve. The compression may be due to prolonged pressure of the medial edge of the elbow on the bed of the nerve, or to a periarticular bony bridge and the initial inflammatory reaction of the heterotopic ossification. Ulnar nerve tension seems to be due to prolonged flexion of the elbow joint and to movements of the shoulder and the wrist, on either side of the ankyrozed elbow. Treatment should be by early decompression of the nerve and we recommend, in addition, anterior transposition to reduce the tension on the nerve. The elbow release can be combined with the neurolysis or delayed according to the state of activity of the heterotopic ossification.     

Ulnar nerve elongation and excursion in the cubital tunnel after decompression and anterior transposition

We studied the elongation and excursion of cadaveric ulnar nerves during elbow flexion in control conditions and after in situ decompression and anterior subcutaneous transposition. We found that the normal nerve had the greatest elongation (23%) and excursion (14 mm) in the epicondylar groove. Decompression did not alter the excursion, but significantly reduced the elongation in the groove (6%) and increased it proximally (19%). After anterior subcutaneous transposition, the nerve segment which was originally in the groove elongated with elbow extension to the same extent as occurred with the normal nerve during flexion.     

尺神经肌下前置术治疗肘管综合征

目的 探讨尺神经松解加肌下前置术治疗肘管综合征的有效性。方法 观测２０例成人尸体上肢标本及３２例患者尺神经移置前后的解剖变化,临床应用３２例。结果 尺侧上副动脉可与尺神经一前置;皮下前置伸肘位时尺神经易受牵拉,肌下前置伸、屈肘时均不受牵拉;新肘管可充分容纳尺神经。３２例中获完整随访２６例。随访期１～３年,１６例（６１．５％）恢复正常。结论 尺神经松解加肌下前置术为治疗肘管综合征较佳术式。     

肘部尺神经滑脱──流行病学调查及病理解剖观察

通过流行病学调查和病理解剖观察，提示尺神经滑脱可能与组织结构发育缺陷有关，如肱骨内上髁较小，肘管三角韧带及尺神经系膜松弛等。男女之间尺神经滑脱发生率有显著性差异。肘部尺神经滑脱并非少见，鉴于尺神经滑脱者发生肘部尺神经损害的危险性较一般人群高，一旦尺神经损害其所支配的已挛缩的手内在肌很难恢复，尺神经滑脱者是值得人们注意的肘部尺神经损害的易感人群。因尺神经滑脱者除上述结构缺陷外，更重要的是尺神经滑脱过程为重复累积性损伤，故尺神经前移以免尺神经在肱骨内上髁反复摩擦损伤为首选的治疗方法。