经皮胆囊穿刺引流术在高危急性胆囊炎患者中的应用

目的 探讨经皮胆囊穿刺引流术在高危急性胆囊炎患者中的治疗策略及临床疗效.方法 回顾2006年1月-2008年6月27例高危急性胆囊炎患者进行的经皮胆囊穿刺引流术,其中21例为结石性胆囊炎,6例为非结石性胆囊炎;22例行经皮经肝穿刺引流,5例经腹腔胆囊穿刺引流.引流管直径为7 F;引流管拔除前给予胆囊造影.结果 27例患者成功完成手术,技术成功率100%.25例患者术后引流通畅,72 h内腹痛症状减轻或消失,体温及白细胞降至正常范围.1例术后72 h腹痛缓解不明显,行胆囊造影显示引流管不通,给予通畅引流管后腹痛症状缓解.1例术后出现腹痛加重,行胆囊造影复查显示少量胆汁外漏,给予加强抗感染治疗及对症治疗后好转.25例于术后6～7周拔管,其中12例接受了择期胆囊切除术,7例行经窦道结石取出术,6例非结石性胆囊炎患者未予手术治疗.2例患者长期带管生存.结论 对于高危急性胆囊炎患者,经皮胆囊穿刺引流术操作简单、安全,疗效确切,具有重要临床应用价值.     

胆囊穿刺引流术在高龄高危急性胆囊炎患者中的应用

目的总结超声引导一步法胆囊穿刺引流术对高龄高危急性胆囊炎患者治疗经验。方法回顾性分析2008年1月～2011年1月接受一步法胆囊穿刺引流术治疗的64例高龄高危急性胆囊炎患者的临床资料。结果 64例均穿刺置管成功,1例发生出血,向腔内注入立止血,夹闭引流管后出血停止;1例术后发生引流管脱落,行急诊开腹手术。带管时间为7 d～1个月,平均14 d。其中45例于术后3 w～4个月行择期胆囊切除术,19例待症状缓解后拔出引流管出院。全组无一例因胆囊穿刺相关治疗死亡。结论超声引导一步法胆囊穿刺引流术是缓解高龄高危急性胆囊炎可靠、有效的方法。     

胆囊穿刺置管引流治疗老年化脓性胆囊炎的护理

目的:探讨经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流(PTGBD)治疗老年急性化脓性胆囊炎的护理方法。方法:采用B超监视下定位PTCD套管针经皮经肝穿刺胆囊,留置8.5F外引流管持续引流冲洗。结果:18例患者均一次穿剌置管成功,首次引流脓液50~120ml。引流后患者全身症状和体征迅速好转,7~10天后症状基本消失,白细胞计数恢复正常。置管维持7~15天,住院16~31天,平均18.9天,18例患者均痊愈,无出血、胆汁性腹膜炎等并发症。结论:经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流术对不能耐受手术的老年急性化脓性胆囊炎患者是一种安全、微创和有效的方法,全面严密细致的术前准备及术后护理,有助于提高手术的疗效和减少并发症。     

双导丝技术在经皮胆囊穿刺引流术中的应用

目的 探讨双导丝技术在经皮胆囊穿刺引流术中的应用价值及临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析2012年2月至2014年4月采用双导丝技术进行经皮穿刺胆囊引流术的48例高危急性胆囊炎患者资料,其中36例为结石性胆囊炎,12例为非结石性胆囊炎;34例行经皮经肝穿刺引流,14例行经腹腔胆囊穿刺引流;4例在DSA引导下行经皮胆囊穿刺引流术,44例在CT引导下行经皮胆囊穿刺引流术.引流管直径为8F,引流管拔出前给予闭管1周.结果 48例患者均成功置入外引流管,操作成功率为100％.1例合并急性心功能衰竭患者死亡.1例术后第3天突发腹痛,CT显示小肠破裂,行小肠破裂修补术后治愈.1例术后第3天腹痛复发,行胆囊造影显示引流管破裂,更换引流管后好转,其余47例患者术后引流通畅,术后72 h腹痛等症状减轻或消失,体温及白细胞降至正常.19例结石性胆囊炎患者术后1～3个月行择期胆囊切除术,17例结石性胆囊炎患者选择带管生存,12例非结石性胆囊炎患者术后6～7周拔管.结论 双导丝技术在经皮胆囊穿刺引流术中具有操作简单、创伤小、安全性高、疗效确切的优点,具有重要临床应用价值.     

经皮穿刺胆囊引流治疗急性重症胆囊炎的临床疗效

目的：探讨CT引导下经皮穿刺胆囊引流术治疗急性重症胆囊炎的临床疗效。 方法：于2014年月—2016年6月,对我院22例急性重症胆囊炎患者行经皮穿刺胆囊引流术,其中19例经皮经肝穿刺引流,3例经腹腔穿刺引流。 结果：所有22例患者均一次性完成穿刺引流,技术成功率100%。21例患者术后72 h内患者的腹痛、腹胀、高热等症状明显缓解,血常规检查中白细胞及中性粒细胞计数10 d内恢复正常。1例患者合并重症肺炎术后第2天死亡。14例患者术后3～6周拔管,7例患者长期带管生存。 结论：CT引导下经皮穿刺胆囊引流治疗急性重症胆囊炎操作简单、创伤小、安全有效,值得临床推广应用。     

CT引导下经皮胆囊造瘘术治疗高龄、危重急性胆囊炎患者

目的 评估CT引导下经皮胆囊造瘘术治疗高龄、危重急性胆囊炎患者的临床价值并对并发症等问题进行探讨。方法 对16例不能进行急诊胆囊切除手术的高龄、危重急性胆囊炎患者行CT引导下经皮经肝穿刺胆囊造瘘术，在胆囊内置放直径为7～8．5F猪尾引流管引流潴留胆汁，观察胆囊造瘘前后患者临床症状、体征及血白细胞计数的变化情况。结果 16例患者CT引导下经皮胆囊造瘘均获得成功。15例术后12～48h临床症状、体征缓解；1例术后无缓解。5例非结石性胆囊炎术后21～28d拔管后康复；10例结石性胆囊炎30～60d行胆囊切除手术。无严重并发症。结论 CT引导下经皮胆囊造瘘术是1种操作简便、安全有效的胆囊造瘘方法，对于治疗高龄、危重的急性胆囊炎患者具有较为重要的临床价值。     

经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流术治疗急性化脓性胆囊炎21例

【摘要】 目的 评价在DSA 设备引导下经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流术治疗急性化脓性胆囊炎的疗效及应用价值。方法 回顾性分析南京医科大学附属南京江宁医院2015年4月至2018年12月通过经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流术治疗的21例急性化脓性胆囊炎患者的临床资料。观察并记录患者治疗前后临床症状及相关实验室检查和治疗结果。结果 所有患者均一次性置管成功,经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流术治疗前后的白细胞计数［（10.81±7.11）×109对（7.27±3.54）×109］、体温［（38.3±0.6）℃对（37.3± 0.3）℃］及疼痛评分［（6.00 ±1.30）对（4.79±0.89）］差异均有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）。其中19例患者在3 d内腹痛症状缓解,腹部体征减轻或消失;6例患者好转后行二期外科手术。置管后1例患者出现感染加重,1例患者出现感染性休克,1例患者拔管后出现胆汁漏。结论 对于急性化脓性胆囊炎采用经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流术是一种安全有效的治疗方案。操作简单、并发症少,能明显缓解症状,可为二期外科手术提供条件,值得临床推广应用。     

X线下经皮胆囊穿刺引流治疗急性重症胆囊炎31例分析

目的 评价X线下经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术治疗急性重症梗阻性胆囊炎患者的临床疗效和治疗经验.方法 对2006年1月-2008年12月31例急性重症梗阻性胆囊炎患者行X线引导下的经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术治疗,通过对比术前、术后实验检查及临床症状的改善评价疗效.结果 31例患者均成功置入引流管,未发生相关并发症.1例合并急性肾功能衰竭患者死亡,其余30例患者症状缓解并带管出院.16例结石性胆囊炎患者于术后1～3个月行择期胆囊切除术,8例结石性胆囊炎患者选择带管生存,6例非结石性胆囊炎患者于胆囊炎治愈后3周至6周拔管.结论 X线下经皮胆囊穿刺引流术操作简便、创伤小、安全性高,是急性重症胆囊炎患者的一种过渡治疗,甚至是终末治疗方法.     

高龄患者急性重症胆囊炎的处理（附52例报道）

目的回顾研究高龄患者急性重症胆囊炎的治疗效果。方法 52例急性重症胆囊炎的高龄患者分别进行急诊手术（10例）、B超引导下经皮经肝穿刺胆囊置管引流＋手术切除（39例）及B超引导下经皮经肝穿刺胆囊置管引流（3例）,研究其治疗效果和并发症。结果 49例手术治疗患者无手术死亡;42例经PTGD治疗患者无出血、气胸、胆漏、胆汁性腹膜炎等并发症发生,治疗后1～3 d症状明显缓解。结论对于全身情况稳定,胆囊壁厚度≤0.5 cm的患者宜行急诊手术治疗;对胆囊壁厚度〉0.5 cm,全身情况差或有严重内科疾病的患者宜先采用B超引导下经皮经肝穿刺胆囊置管引流,再行手术治疗的方案。     

分析肝脓肿介入治疗住院时间的影响因素

目的分析肝脓肿行经皮穿刺置管引流术的影响因素。 方法选择DSA引导下经皮肝穿刺置管引流并采用不同冲洗液冲洗脓腔治疗肝脓肿116例,进行资料分析,患者平均（59.98±16.73）岁,其中男性76例,女性40例。既往有糖尿病49例,无糖尿病67例;脓肿单发者48例,多发者68例;住院期间有并发症者104例,无并发症的12例。对穿刺液经行细菌培养,大肠杆菌阳性者20例,肺炎克雷白杆菌52例,其他致病菌8例,培养阴性36例。按冲洗液不同分为两组：A组,置管后先使用甲硝唑注射液冲洗,细菌培养及药敏结果明确后改用含敏感抗生素液体冲洗脓腔,共68例;B组,置管后全程使用甲硝唑冲洗,共48例。 结果116例肝脓肿患者治疗有效率100%。统计分析结果显示性别、有无并发症对住院时间影响的差异无统计学意义;年龄与住院时间无相关关系;糖尿病、脓肿数目及不同冲洗方法对住院时间的影响差异有统计学意义。 结论DSA引导下经皮肝穿刺置管引流冲洗治疗肝脓肿疗效确切,糖尿病是影响住院时间的重要因素;多发肝脓肿的住院时间较单发的明显延长;采用敏感抗生素溶液冲洗肝脓肿效果更显著。     

老年人急性胆囊炎不同治疗方法的效果比较

目的 探讨老年人急性胆囊炎的最佳治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析2000年3月～2002年2月期间接受胆囊切除术18例，胆囊造瘘术8例，经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流术12例，治疗的38例老年急性胆囊炎病人的临床资料。结果 胆囊切除术，胆囊造瘘术的并发症率和死亡率分别为38．9％、12．5％和11．1％、12．5％；经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流术的并发症率和死亡率均为0。结论 经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流术是治疗老年人急性胆囊炎的简便、有效而安全的方法。     

Percutaneous cholecystostomy versus gallbladder aspiration for acute cholecystitis: a prospective randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to determine and compare the effectiveness and incidence of complications of percutaneous cholecystostomy and gallbladder aspiration in cases of severe acute cholecystitis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. Fifty-eight patients with severe acute cholecystitis who did not improve after antibiotic treatment were included in this study. The patients were randomized into either the percutaneous cholecystostomy group (n = 30) or the gallbladder aspiration group (n = 28). Under sonographic guidance, percutaneous cholecystostomy was performed in the usual manner using a 6.5- or 7-French catheter. Gallbladder aspiration was carried out with a 21-gauge needle under sonographic guidance. The technical success, clinical response, and complications in each group were evaluated. RESULTS: Percutaneous cholecystostomy and gallbladder aspiration were technically successful in 30 patients (100%) and 23 patients (82%), respectively (not statistically significant). In five patients (18%) of the gallbladder aspiration group, aspiration was unsuccessful because of replacement of bile with dense biliary sludge or pus. Good clinical response was obtained in 27 patients (90%) of the percutaneous cholecystostomy group and in 14 patients (61%) of the gallbladder aspiration group (p < 0.05). As for complications, dislodgment of the catheter occurred in one patient of the percutaneous cholecystostomy group and minor bleeding in one patient after gallbladder aspiration. No major complications or procedure-related deaths occurred in either group. CONCLUSION: For severe acute cholecystitis, percutaneous cholecystostomy was superior to gallbladder aspiration in terms of clinical effectiveness and had the same complication rate as gallbladder aspiration.     

Percutaneous cholecystostomy: diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy

Percutaneous cholecystostomy was performed in 32 patients for treatment of suspected cholecystitis (16 patients), decompression of biliary obstruction (six patients), or performance of diagnostic cholangiography (ten patients). The gallbladder was successfully catheterized in 32 of 32 patients (100%), and therapeutic or diagnostic benefit was achieved in 29 of 32 patients (91%). There were no major complications and no procedure-related deaths. There were four minor complications. In the 14 patients with severe cholecystitis there was substantial clinical improvement in 13. Five patients underwent catheter withdrawal after stabilization or long-term drainage. In biliary obstruction, hyperbilirubinemia was successfully treated with percutaneous cholecystostomy in five of six patients, and associated cholangitis was successfully treated in four of four. Ten patients underwent transcholecystic cholangiography; diagnostic visualization was achieved in all, including seven who underwent percutaneous cholecystostomy-assisted transhepatic biliary drainage. Percutaneous cholecystostomy is a safe and effective procedure in diagnosis and treatment of biliary tract problems.     

PTGD联合LC治疗高龄高危急性结石性胆囊炎32例

目的 总结经皮肝胆囊穿刺引流(PTGD)联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)对高龄高危急性结石性胆囊炎患者的治疗经验.方法 回顾分析我中心2008年5月～2010年5月采用PTGD联合LC序贯治疗32例高龄高危结石性胆囊炎患者的临床资料.结果 32例均穿刺置管,全部获得有效引流,1 w～3个月后行LC,中转开腹4例;无出血及漏...     

Ultrasonic guidance for percutaneous puncture and drainage in acute cholecystitis

Thirteen patients presenting with acute cholecystitis and considered high surgical risks were treated with a percutaneous needling procedure under ultrasonic guidance. The gallbladder was drained following simple needle puncture in six cases while a drainage catheter was inserted in seven. A premedication of 0.5 mg of atropine and 50 mg of pethidine was given. The gallbladder became decompressed in all cases, and pain was instantly relieved. Impacted stones were freed from the cystic duct in two cases and from the papilla of Vater in another two cases. The patients' condition improved and elective cholecystectomy was performed in four cases, while a further three patients await surgery. In five cases the acute stage of the disease subsided; surgical treatment was refrained from because of gallbladder carcinoma with metastases in one patient and other diseases in the remainder. One patient died of gastric carcinoma. One patient with ischemic heart disease had systemic hypotension for six hours after the drainage and one had slight haemorrhage for four hours. No other complications were noted. In addition, the procedure was also carried out as a diagnostic study in one patient in whom the site of bile leakage was determined by filling the biliary tree with contrast medium from the gallbladder. Guided aspiration and percutaneous drainage of the gallbladder is helpful in patients with severe acute cholecystitis attended with a high surgical risk.     

Cholecystostomy and transcholecystic biliary access

Percutaneous cholecystostomy represents a minimally invasive procedure for providing gallbladder decompression, often in critically ill patient populations. Indications for this procedure include calculous and acalculous cholecystitis, gallbladder perforation, malignant obstruction, percutaneous biliary stone removal, biliary duct drainage, and diagnostic imaging of the gallbladder and biliary ductal system. In addition, gallbladder access provided by percutaneous cholecystostomy may serve to carry additional procedures, such as cholangiograms, gallstone dissolution, and lithotripsy. Review of prior imaging studies including ultrasound, CT, and hepatobiliary scans are essential to planning the procedure, by helping to determine the access route: transhepatic versus transperitoneal. The transhepatic route is preferred in cases of large ascities, bowel interposition, and offers the advantage of greater catheter stability. On the other hand, the transperitoneal route is preferred in the setting of coagulopathy and liver disease. Initial access is gained via insertion of an 18- to 22-gauge needle, followed by use of the Seldinger technique or trocar system to catheterize the gallbladder. Overall technical success rate for percutaneous cholecystostomy is greater than 95%. Clinical improvement is achieved in 56 to 93% of patients. Complications occur in 3 to 13% of cases and are mainly acute and minor. Major complications such as bile peritonitis, significant hemorrhage, and hemo/pneumothorax affect less than 5% of patients. However, sepsis and reported 30-day mortality rates of up to 25% are usually related to underlying morbidities in critically ill patients. Catheters may be removed once the fistula track has matured.     

急性胆囊炎联合、分期及微创治疗512例临床疗效分析

目的研究急性胆囊炎通过联合、分期及微创治疗后的临床效果。方法回顾性总结13年间我科应用单纯内科治疗、内科治疗＋PTGD、急诊手术、内科治疗＋择期手术及内科治疗＋PTGD＋择期手术治疗的512例急性胆囊炎患者的临床资料。结果423例患者痊愈出院,89例患者好转出院,无手术死亡,无胆道损伤。其中单纯内科治疗44例;内科治疗＋PTGD治疗45例;急诊手术201例（LC90例）;内科治疗＋择期手术122例;内科治疗＋PTGD＋择期手术治疗100例。共30例患者发生48例次并发症,达9．4％（30／512）。并发症主要是胆囊出血21例（4．1％）、漏胆15例（2．9％）及腹腔感染12例（2．3％）。结论急性胆囊炎的治疗首先应遵循的是个体化原则,临床上要根据患者不同的病情合理选择治疗方式,联合、分期及微创相结合的方法治疗急性胆囊炎正是遵循了这一原则,取得了很好的临床疗效。     

冠心病介入诊疗或搭桥术期间发生急性胆囊炎发作病人的超声引导下经皮胆囊穿刺引流及其临床意义

目的探讨超声引导下的胆囊穿刺引流对冠心病介入诊断治疗或搭桥术期间发生急性胆囊炎发作病人治疗价值。方法对7例冠状动脉支架术后病人,3例冠状动脉搭桥术后病人,1例拟行冠状动脉造影病人发生胆囊炎急性发作时实施超声引导下的胆囊穿刺引流,针具为8号PTCD套管针,采用经肝脏胆囊床进入胆囊途径。引流中以超声对胆囊情况进行监测。结果11例患者均一次穿刺成功抽出胆汁,引流出胆汁130~240ml,未发生胆漏和出血等并发症。术后2d病人体温全部恢复正常,复查白细胞总数和中性粒细胞均恢复正常。1周内均拔除了导管,心脏情况恢复顺利。结论超声引导下经皮胆囊穿刺创伤小,能有效缓解和控制胆系感染,对保证冠心病的有创诊断和治疗圆满成功有重要意义。