心腔内超声心动图引导经导管关闭房间隔缺损9例报告

目的评价心腔内超声心动图(ICE)在指导房间隔缺损Amplatzer封堵术中的应用价值.方法 9例ASD患者,年龄2.5～56岁(11.0±17.1)岁,ASD大小分别于术前经胸超声心动图(TTE)和术中ICE测量,比较二者与术中测得的球囊ASD延长径的相关性.结果 ASD测值术前TTE(19.2±5.3) mm,与球囊测ASD延长径(23.2±4.5) mm相关系数r1＝0.92(P<0.05);ICE测值(21.0±4.9) mm,相关系数r2＝0.98(P=0.01).结论 ICE测值与球囊测ASD延长径相关性好,为导管介入性关闭ASD提供了另一新的有效的辅助手段.     

Haemodynamic effects of patent foramen ovale and atrial septal defect closure: a comparison during percutaneous shunt closure

Objectives: We investigated the haemodynamic effect of percutaneous closure of an intra‐atrial shunt, using non‐invasive finger pressure measurements. Background: Percutaneous closure of both patent foramen ovale (PFO) and atrial septal defect (ASD) is widely practised. Currently no data are available on short‐term haemodynamic changes induced by closure. Methods: Twenty‐five consecutive patients (mean age 49 ± 17 years, 10 men) who underwent a percutaneous closure of a PFO (n = 15) or ASD (n = 10) were included in this study. During the procedure blood pressure and heart rate (HR) were monitored continuously with a Finometer^®. Changes in systolic, mean, and diastolic pressure, stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) were computed from the pressure registrations using Modelflow^® methodology. Results: Baseline characteristics were similar for the PFO and ASD patients. After PFO closure none of the haemodynamic parameters changed significantly. After ASD closure the systolic, mean, and diastolic pressures increased 7·1 ± 5·4 (P = 0·003), 3·8 ± 3·5 (P = 0·007) and 2·0 ± 3·0 mmHg (P = ns) respectively. HR decreased 5·1 ± 5·3 beats per minute (P = 0·01). SV, CO and TPR increased 8·5 ± 6·4 ml (13·5%; P = 0·002), 0·21 ± 0·45 l min^?1 (5·6%; P = ns) and 0·02 ± 0·14 dynes (4·1%; P = ns) respectively. The changes in SV differ between the PFO and ASD patients (P = 0·009). Conclusions: Using non‐invasive finger pressure measurements, we found that SV, mean and systolic blood pressure increased immediately after percutaneous closure of an ASD in adults, whereas the percutaneous PFO closure had no effect on haemodynamic characteristics.     

Transcatheter Amplatzer device closure of atrial septal defect and patent foramen ovale in patients with presumed paradoxical embolism

OBJECTIVE: To review our experience with, and profile the safety and efficacy of, the Amplatzer PFO (patent foramen ovale) occluder (APO) and Amplatzer septal occluder (ASO) used to close PFO and/or atrial septal defect (ASD) in patients with paradoxical embolism (PE). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between April 1998 and November 2002, 103 patients at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn, and Scottsdale, Ariz, mean age 52.4 years, with presumed PE (transient ischemic attack [n=22], stroke [n=77], or peripheral emboli [n=4]) underwent transcatheter device closure of PFO (n=81), ASD (n=12), and ASD/PFO (n=10) with 106 devices (APO [n=22] or ASO [n=84]). RESULTS: All devices deployed successfully, and no patients died. Procedural complications included atrial fibrillation (n=2), vessel injury (n=3), profound sinus node dysfunction (n=1), and device embolization with successful retrieval (n=1). At 3 months, 7 of 95 monitored patients had trivial residual shunt; at 12 months, 2 of 28 monitored patients had trivial residual shunt. Three patients had recurrent events--2 transient ischemic attacks and 1 retinal artery occlusion--at a mean +/- SD follow-up of 8.3 +/- 8.1 months (range, 1-34 months). None of these 3 patients had residual shunt or evidence of intracardiac thrombus. The average annual recurrence of all events was 3.6% at 23 months. The overall mean +/- SD freedom from recurrence of all events was 98.9% +/- 1.2% and 83.8% +/- 10.2% at 12 and 29 months of follow-up, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Transcatheter device closure of PFO and/or ASD with use of APO/ASO in patients with presumed PE is effective and safe. Recurrent events may occur in the absence of a residual shunt.     

Paradoxical emboli in children and young adults: role of atrial septal defect and patent foramen ovale device closure

OBJECTIVE: To describe a multicenter experience with patent foramen ovale (PFO) and atrial septal defect (ASD) device closure for presumed paradoxical emboli in children and young adults (<35 years old). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Medical records were reviewed of patients who had device closure of an ASD or PFO, who were younger than 35 years, and who had a history of presumed paradoxical embolus between January 1999 and August 2005 at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn, University of Parma, Parma, Italy, and Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Ill. RESULTS: Forty-five patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Median patient age was 29.0 years (range, 5.0-34.9 years), and 23 patients (51%) were male. Clinical diagnoses included the following: stroke, 30 (67%); transient ischemic attack, 13 (29%); myocardial infarction, 1 (2%); and renal infarct, 1 (2%). Overall, 42 patients (93%) had a PFO, and 3 (7%) had an ASD. Seventeen patients had known cardiovascular disease risk factors: tobacco use (10 patients), hypercoagulable states (7 patients), systemic hypertension (3 patients), and hyperilpidemia (2 patients). No major procedural complications occurred. Median follow-up evaluation was performed at 5.3 months (range, 2.5-40.0 months). Forty-four patients (98%) had no recurrent neurologic events and no residual atrial shunt by contrast transthoracic echocardiography. CONCLUSIONS: Cryptogenic ischemic events occur in young patients and have serious sequelae. The potential for paradoxical embolization through a PFO or an ASD should be assessed in all such patients. In our short-term follow-up, device closure was a safe alternative therapeutic option for children and young adults with presumed paradoxical emboli.     

超声引导Amplatzer封堵器关闭房间隔缺损的初步体会

目的　超声引导Ａｍ ｐｌａｔｚｅｒ封堵器经导管关闭房间隔缺损（ＡＳＤ）。方法　１９例待外科手术Ⅱ孔ＡＳＤ患者,１６例经食道彩色多普勒超声心动图（ＴＥＥ）、３例经胸彩色多普勒超声心动图（ＴＴＥ）检查符合条件而行经导管ＡＳＤ封堵术。在ＴＥＥ引导（３例ＴＴＥ）下,以ＡＳＤ最大伸展径或加１～２ ｍ ｍ 为标准,选择Ａｍｐｌａｔｚｅｒ封堵器型号,导管送封堵器到ＡＳＤ处,依次释放其左房伞、腰部和右房伞,腰部卡于ＡＳＤ口处,两伞贴于房间隔两侧。结果　３例患者ＡＳＤ最大伸展径＞ ３４ ｍｍ ,没有相应大的封堵器而放弃封堵术,其余１６例成功地进行了ＡＳＤ封堵。超声测量的ＡＳＤ径［（１８．０６±７．００）ｍｍ ］小于ＡＳＤ最大伸展径［（２２．５６±６．２５）ｍ ｍ ］,差异有显著性（Ｐ＜ ０．０１）。术后立即、２４ ｈ、１个月、３个月行ＴＴＥ检查,１６例患者封堵器位置合适、稳定,均无残余分流。所有患者术中及术后均无并发症。结论　用Ａｍ ｐｌａｔｚｅｒＡＳＤ封堵器经导管关闭ＡＳＤ,超声在病例选择、引导封堵器置入及术后疗效观察等方面有极重要的作用。     

Patent foramen ovale transcatheter closure device thrombosis

The role of patent foramen ovale (PFO) in patients with cryptogenic stroke (stroke of unknown cause) remains controversial, although an association seems likely in younger patients with atrial septal aneurysms and PFO. The mechanism of cryptogenic stroke in these patients is presumed to be paradoxical embolism via right-to-left shunt across the PFO. The available options for treatment include medical therapy with antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy or closure of the PFO surgically or with use of transcatheter PFO closure devices. We describe 2 cases of bilateral device thrombosis associated with use of a transcatheter PFO closure device (CardioSEAL). To our knowledge, only 1 other case of thrombosis associated with use of this device has been reported.     

经胸超声心动图监测引导经导管房间隔缺损封堵术的临床研究

目的探讨经胸超声心动图(TTE)监测引导经导管封堵房间隔缺损的可行性。方法25例确诊为二孔房间隔缺损患者,男11例,女14例。所有病例均使用Amplatzer封堵伞,TTE术前筛选病例,封堵术中TTE全程监测引导,术后即刻、24h、1个月、3个月复查评价并同时拍片或录像进一步分析。结果TTE测量缺损最大径为4～25mm［(13.28±5.78)mm］,封堵伞型号10～28mm［(16.92±5.66)mm］,二者直线相关方程Y=0.9395X+4.4437,相关系数r=0.9596,P<0.01。所有病例均封堵成功,技术成功率100％,术后3个月复查房水平分流完全消失。结论TTE是监测引导房间隔缺损封堵治疗的较好方法,是完全可行的,可作为TEE的补充。     

超声心动图在卵圆孔未闭封堵中的应用及卵圆孔未闭分流方向的探讨

目的探讨超声心动图在卵圆孔未闭(PFO)治疗中的应用价值.方法 7例封堵治疗PFO患者,术前经胸(TTE)或经食管超声心动图(TEE)明确PFO诊断,术中TTE和X线引导监护,术后TTE随访;并对157例PFO分流方向进行统计分析.结果 7例PFO封堵患者右向左分流的确诊方法:TTE 1例,TEE 4例,TTE或TEE 右心声学造影各1例.术后TTE随访PFO分流消失.157例TTE诊断的PFO以左向右分流表现为主,少数右向左分流和双向分流者多伴其他心脏结构和功能改变.结论超声心动图在PFO封堵术中具有多方面重要作用.TEE及声学造影诊断PFO右向左分流的敏感性高于单纯TTE.常规TTE检查PFO多表现为左向右分流,而非理论定义的右向左分流.     

Successful totally transthoracic echocardiography guided transcatheter device closure of atrial septal defect in pregnant women

BACKGROUND Transcatheter device closure of atrial septal defect(ASD) guided by fluoroscopy and/or transesophageal echocardiography is a mature technology. Little study has focused on whether the technology can be guided totally by transthoracic echocardiography(TTE),even in pregnant women with ASD.AIM To evaluate the safety and efficacy of totally TTE guided transcatheter device closure of ASD in pregnant women.METHODS Six pregnant women(gestational age 20-26 wk) with ASD underwent transcatheter device closure totally guided by TTE at our cardiac center from January 2015 to August 2017. A routine transcatheter procedure without fluoroscopy or intubation and a domestic occluder were used in this study.RESULTS All patients had successful closure with good clinical results,and the overall immediate complete closure rate was 100%. The size of the occluder deployed ranged from 20 to 32 mm(26.7 ± 4.3 mm),the procedure time ranged from 30 to50 min(41.7 ± 7.5 min),and the length of hospital stay was 2-3 d(mean 2.2 ± 0.4 d). There were no serious cardiovascular related complications,and transient arrhythmias occurred in one patient during the procedure. During the follow-up period(3 mo to 2 years),no occluder dislodgement,residual fistulas,or thromboses occurred. All of the patients underwent vaginal delivery between 36 and 38 wk of gestation.CONCLUSION Totally TTE guided transcatheter device closure of ASD in pregnant women may be safe and effective.     

New-onset migraine with aura after transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect

Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect (ASD) is associated with a high success rate and become an accepted alternative to surgical treatment. We describe here a case of a 35-year-old woman who presented with migraine attacks with aura after transcatheter closure of ASD with an Amplatzer septal occluder device. We postulate that any of the following may have been responsible for her condition: platelet activation on the surface of the device, nickel allergy, or the release of the atrial natriuretic peptide associated with the stretch of the atrial septum caused by the device. This case demonstrates that de novo migraine can occur after transcatheter closure of ASD and should be recognized as a potential complication.     

超声在房间隔膨出瘤并继发孔型房间隔缺损封堵术中的应用

目的 探讨超声心动图在房间隔膨出瘤（ASA）并发继发孔型房间隔缺损（ASD）封堵治疗中的应用价值。方法 应用经食管超声心动图（TEE）或经胸超声心动图（TTE）诊断ASA并发ASD17例，所有患者均在X线和术中TTE监测下行封堵治疗，术后TTE跟踪复查评价其疗效。结果 17例患者封堵器置人均获成功，共放置24个封堵器。封堵器选择的大小与术前判断大小相关性好（r=0．91，P〈0．001）。术后即刻显示17例患者21个封堵器处穿隔血流消失，有3例患者3个封堵器处仍有微量残余分流，术后1个月至3年复查1例有微量分流。结论 ASA并发ASD的患者可行封堵治疗且疗效确切，而超声心动图在病例选择、术中引导等方面有其特殊性，应引起超声医生和临床医生的重视。     

房间隔缺损介入封堵术的三维可视化模拟

目的探讨用三维可视化技术来模拟房间隔缺损介入封堵治疗术的方法。在术前模拟封堵治疗结果,以选取合适的封堵器或判断是否适合做封堵手术。方法对病小儿心脏用超声三维数据体绘制的方法进行可视化,同时用三维建模技术模拟封堵器以及其在房间隔缺损中的形态。结果超声三维可视化技术可以清晰地看到房间隔缺损的形态以及大小,而利用模拟技术可以任意选择封堵器的大小并显示封堵术的结果,在术前对医生的判断可以起到一定的辅助作用。讨论本文提出的方法显示速度快,且三维显示清晰准确,可以作为介入治疗术前指导的辅助手段。     

经胸超声心动图在卵圆孔未闭封堵术中的应用

目的 探讨经胸超声心动图（TFE）在卵圆孔未闭（PFO）封堵术中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析43例PFO患者在封堵术前、术中及术后的TTE图像特征。结果 TTE在术前可清晰显示PFO的大小、形态和分流方向,能帮助介入医师选择合适的封堵器;术中可准确地评价PFO患者封堵器的位置、形态及其与周边的临近结构关系;术后可有效地监控PFO患者预后情况。结论 TTE在PFO封堵术前确诊、术中引导、监护及术后随访均具有重要的作用。     

Migraineurs with patent foramen ovale have larger right-to-left shunt despite similar atrial septal characteristics

The objective of the study was to assess differences in proportion of large right-to-left shunt (RLS) and atrial septal characteristics between migraineurs and non-migraineurs referred for transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale (PF0). This retrospective study took place in a large metropolitan medical centre. The patients were migraineurs with aura (n=52), migraineurs without aura (n=19) and non-migraineurs (n=149). RLS was evaluated before closure using bilateral power m-mode transcranial Doppler at rest and after calibrated, sustained Valsalva manoeuvre, and graded with a validated 0–5 scale. Intracardiac echocardiography was used to assess atrial septal characteristics. Migraineurs had a higher proportion of large RLS (Grade IV or V) than nonmigraineurs at rest and after calibrated Valsalva (rest, p=0.04; Valsalva, p=0.01). Atrial septal characteristics were similar between groups. Migraine is associated with larger RLS at rest and strain; however migraine status does not predict PFO characteristics.     

经胸彩色多普勒超声心动图在室间隔缺损封堵术中的研究

室间隔缺损(VSD)是常见的先天性心脏病,约占先天性心脏病的20%～25%[1]。近年来,先天性心脏病的介入治疗方兴未艾,房间隔缺损、动脉导管未闭、室间隔缺损等的介入封堵治疗已普遍应用于临床[2],我院应用经胸彩色多普勒超声心动图(TTE)的方法,指导室间隔缺损封堵术(VS-DO)成功18例。本文探讨膜部室间隔缺损的形态、封堵器大小的选择原则和TTE在VSDO中的研究价值。1资料与方法研究对象:2002年6月～2004年3月,以先天性心脏病VSD患者来我科检查,选取18例,男11例,女7例,年龄5～35岁,平均20岁。仪器与方法:使用美国HP5500型及东芝Aplio彩…     

超声心动图在房缺介入治疗中的应用价值

目的 探讨经胸(TTE)及经食道(TEE)超声心动图在房缺(ASD)介入治疗中的应用价值。方法 TTE或TEE在36例ASD患者中进行选择并指导完成Amplatzer堵闭器的封堵及术后随访。结果 31例封堵术成功,5例(经TTE选择的病例)不适合行封堵或封堵失败;TTE(16.8±6.8)mm、TTE(20.0±4.41)mm所测ASD大小与球囊伸展直径(25.42±5.0)mm之间的关系分别显示为无相关(r=0.231,P>0.05)及有一定的相关性(r=0.357,P<0.05),而TTE在去除部分ASD残缘的软边后重新测量得到的缺损直径(22.8±4.9)mm与球囊伸展直径之间相关性良好(r=0.955,P=0.0000);5例ASD残缘较长而硬(18.0±2.0)mm的患者在TTE指导下完成封堵;在术后短、中期的随访中,TTE显示所有患者堵闭器位置固定,短期内残余分流(2例)消失及右室容量负荷降低(26例)。结论 ASD堵闭术前应常规行TEE检查以正确筛选病例并指导堵闭器型号的选择,对于残缘较长(最好>1cm)而硬质的ASD、可在TTE指导下完成手术,而TTE在术后随访期中能对封堵疗效作出全面的评价。