颞浅动脉与桡动脉穿刺法在换血中的应用比较

目的探讨颞浅动脉、桡动脉两种穿刺法在新生儿高胆红素血症换血中的应用效果。方法将24例需换血的新生儿高胆红素血症惠儿随机均分为颞浅动脉组和桡动脉组，桡动脉组穿刺按十字法进行，颞浅动脉组穿刺按一般静脉穿刺方法进行。比较两组一次穿刺成功率、换血前后血液生化指标、SpO2和换血后光疗时间。结果颞浅动脉组一次穿刺成功率显著高于桡动脉组（P〈0．05）；两组换血前后血清总胆红素、血糖、SpOz及换血后光疗时间比较，差异无显著性意义（均P〉0．05）。结论选择颞浅动脉与外周静脉进行同步换血安全可靠，且可提高穿刺成功率，减轻患儿痛苦。     

改良脐动静脉双管同步换血治疗重症新生儿高胆红素血症疗效观察

目的观察改良脐动静脉双管进行同步换血治疗重症新生儿高胆红素血症的疗效和安全性。方法将我院收治的64例确诊为新生儿高胆红素血症患儿随机分为两组,对照组32例持续24小时蓝光照射配合静滴白蛋白等综合治疗,治疗组32例在对照组综合治疗的基础上,通过改良后脐动静脉双管进行同步换血治疗后。对两组患儿治疗前后的血清胆红素、血糖、电解质以及血常规进行观察和比较。结果治疗组与对照组对比治疗组血清胆红素较观察组下降明显,治疗前后差异明显,有统计学意义,P0.05。血红蛋白轻微下降,血钾、血氯、血钙、血钠水平没有明显变化,差异不明显,无统计学意义,P0.05。结论改良后脐动静脉双管进行同步换血治疗新生儿高胆红素血症安全、快速降低重症新生儿高胆红素血症患儿的胆红素水平,值得有条件的医院推广。     

一次性头皮针在新生儿同步换血中的应用

目的提高新生儿同步换血的效果。方法将34例同步换血新生儿按入院先后分为观察组（18例）和对照组（16例）。观察组使用一次性7号普通头皮针于股动脉建立动脉通道作为换血的输出途径，对照组予留置针进行动脉或股动脉穿刺置管（首选桡动脉，次选肱动脉，后选股动脉）为输出途径。结果两组换血后总胆红素水平显著低于换血前（均P〈0．01），换血后两组总胆红素水平比较，差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）；观察组建立动脉通道一次成功率显著高于对照组（P〈0．01），换血平均时间显著短于时照组（P〈0．01）。结论采用一次性头皮针建立股动脉通道作为输出途径，是一种高效、低耗、痛苦少、易操作的新生儿换血方法。     

犬肝移植中肝动脉不同灌注方式所致的缺血/再灌注损伤对胆红素代谢的影响

目的 探讨犬肝移植中肝动脉不同的灌注方式造成的缺血／再灌注损伤对术后多药耐药相关蛋白2（MRP2）的表达和胆红素代谢的影响。方法 取20只犬建立简易原位自体肝移植模型。将模型犬随机分为4组，每组5只。对照组：术中不进行灌注，维持麻醉及剖腹状态；肝动脉缺血组（HAI组）：经胃十二指肠动、静脉插管进行肝脏冷灌注，肝下下腔静脉切口作为流出道，灌注20min后依次开放肝上、肝下下腔静脉及门静脉，缝合下腔静脉切口，肝动脉持续阻断2h后开放；门静脉和肝动脉同时灌注组（SR组）：于开放门静脉的同时，开放肝动脉，灌注方法同HAI组；肝动脉桥式转流组（HABS组）：在冷灌注前先解剖脾动脉、插管，并将脾动脉插管与胃十二指肠动脉插管以三通接头相连，建立桥式通道。灌注完毕开放门静脉的同时开放桥式通道，肝动脉持续阻断2h后开放，并关闭桥式通道。检测各组再灌注后0、2、4和8h时肝细胞MRP2的积分吸光度A值及胆汁内胆红素含量。结果 在0h时，各组MRP2的吸光度A值及胆汁内胆红素含量的差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；以0h为基点，HAI组MRP2的吸光度A值和胆汁内胆红素含量在4h时分别下降了52．6％和23．1％，SR组下降了39．8％和11．8％，HABS组下降了44．2％和14．4％。同一时点间各组的检测结果比较，差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。MRP2的表达和胆汁内胆红素含量之间呈正相关（r=0．699，P=0．001）。结论 肝移植中肝动脉桥式转流的灌注方式操作较简便，对移植肝的损伤程度较轻。缺血／再灌注损伤可引起MRP2表达抑制，而MRP2表达下降可能是导致高胆红素血症的机制之一。     

不同营养支持途径对烧伤大鼠肠粘膜上皮细胞周期的影响

目的：探讨肠道喂养及静脉营养对烧伤早期肠粘膜上皮细胞周期的影响。方法：66只烧伤大鼠随机分为肠道喂养组（EF组）及静脉营养组（PN组），分别采用灌喂和颈外静脉输入方法给予等氮、等热卡的营养液。每组设伤后6、12、24、48、72h5个观察时相点，每时相点6只大鼠，并设正常对照（6只）。采用流式细胞技术进行空、回肠粘膜上皮细胞周期分析，以Western blot法检测肠粘膜细胞周期蛋白D1、E及细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶（CDK）2、4的表达。结果：（1）肠粘膜上皮GO／G1期细胞百分比的变化：在空肠粘膜，伤后72h时EF组明显低于PN组（P＜0．05）；在回肠粘膜，6、12、48、72h时EF组与PN组比较，差异有显性意义（P＜0．05）；（2）伤后48．72h时EF组S期细胞百分比均显高于PN组（P＜0．05－0．01）；（3）肠粘膜细胞周期蛋白D1表达的变化：与对照值比较，EF组在伤后24h及PN组在伤后48h明显增高（P＜0．05），72h时EF组显高于PN组（P＜0．05）；（4）EF组肠粘膜细胞周期蛋白E的表达在伤后72h显高于对照值和PN组（P＜0．05）；（5）PN、EF组肠粘膜CDK2的表达与对照值比较以及PN、EF两组间比较，差异均无显性意义（P＞0．05），EF组CDK4的表达在72h明显增高（P＜0．05）。结论：烧伤后早期肠道喂养能加速肠粘膜上皮细胞周期的进程以及受损肠粘膜的修复与更新。细胞周期蛋白及CDK在其中起重要作用。     

肝细胞膜钠泵活性变化在胆红素钙结石成石过程中的作用

目的 探讨肝细胞膜钠泵（Na^ -K^ -ATPase)活性变化在胆红素钙结石成石程中的作用。方法 采用胆红素钙结石兔模型进行研究，对照组28只，胆道不全梗阻组（BO组）36只，胆道不全梗阻加感染组（BOI）组39只，各组再按术后处死时间3d、7d、14d及20d时相分组。动态测定各组各时相肝细胞膜钠泵活性、肝细胞钙及胆汁中胆汁酸含量。结果 BO组及BOI组肝细胞膜钠泵活性及胆汁中胆汁酸含量进行性下降，肝细胞钙含量呈进行性增多，与对照组相比差异有显著性意义（P＜0．01），但BOI组上述变化较BO组明显（P＜0．05）。结论 胆红素钙结石成石成过程中存在肝细胞膜钠泵活性的进行性下降。钠泵活性下降引起肝细胞钙超负荷及胆汁中胆汁酸含量下降，从而促进成石。细菌感染加重上述变化，使结石形成增多。     

新生儿无肝素外周双管同步换血疗法的可行性研究

目的 探讨无肝素外周双管同步换血疗法治疗新生儿高胆红素血症的可行性.方法 将60例高胆红素血症符合换血指征的新生儿随机分为无肝素组(32例)和肝素组(28例).无肝素组将作为输出途径的动脉穿刺置管不连接肝素帽、三通活塞管及延长管,直接接10 ml注射器抽血;建立静脉通路以换血,整个换血过程无肝素抗凝.肝素组将作为输出途径的动脉穿刺置管接三通活塞管,三通活塞管另外两端,一端接肝素氯化钠溶液,一端接输液延长管后接10ml注射器抽血,每抽出20 ml动脉血,经三通活塞管注入2 ml肝素氯化钠溶液.结果 无肝素组血总胆红素换出率(51.87±8.74)%,肝素组(48.48±12.55)%,两组比较,差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05).换血后两组总胆红素、间接胆红素显著下降(均P＜0.01);两组血常规、血糖、血电解质、生命体征等观察指标比较,差异无显著性意义(均P＞0.05);两组换血后血小板、血糖、血钾与换血前比较,差异有显著性意义(均P＜0.01);肝素组出血并发症发生率14.29%,无肝素组无出血并发症,两组比较,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05).结论 无肝素外周双管同步换血疗法与肝素外周双管同步换血疗法同样安全有效,且可最大限度地避免传统的肝素外周双管同步换血疗法可能带来的出血并发症;但同样可引起血小板减少、血糖升高及血钾降低.     

血浆吸附与血浆置换对胆红素清除的效果对比分析

目的探讨应用血浆吸附（PAP）与血浆置换（PE）治疗肝性高胆红素血症的疗效。方法45例肝性高胆红素血症患者,在内科综合治疗同时,随机分为PAP1组（行PAP1次）15例、PAP2组（连续行PAP3次,间隔8h）15例与PE组（行PE1次）15例;观察三组治疗前后血清总胆红素（TBIL）、凝血指标等的变化。结果PE组TBIL下降程度、凝血指标改善程度均优于PAP1组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;PE组与PAP2组TBIL下降程度比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,但凝血指标的改善程度PE组优于PAP2组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;PAP2组与PAP1组TBIL下降程度比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,但凝血指标改善程度比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。TBIL反弹率：PE组[（40．9±23．4）％]与PAP1组[（84．2±9．2）％]比较差异无统计学意义,PAP2组[（25．2±10．5）％]与PE组及PAP1组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05或〈0．01）。结论PE在抗肾小球基底膜抗体性肾炎、狼疮性肾炎、血友病和输血性紫癜等自身免疫系统疾病中有其独特的优越性,降胆红素的功能与连续PAP差异无统计学意义,目前血液制品比较紧张,所以单就降胆红素这一目标来说,要优先考虑PAP（连续3次或3次以上）。     

一氧化氮在大鼠肝缺血预处理中的作用

目的：探讨一氧化氮（NO）在大鼠肝脏缺血预处理（IP）中的作用。方法：131大鼠随机分为缺血再灌注（I／R）组、IP组及假手术（S）组，观察术后2h，24h及1周后血浆NO，AST及ALT以及大鼠死亡率及肝脏组织病理改变。结果：（1）血浆NO IP组在术后即升高，3个时段均明显高于S组（P＜0．05，P＜0．01，P＜0．05）；I／R组在2h后低于S组（P＜0．05），24h与S组无显著差异（P＞0．05），1周时高于S组（P＜0．05）；IP组于2h（P＜0．01）及24h(P＜0．01）时均高于I／R组。（2）ALT IP组及I／R组在2h（P＜0．05）及24h（P＜0．01）时均高于S组；IP组显著低于I／R组（P＜0．05）；1周时IP组与S组间差异无显著性，I／R组显著高于IP组（P＜0．05）及S组（P＜0．01）。（3）IP组及I／R组血浆NO与ALT呈负相关（P＜0．01，P＜0．05）。（4）肝脏病理改变IP组较I／R组为烃。（5）术后2h及累计动物死亡率I／R组显著高于S组及IP组（P＜0．05），而IP组与S组无统计学差异。结论：IP对肝脏I／R具有保护作用，该作用可能与血浆NO升高有关，NO升高的峰值提前在经典IP中具有重要的作用。     

梗阻性黄疸胆红素代谢的实验研究

目的：探讨胆道梗阻及缓解过程中肝脏代谢胆红素的机制。方法：利用Wistar大鼠梗阻性黄疸模型，动态观察胆道梗阻不同时间及梗阻缓解后，血清胆红素变化规律。结果：实验结果表明，血清胆红素水平在梗阻早期（＜14d)明显升高，特别是血清δ-胆红素；梗阻2周后及梗阻缓解后，血清胆红素水平下降，但δ-胆红素/总胆红素比值升高。结论：胆道梗阻解除后可能存在的高胆红素血症期，并不提示预后不良。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.