Metallurgical, surface, and corrosion analysis of Ni-Cr dental casting alloys before and after porcelain firing.

OBJECTIVES: A porcelain veneer is often fired on nickel-chromium casting alloys used in dental restorations for aesthetic purposes. The porcelain-fused-to-metal (PFM) process brings the temperature to over 950 degrees C and may change the alloy's corrosion properties. In this study, the metallurgical, surface, and corrosion properties of two Ni-Cr alloys were examined, before and after PFM firing. METHODS: Two types of alloy were tested-a high Cr, Mo alloy without Be and a low Cr, Mo alloy with Be. Before the PFM firing, specimens from both alloys were examined for their microstructures, hardness, electrochemical corrosion properties, surface composition, and metal ion release. After the PFM firing, the same specimens were again examined for the same properties. RESULTS: Neither of the alloys showed any differences in their electrochemical corrosion properties after the PFM firing. However, both alloys exhibited new phases in their microstructure and significant changes in hardness after firing. In addition, there was a slight increase in CrO(x) on the surface of the Be-free alloy and increased Mo-Ni was observed on the surface of both alloys via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). This might be one of the reasons why both alloys had increased Ni and Mo ion release after firing. SIGNIFICANCE: The PFM firing process changed the alloys' hardness, microstructure, and surface composition. No significant changes in the alloys' corrosion behavior were observed, however, the significant increase in metal ion release over a month may need to be further investigated for its clinical effects.     

3种牙科铸造金属模拟唾液浸泡后粗糙度的变化

目的：通过考察钴铬合金、镍铬合金以及纯钛在不同pH值人工唾液中浸泡后表面粗糙度的变化,研究3种常用牙科金属的耐腐蚀能力。方法：将3种金属的标准铸造试件逐级打磨抛光后。浸泡于pH值分别为7．0和5．6的人工唾液中。3个月后检测试件表面粗糙度,并用金相显微镜观察试件表面。采用SPSS11．0软件包对数据进行单因素方差分析及t检验。结果：pH=5．6的人工唾液浸泡后,3种材料表面粗糙度有显著差异,镍铬合金〉钴铬合金〉纯钛金属（P〈0．01）。pH=7．0的人工唾液浸泡后,镍铬合金表面粗糙度大于钴铬合金和纯钛（P〈0．01）,但钴铬合金和纯钛之间无统计学差异（p〉0．05）。pH=5．6人工唾液浸泡组的镍铬合金和钴铬合金表面粗糙度大于pH=7．0组的同种材料（P〈0．01）。各试验组表面粗糙度大小与显微镜观察到的材料表面腐蚀程度一致。结论：纯钛在酸性和中性环境下均有较强的耐腐蚀性,钴铬合金、镍铬合金在酸性介质中的耐腐蚀性较差。3种金属的耐腐蚀性由大到小排列为：纯钛金属〉钴铬合金〉镍铬合金。     

选择性激光熔融技术成形牙科钴铬合金性能的初步研究

目的:通过测试选择性激光熔融(selective laser melting,SLM)技术制作的牙科钴铬(Co-Cr)合金的部分机械性能、表面显微结构、瓷熔附后的界面情况,以期为该技术的应用提供基础资料。方法:使用SLM技术制作牙科钴铬合金样品,用扫描电镜观察样品的表面形貌和显微结构、测试样品的密度和硬度;将样品经过除气-预氧化处理,用扫描电镜观察样品表面氧化膜的形貌和显微结构;将经过除气-预氧化处理的样品进行瓷熔附,用扫描电镜观察样品金-瓷界面的显微结构。结果:SLM制作的钴铬合金的硬度明显高于铸造钴铬合金;经过除气-预氧化处理后的氧化膜细密均匀;两种方法制作的合金在瓷熔附处理后的金-瓷界面均没有发现明显裂纹。结论:SLM技术比传统铸造技术具有一定的优越性,技术细节有待深入研究。     

Comparison of the bond strength of laser-sintered and cast base metal dental alloys to porcelain

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare shear bond strengths of cast Ni-Cr and Co-Cr alloys and the laser-sintered Co-Cr alloy to dental porcelain. METHODS: Dental porcelain was applied on two cast and one laser-sintered base metal alloy. Ten specimens were prepared for each group for bond strength comparison. ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD multiple comparison test (alpha=0.05) was used for statistical analysis. Fractured specimens were observed with a stereomicroscope to classify the type of failure after shear bond testing. RESULTS: While the mean shear bond strength was highest for the cast Ni-Cr metal-ceramic specimens (81.6+/-14.6MPa), the bond strength was not significantly different (P>0.05) from that for the cast Co-Cr metal-ceramic specimens (72.9+/-14.3MPa) and the laser-sintered Co-Cr metal-ceramic specimens (67.0+/-14.9MPa). All metal-ceramic specimens prepared from cast Ni-Cr and Co-Cr alloys exhibit a mixed mode of cohesive and adhesive failure, whereas five of the metal-ceramic specimens prepared from the laser-sintered Co-Cr alloy exhibited the mixed failure mode and five specimens exhibited adhesive failure in the porcelain. CONCLUSIONS: The new laser-sintering technique for Co-Cr alloy appears promising for dental applications, but additional studies of properties of the laser-sintered alloy and fit of castings prepared by this new technique are needed before its acceptance into dental laboratory practice. SIGNIFICANCE: Laser sintering of Co-Cr alloy seems to be an alternative technique to conventional casting of dental alloys for porcelain fused to metal restorations.     

含钛镍铬合金的腐蚀性能研究

目的:研究经烤瓷烧结程序处理后的Ni-Cr-Ti合金在人工唾液中的腐蚀性能。方法:采用电感耦合等离子体光谱分析法(ICP-AES)检测Ni-Cr-Ti合金和Ni-Cr合金在人工唾液中浸泡3、15、90d的离子析出量。结果:Ni-Cr-Ti合金在各时间段在人工唾液中析出的金属离子总量较Ni-Cr合金低,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。Ni-Cr-Ti合金和Ni-Cr合金析出的金属离子总量均随时间延长而增高,具有时间相关性。结论:Ni-Cr-Ti合金耐腐蚀性较Ni-Cr合金强,在人工唾液中析出的金属离子较Ni-Cr合金少。但Ni-Cr-Ti合金在人工唾液中仍有相当数量的Ni、Be离子析出,建议临床上应用于前牙时,应选择肩台瓷技术修复。     

异种金属间激光焊接的初步研究

目的:通过对焊件机械强度的测定及熔合区微观结构的分析,探讨口腔常用合金异种金属间激光焊接的可行性。方法:采用钴铬合金、镍铬合金、纯钛进行异种金属间的激光焊接,测定焊件的最大抗拉、抗弯强度,并进行拉伸断口的扫描电镜观察和熔合区的金相分析,探讨激光焊接异种金属的焊接质量及临床应用的可行性。结果:钴铬和镍铬合金异种金属间的激光焊件机械性能较好,钴铬焊丝组和镍铬焊丝组在最大抗拉、抗弯强度上无显著差异(P>0.05)。纯钛与钴铬或者镍铬合金激光熔接接头脆性大,断面可见严重的裂纹和气孔。结论:钴铬合金与镍铬合金异种合金间的激光焊接,不管采用钴铬焊丝或者镍铬焊丝,都可获得良好的焊接接头。纯钛与钴铬合金或者镍铬合金都不能采用激光直接进行熔接     

Use of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and cyclic polarization to evaluate the corrosion behavior of six nickel-chromium alloys before and after porcelain-fused-to-metal firing

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Nickel-chromium casting alloys rely on a surface oxide layer for corrosion resistance to the oral environment. Porcelain-fused-to-metal (PFM) firing procedures may alter the surface oxides and corrosion properties of these alloys. Changes in alloy corrosion behavior affect metal ion release and therefore local and/or systemic tissue responses. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in alloy surface oxides and electrochemical corrosion properties after PFM firing. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The electrochemical corrosion behavior of 6 commercial nickel-chromium alloys was evaluated in the as-cast/polished and PFM fired/repolished states. Surface chemistries of the alloys were analyzed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. RESULTS: Results indicated an increase in corrosion rates after PFM firing and repolishing for alloys containing 14% to 22% Cr and 9% to 17% Mo. This increase in corrosion rates was attributed to a decrease, caused by the PFM and repolishing process, in the Cr and Mo levels in the surface oxides of these alloys. The PFM firing and repolishing process did not alter the corrosion behavior of the alloys containing lower levels of Cr and Mo and/or Be additions in their bulk composition. These alloys exhibited low levels of Cr and Mo surface oxides in both test conditions. Si particles became embedded in the surfaces of the fired alloys during repolishing and may have contributed to the changes in surface oxides and the corrosion behavior of some alloys. CONCLUSION: The effects of PFM firing and repolishing on Ni-Cr dental casting alloy surface oxides and corrosion properties appear to be alloy dependent.     

三种口腔铸造合金耐蚀性及表面氧化膜的比较

目的 探讨3种常用口腔铸造合金模拟烤瓷前后的耐蚀性差异及氧化膜成分,以期为临床合理选择非贵金属合金提供依据.方法 用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy,ICP-AES)检测模拟烤瓷前后3种常用烤瓷非贵金属合金(镍铬合金、钴铬合金、镍钛合金)在达尔伯克改良伊格尔培养液中浸泡30 d后离子析出的种类和含量.同时用X射线光电子能谱(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,XPS)对模拟烤瓷后合金表面生成的氧化膜进行分析,扫描电镜(SEM)对合金表面腐蚀形态进行观察.结果 模拟烤瓷前3种合金离子总质量浓度由大到小依次为镍铬合金[(2.829±0.694)mg/L]、钴铬合金[(2.120±0.418)mg/L]、镍钛合金[(1.211±0.101)mg/L];镍铬合金组镍的质量浓度[(1.531±0.392)mg/L]＞镍钛合金组[(0.830±0.052)mg/L],钴和钼离子质量浓度由大到小为钴铬合金组[钴:(0.048±0.011)mg/L;钼:(1.562±0.333)mg/L]、镍铬合金组[钴:(0.034±0.002)mg/L;钼:(1.264±0.302)mg/L]、镍钛合金组[钴:(0.013±0.006)mg/L;钼:(0.151±0.026)mg/L],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).模拟烤瓷后3种合金离子析出总量[镍铬合金:(0.861±0.054)mg/L;钴铬合金:(0.695±0.327)mg/L;镍钛合金:(0.892±0.115)mg/L]均比未模拟烤瓷处理的合金离子析出总量少,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).XPS分析显示,模拟烤瓷后3种合金表面Cr2O3和钼、镍氧化物的含量增加.结论 3种常用烤瓷铸造合金中镍铬合金的离子析出量最大,耐蚀性最差;烤瓷加热处理可促进这3种合金生成连续的Cr2O3氧化膜,使合金的耐蚀性增强.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the types and compositions of oxide films formed during porcelain-fused-to-metal( PFM ) firing on three kinds of dental casting alloys, and to investigate the corrosion property of these alloys in Dulbecco's modification of Eagle's medium( DMEM ) cell culture fluid, before and after PFM firing. Methods Specimens of three dental casting alloys( Ni-Cr, Co-Cr and Ni-Ti) before and after PFM firing were prepared, and were immersed in DMEM cell culture fluid. After 30 days, the type and concentration of released metal ions were measured using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy(ICP-AES). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and scanning electron microscope( SEM )were used for analysis of oxide film on the alloys. One way-ANOVA was adopted in data analysis. Results The total amount of metal ions released from the three dental alloys was found to be highest in Ni-Cr alloy [(2.829±0.694) mg/L], followed by Co-Cr[(2. 120 ±0.418) mg/L]and Ni-Ti alloy[(1.211 ±0. 101 ) mg/L]. The amount of Ni ions released from Ni-Cr alloys[( 1. 531 ± 0. 392) mg/L]was higher than that from Ni-Ti alloys[(0. 830 ±0. 052) mg/L]. The amount of Cr, Mo ions released from Co-Cr alloy [Cr: (0. 048 ± 0. 011 ) mg/L, Mo: ( 1. 562 ± 0. 333 ) mg/L]was higher than that from Ni-Cr alloy[Cr:(0. 034 ±0. 002) mg/L, Mo: ( 1. 264 ±0. 302) mg/L]and Ni-Ti alloy[Cr: (0. 013 ±0. 006) mg/L, Mo:(0. 151 ±0. 026) mg/L](P ＜0. 05). After PFM firing, the total amount of metal irons released from the three dental alloys decreased[N i-Cr: (0. 861 ± 0. 054 ) mg/L, Co-Cr: (0. 695 ± 0. 327 ) mg/L, Ni-Ti:(0. 892 ±0. 115) mg/L](P ＜ 0. 05). In addition, XPS showed increase of Cr2O3 and Mo-Ni oxide on the surface of all the alloys after PFM firing. Conclusions The amount of ions released from Ni-Cr alloy was the highest among the three dental casting alloys, this means Ni-Cr alloy is prone to corrode. The PFM firing process changed the alloys' surface composition. Increased Ni, Cr and Mo were found in oxide film, and the increase in Cr2O3 can improve the corrosion-resistance of alloys.     

3种金属烤瓷冠修复后龈沟液中白细胞介素-8水平动态测定

目的探讨镍铬合金、钴铬合金、金合金3组金属烤瓷冠修复前后不同时期龈沟液（GCF）内白细胞介素-8（IL-8）水平变化,了解这3种金属烤瓷冠在不同时期对牙龈的刺激程度。方法临床随机选择3种金属烤瓷冠修复患者共45例,每组各15例,测定在修复前以及修复后1、3、6个月GCF量,并采用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法检测同期GCF中IL-8总量、IL-8含量。结果镍铬合金烤瓷冠在修复1、3、6个月后GCF量、IL-8总量与修复前相比差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。钴铬合金、金合金烤瓷冠在修复3个月后回复到修复前水平。3种金属烤瓷冠IL-8含量在不同时期差异均无统计学意义。结论IL-8参与炎症的免疫调节,可作为评价不同金属烤瓷冠对牙龈组织刺激程度的指标,不同合金烤瓷冠内冠材料对牙龈存在不同的长期刺激,临床金属烤瓷冠修复时对内冠材料的选择应予以关注。     

Effects of chemical composition on the corrosion of dental alloys

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the oral environment on the corrosion of dental alloys with different compositions, using electrochemical methods. The corrosion rates were obtained from the current-potential curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The effect of artificial saliva on the corrosion of dental alloys was dependent on alloy composition. Dissolution of the ions occurred in all tested dental alloys and the results were strongly dependent on the general alloy composition. Regarding the alloys containing nickel, the Ni-Cr and Ni-Cr-Ti alloys released 0.62 mg/L of Ni on average, while the Co-Cr dental alloy released ions between 0.01 and 0.03 mg/L of Co and Cr, respectively.The open-circuit potential stabilized at a higher level with lower deviation (standard deviation: Ni-Cr-6Ti = 32 mV/SCE and Co-Cr = 54 mV/SCE). The potenciodynamic curves of the dental alloys showed that the Ni-based dental alloy with >70 wt% of Ni had a similar curve and the Co-Cr dental alloy showed a low current density and hence a high resistance to corrosion compared with the Ni-based dental alloys. Some changes in microstructure were observed and this fact influenced the corrosion behavior for the alloys. The lower corrosion resistance also led to greater release of nickel ions to the medium. The quantity of Co ions released from the Co-Cr-Mo alloy was relatively small in the solutions. In addition, the quantity of Cr ions released into the artificial saliva from the Co-Cr alloy was lower than Cr release from the Ni-based dental alloys.     

齿科钴铬-镍铬合金激光焊接后耐腐蚀性评价

目的:研究激光焊接钴铬-镍铬合金的体外电化学行为及离子释出情况。方法:在体外模拟口腔环境中,测出激光焊接钴铬-镍铬合金阳极极化曲线及特征指数;检测激光焊接镍铬-钴铬合金在不同时间的离子释出情况,以钴铬合金、镍铬合金为对照。结果:钴铬合金自腐蚀电位低于镍铬合金,激光焊接钴铬-镍铬合金的自腐蚀电位、维钝电流密度、破裂电位介于前两者之间;激光焊接镍铬-钴铬合金,镍离子释出量7日后少于镍铬合金,钴离子释出量始终高于镍铬合金。结论:激光焊接钴铬-镍铬合金后,钴铬合金的阳极保护作用可减少镍铬合金镍离子释出,有助于改善镍铬合金生物相容性;激光焊接钴铬-镍铬合金,对其整体耐腐蚀性未有较大影响。     

钴铬、镍铬、含钛镍铬烤瓷合金在人工唾液中耐腐蚀性能的比较

目的:评价钴铬、镍铬、含钛镍铬烤瓷合金在人工唾液中的耐腐蚀性能。方法:采用动电位极化曲线法测定钴铬、镍铬、含钛镍铬烤瓷合金试件的自腐蚀电流密度、极化电阻、自腐蚀电位,并得出3种合金的极化曲线。应用场发射扫描电子显微镜(FSEM),观察实验前、后试件表面的形貌变化。采用SPSS11.0软件包对数据进行单因素方差分析。结果:钴铬合金试件自腐蚀电流密度显著低于镍铬合金(P<0.05)及含钛镍铬合金(P<0.05);含钛镍铬合金试件自腐蚀电流密度低于镍铬合金(P<0.05)。钴铬合金试件的极化电阻显著高于镍铬合金(P<0.05)及含钛镍铬合金(P<0.05);含钛镍铬合金试件的极化电阻明显高于镍铬合金(P<0.05)。钴铬合金试件的自腐蚀电位高于镍铬合金(P<0.05)及含钛镍铬合金(P>0.05);含钛镍铬合金试件的自腐蚀电位高于镍铬合金(P>0.05)。FSEM显示,钴铬合金试样表面腐蚀较镍铬合金及含钛镍铬合金轻微。结论:钴铬烤瓷合金的耐腐蚀性优于镍铬烤瓷合金及含钛镍铬烤瓷合金,含钛镍铬烤瓷合金耐腐蚀性不及镍铬烤瓷合金。     

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目的 对比钯银(Pd-Ag)合金和钴铬(Co-Cr)合金的机械性能及金瓷结合强度,为临床提供基础数据.方法 本研究于2010年12月至2011年2月在中国科学院金属研究所分析测试部完成.常规方法制作Pd-Ag合金和Co-Cr合金试件,首先对二者进行硬度测试和拉伸测试,然后分别行常规烤瓷并利用水平剪切法进行界面结合强度测试,利用扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱分析技术对金瓷界面进行观察和元素分析.结果 硬度:Pd-Ag合金为(187.44±3.64) HV,低于Co-Cr合金(361.53±10.15)HV(P＜ 0.05).拉伸测试:Pd-Ag合金的屈服强度为(467.50±14.40)MPa,小于Co-Cr合金(568.10± 30.94) MPa (P＜ 0.05);Pd-Ag合金的抗拉强度为(631.83±15.51)MPa,小于Co-Cr合金(758.73±25.85) MPa(P＜ 0.05).剪切强度:Pd-Ag合金为(57.67±5.44) MPa,Co-Cr合金为(26.80±4.95)MPa,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).扫描电镜观察和能谱分析显示:2种合金与瓷之间均存在过渡层,合金与瓷层间存在元素的相互渗透.结论Pd-Ag合金的机械性能低于Co-Cr合金,但可满足临床需要;而Pd-Ag合金的金瓷结合强度高于Co-Cr合金.     

Elements released from dental casting alloys and their cytotoxic effects

PURPOSE: This in vitro study investigated the element release from seven commercially available dental casting alloys and tested their cytotoxic effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The casting alloys tested were one high-noble alloy (Bioherador N) and six base-metal alloys, including four Ni-Cr alloys (Remanium CS, Heranium NA, Wiron 99, CB Soft), one Co-Cr alloy (Wirobond C), and one Cu-based alloy (Thermobond). Ten specimens from each alloy were prepared in the form of disks, and each of the seven dental casting alloys (10 disks per group) were conditioned in distilled water at 37 degrees C for either 72 or 168 hours. The conditioning media were analyzed for element release, and the cytotoxic effects were assessed on Balb C fibroblasts using MTT assay. RESULTS: Element release was greater at 168 hours of conditioning than at 72 hours. The extract from the high-noble alloy showed the least amount of element release (only Zn), with no cytotoxic effects. The greatest amount of element release was detected in the Cu-based alloy Thermobond and the Ni-Cr alloy CB Soft; their extracts were significantly more toxic than all the other alloy extracts. The cytotoxic effects of the other Ni-Cr alloy extracts were not statistically significantly different from the high-noble alloy extract. However, the Co-Cr alloy (Wirobond C) extract was significantly more cytotoxic than the high-noble alloy extract. CONCLUSION: Element release from casting alloys is proportional to the conditioning time. The content of Cr and Mo in the alloy protects the alloy from dissolution, while the Cu content makes it more susceptible to corrosion and dissolution, rendering it more cytotoxic.     

临床常用4种烤瓷合金耐蚀性的比较

目的比较临床上4种常用烤瓷合金(Ni-Cr、Ni-Cr-Ti、Co-Cr合金和高贵Au合金)的耐腐蚀特性。方法模拟临床烤瓷修复体的制作,将4种受试合金分别与口腔茸毛链球菌共同培养10周后,用电化学方法对合金行动电位极化扫描,corrview2腐蚀分析软件分析自腐蚀电位(Ecorr)和临界破裂电位(Etp)。结果各合金相比,空白组和实验组Ecorr从大到小顺序分别为Au>Ni-Cr>Ni-Cr-Ti、Co-Cr以及Au>Co-Cr>Ni-Cr、Ni-Cr-Ti,Etp从大到小顺序分别为Au>Co-Cr>Ni-Cr>Ni-Cr-Ti和Au>Co-Cr>Ni-Cr-Ti>Ni-Cr,差异显著(P<0.05)。结论高贵Au合金耐蚀性明显优于非贵金属合金,Co-Cr合金优于Ni-Cr-Ti和Ni-Cr合金。     

3种烤瓷铸造合金的离子析出研究

目的 研究3种常用烤瓷非贵金属合金模拟烤瓷前、后在体外细胞培养液中离子析出的量及种类。方法 用失蜡法铸造3种常用烤瓷非贵金属合金试件,镍铬合金、钴铬合金、镍钛合金,置于DMEM体外细胞培养液中30 d后重新打磨,模拟烤瓷加热过程,之后放回DMEM体外细胞培养液中浸泡30 d,用电感耦合等离子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)观察烤瓷处理前、后3种合金离子的析出的改变,扫描电镜(SEM)对表面形态观察。结果 (1)3种合金离子析出总量依次为镍铬合金>钴铬合金>镍钛合金,(2)模拟烤瓷程序后3种合金离子析出总量减少,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 3种常用烤瓷非贵金属合金中,镍铬合金的离子析出量最大,生物相容性最差;烤瓷过程会促进这3种合金表面氧化膜的生成,使合金的耐腐蚀性有所增强。     

Spectrophotometric evaluation of the optical influence of different metal alloys and porcelains in the metal-ceramic complex

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: Color matching between natural teeth, shade guides, and metal-ceramic restorations is a common clinical problem. Difficulties related to color matching arise from structural differences that exist between metal-ceramic crowns and natural teeth, the limited range of available ceramic shades, inadequate shade guides, different types of metal alloys, and varying compositions of ceramic materials. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of various metal alloys and 2 porcelains on the final color of metal-ceramic complex. Material and methods Four commercial alloys for metal-ceramic restorations, a Ni-Cr (Thermobond), a Co-Cr (Wirobond), a Pd-rich noble (Cerapal-2), and a high noble Au-alloy (V-Delta) were combined with 2 porcelains (Vita Omega and Ceramco Silver) in metal-ceramic specimens with a standardized thickness of layers. Five disc-shaped (10 x 1 mm) specimens were prepared for each alloy/porcelain combination. Only opaque and dentin layers were applied (shade A3). The specimens were analyzed with a spectrophotometer, and data were obtained in the CIE Lab color system. The recorded data were analyzed with a 2-way multiple analysis of variance , a pair-wise comparison of group means (Student's t test), and finally, a categorical regression analysis of variance (CATREG) (alpha=.01). RESULTS: The types of alloy substrate and overlying porcelain significantly affected the color (P < .01). Au and Co-Cr alloys were found to be brighter (higher L* values) than the Ni-Cr and the Pd alloys ( P <.01, SE 0.239). Ceramco porcelain was found to be most red (higher a* values) of all tested alloys ( P <.01). Gold and Pd alloys caused a yellow shift to the metal-ceramic color compared to the Ni-Cr and the Co-Cr alloys with both porcelains ( P < .01, SE 0.165). The detected color differences were visually perceptible for some alloy-porcelain combinations. CONCLUSIONS: The final color of metal ceramic specimens was influenced both from the type of alloy substructure and from the type of overlying porcelain.     

镍铬合金、钴铬合金和纯钛金瓷结合强度的比较

目的比较镍铬合金、钴铬合金和纯钛的金瓷结合强度和金瓷界面特征。方法执行ISO9693[1]标准,采用三点弯曲试验分别测定在常规热处理条件下的镍铬合金、钴铬合金和纯钛的金瓷结合强度。运用扫描电镜和X射线衍射进行金瓷界面分析。结果金瓷结合强度分别为:镍铬合金:(37.56±2.92)Mpa,钴铬合金:(39.06±2.79)Mpa,纯钛:(32.61±5.62)Mpa,前两者组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),后者与前两者组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。扫描电镜和X线衍射:镍铬合金和钴铬合金与瓷之间紧密接触,无裂纹,界面过渡层15～20μm。纯钛与瓷过渡层80μm,可见孔洞。纯钛基体表面可见约2μm黑色带。结论①钴铬合金与镍铬合金的金瓷结合强度接近,都大于纯钛的金瓷结合强度。②钴铬合金、镍铬合金、纯钛的金瓷结合强度都大于25Mpa,按ISO9693标准均可应用于临床。③金瓷之间存在结合介质,形成过渡层。     

纳米非晶金刚石膜镀覆对镍铬及钴铬烤瓷合金离子析出的影响

目的：观测纳米非晶金刚石膜对镍铬及钴铬两种非贵金属烤瓷合金在人工唾液中金属离子析出的影响。方法：制备镍铬合金、钴铬合金圆片形试件各24个,镍铬及钴铬合金试件随机分成a1、b1及a2、b2各两组,a1、a2组试件表面不镀膜,b1、b2组试件表面完整镀膜膜厚60nm,将a1、a2、b1、b2每组试件平分两半,分别置于pH值为6.8和4.0的人工唾液中浸泡7天,检测各组试件的金属离子析出量。结果：a1、a2组试件在两种人工唾液中表现出其所含各种金属离子的析出,在pH=4酸性人工唾液中浸泡后的离子析出量显著高于其在pH=6.8中性人工唾液中浸泡后的离子析出量（P〈0.05）;b1、b2组试件在两种人工唾液中浸泡后,其离子析出量分别比a1、a2组试件显著降低（P〈0.01）。结论：镍铬合金、钴铬合金在中性和酸性人工唾液中表现出其所含各种金属离子的析出,在酸性人工唾液中其金属离子析出量显著增加;纳米非晶金刚石镀膜能显著降低镍铬、钴铬合金在中性和酸性人工唾液中的金属离子析出量,有良好的耐腐蚀性。     

Metallurgical Structure and Microhardness of Four New Palladium-Based Alloys

Purpose This investigation compared the Vickers hardness and microstructures of four recently marketed, palladium-based alloys for metal-ceramic restorations. Materials and Methods Wax patterns simulating copings for maxillary central incisors were invested in a fine-grained, carbon-free, phosphate-bonded investment. Following burnout, the palladium alloys were fused with a gas-oxygen torch, centrifugally cast, and bench-cooled. Representative castings were embedded in transparent metallographic resin and sectioned to yield two mirror-image specimens. The specimens were evaluated in either the as-cast condition or following heat treatment simulating the firing cycles for Vita VMK porcelain. Vickers hardness measurements (n = 50) were made using a 1-kg load, and photomicrographs of polished and etched specimens were obtained with a scanning electron microscope. Results The measured values of microhardness for the as-cast alloys were in excellent agreement with values reported by the manufacturer. The hardness in the as-cast condition was significantly greater for the Pd-Cu-Ga-In alloy, compared with the other three alloys, which did not contain copper. For the three high-palladium (≥ 75 wt%) alloys, there were small (4%-8%) decreases in hardness following heat treatment, whereas a larger decrease (13%) in hardness occurred for the Pd-Ag-In-Sn alloy after heat treatment. The porcelain firing cycles caused microstructural homogenization for all four alloys, and the relatively thick near-surface oxidation region in the Pd-Cu-Ga-In and Pd-Ag-In-Sn alloys was not observed in the two heat-treated Pd-Ga-Ag-In-Au alloys. Conclusions The multiphasic microstructures of these alloys may have some significance for the in vitro and clinical corrosion behavior and the metal-ceramic bond strength. The hardness for the three high-palladium alloys may be controlled by submicroscopic precipitates that remain unaltered by heat treatment. The significantly greater hardness for the Pd-Cu-Ga-In alloy may cause greater difficulty for finishing castings in the dental laboratory compared with the other three alloys studied. The strengthening mechanism for the Pd-Ag-In-Sn alloy has significant temperature dependence, which might be exploited to achieve optimum mechanical properties.