Intracranial hemorrhage in an infant due to vitamin K deficiency --successful management of spontaneous intracerebral and subjural hematoma]

A one-month-old male infant with spontaneous intracerebral and subdural hematomas due to vitamin K deficiency was described. He was breastfed. Loose stools continued and began to contain blood. He had fever, vomiting and convulsion, and became drowsy. The blood studies showed anemia and hypoprothrombinemia. Left carotid angiograms revealed intracerebral and subdural hematomas. He was treated successfully by immediate operation and administration of vitamin K. 2) Vitamin K deficient hemorrhage beyond the immediate newborn period was discussed with reference in the literature. Three etiologic factors included, decreased vitamin K intake, decreased intestinal absorption of vitamin K and decreased production of vitamin K by colon bacteria. The most important factor of the three seemed to be low vitamin K intake. Intracranial hemorrhage was recognized in about one third of the cases in the literature. It was emphasized that vitamin K deficiency occurring beyond the immediate newborn period was very important as a cause of intracranial hemorrhage in infancy.     

A case of intracranial hemorrhage in a young infant due to vitamin K deficiency: comparison of MRI and CT findings

We reported a case of intracranial hemorrhage due to vitamin K deficiency in a 43-day-old male infant whose MRI findings were compared with CT findings. The infant was vacuum delivered at the 40th gestational week and Apgar score was 9 at 5 min after birth. He weighed 2,750 g at birth and was breast-fed. His growth was normal after birth, but forty-one days after birth, the infant became febrile and vomited three times. Forty-two days after birth, right hemiconvulsions occurred and the infant vomited again. He was brought to our clinic forty-three days after birth, because cranial CT showed multiple intracranial hemorrhages. On admission, skin color was pale, and the patient was somnolent. The anterior fontanel was bulging and tense. Neurological examination revealed right hemiparesis. Since laboratory data indicated that intracranial hemorrhage resulted from vitamin K deficiency, administration of vitamin K and blood transfusion were carried out. MRI examination was made three days after admission, and demonstrated a posterior fossa subdural hematoma as well as a left frontal subdural hematoma associated with intracerebral hemorrhage. Five days after admission, left frontal subdural hematoma was removed by left frontal craniotomy, and twenty-six days after the operation he was discharged without any neurological deficits.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

婴儿晚发型维生素K缺乏症颅脑CT表现

目的探讨婴儿晚发型维生素K缺乏症颅脑CT表现特征,提高定性诊断水平。方法本文回顾性分析35例维生素K缺乏症颅脑CT表现,并对临床表现和CT所见进行整理分析。结果 (1)以硬膜下血肿和蛛网膜下腔出血较多,而脑实质和脑室出血较少,多部位出血占68.6％,硬膜下血肿多累及枕部,内缘不光滑;(2)一侧或两侧大脑半球明显水肿(71.4％)而基底节正常;(3)多部位出血,明显脑水肿和伴有脑疝者预后不良。结论作者认为累及枕部的硬膜下血肿和蛛网膜下腔出血伴大脑半球广泛水肿,而基底节正常的CT表现是本病颅内出血特征性表现,有一定的定性诊断价值。     

微创手术治疗婴儿晚发型维生素K缺乏致颅内出血

目的探讨微创手术治疗婴儿晚发性维生素K缺乏致颅内出血的疗效. 方法总结分析微创手术治疗25例婴儿晚发性维生素K缺乏致颅内出血的临床资料. 结果25例患儿均治愈,死亡率为0%,21例获得3月～9年随访,其中17例无任何神经系统后遗症,3例智力发育落后,1例癫痫.结论对婴儿维生素K缺乏致颅内血肿采取微创手术是一种非常有效的治疗手段.     

A case of cystic metastatic intracranial amelanotic melanoma--analysis of findings in CT and MRI

A case of cystic intracranial metastatic amelanotic melanoma is presented. As far as we know, cyst formation in intracranial melanoma is rare, and only 15 cases of intracranial amelanotic melanoma have been reported until now. A 63-year-old man was admitted with headache and progressive visual disturbance. CT scan revealed a large low-density mass with ring-like enhancement in the left frontal lobe. Both T 1-and T 2-weighted MRI images revealed hyperintensity. A left frontotemporal craniotomy was performed. A yellowish mass was observed in the frontal lobe. The content of the cyst consisted of old hematoma, xanthochromic fluid and necrotic tissue, was evacuated and the cyst wall was totally resected. No abnormal pigmentation was noted in the cyst wall and surrounding brain tissue. The histological examination revealed amelanotic melanoma. Primary lesion was found on the left thigh later and resected. The patient died of further intracranial metastasis with repeated hemorrhage 5 months after the admission. Both CT and MRI findings of our case is atypical as an intracranial malignant melanoma. However, these are compatible with those of intracerebral hemorrhage in subacute stage. It is suggested that melanoma may make the diagnosis difficult when tumor hemorrhage modifies the images of CT or MRI.     

Lacunar syndromes due to intracerebral hemorrhage]

Nine cases (seven men and two women, mean age 64.5 years) of classical lacunar syndromes due to intracerebral hemorrhage are reported. Three patients presented with pure motor hemiparesis (two putaminal hematomas with proportional weakness and one cortical hemorrhage with brachio-crural hemiparesis). Four patients presented with sensorimotor stroke due to thalamo-capsular hemorrhage. The last two patients had thalamic hemorrhage causing ataxic hemiparesis or dysarthria-clumsy hand syndrome. Four subjects had arterial hypertension, one was diabetic, and two were treated with anti-vitamin K. Abrupt onset was noted in all instances. Only one patient experienced moderate inaugural headaches. Good recovery occurred in all cases. Lacunar syndromes are a very uncommon presentation of intracerebral bleeding. Hemorrhages are yet the second etiology of such syndromes. Distinguishing hemorrhage from infarction is not clinically possible and needs early unenhanced CT scan.     

婴儿期维生素K缺乏症颅内出血的CT分析

目的：为进一步提高对婴儿期维生素Ｋ缺乏症所致颅内出血ＣＴ征象的认识,方法：回顾性分析经临床证实有各种颅内出血的ＣＴ改变共９７例,结果：按颅内出血的部位及并发症分为单纯性,混合性,其ＣＴ改变主要以急性和亚急性出血为主,以蛛网膜下腔出血,硬膜下出血,混合性脑出血多见,常合并有大面积脑水肿。     

B超引导下婴儿晚发性维生素K缺乏颅内血肿的外科治疗

目的 探讨婴儿晚发性维生素K缺乏所致颅内出血的诊断及外科治疗。方法 对31例婴儿晚发性维生素K缺乏症致颅内出血的患儿进行手术治疗．其中12例侧脑室穿刺外引流术应用了经前囟头颅B超立体定向引导技术。结果 治愈26例．好转3例，死亡2例。结论 对本病有手术指征患儿及时手术，可明显降低病死率及致残率。应用头颅B超立体定向引导技术，使侧脑室穿刺更准确。     

Posttraumatic retroclival acute subdural hematoma: report of two cases and review of literature

Traumatic retroclival hematomas are uncommon lesions usually associated with significant trauma. Majority of the reported hematomas are epidural; and in the pediatric population. Retroclival acute subdural hematomas (RSDH) are very rare, with only two previous cases reported in English literature. An 18-year-old man presented with headache and no deficits following an accident. Computer tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed an acute RSDH extending into the spinal subdural space. He developed bilateral sixth nerve palsies, with symptoms of raised intracranial pressure within the next 24 hours. He underwent evacuation of hematoma with a good outcome. Another 19-year-old man presented with neck pain following a fall from a moving bus. He had no neurological deficits. CT scan showed a RSDH extending across the craniovertebral junction. He was managed conservatively with good outcome.     

Computerized tomography in intracranial hemorrhage.

Three hundred patients with intracranial hemorrhage were studied by computerized tomography (CT). Thalamic-ganglionic hematoma was found in 232; the mortality increased from 25% to 70% if ventricular extension occurred in this group. Lobar hematoma occurred in 45 of these patients, with a mortality of 20%, which was not influenced by ventricular extension. Seven had intraventricular bleeding only; of these, two died. In 12 patients with CT evidence of cisternal blood, angiography demonstrated aneurysms; the location of the blood predicted the location of the aneurysm in six. Multiple spontaneous intracerebral hematomas (ICHs) were visualized by CT in five patients. In 29 of 146 cases of ICH, postcontrast study showed enhancement; in 15, this was consistent with neoplasm, angioma, or aneurysm. In 14 with spontaneous ICH, ring enhancement occurred ten days to six weeks following hemorrhage.     

颅脑损伤术后迟发性颅内血肿的形成机制

目的 探讨颅脑损伤术后非手术区迟发性颅内血肿的临床特征及形成机制。方法 回顾性分析29例颅脑损伤术后经CT扫描或再次开颅探查证实为飞黄腾达这发性血肿的发生部位，发生时间，及其与脑挫裂伤，颅骨骨折等原发伤的关系。结果 血肿发生部位与手术部位关系；邻近型8例，远隔型12例，对侧型9例；发生在脑内9例，硬膜外12例，硬膜下7例。脑室内1例；12例术后硬膜外血肿中有9例可见颅骨骨折；9例术后脑内血肿中有7例可见脑挫裂伤。结论 颅脑损伤术后迟发性颅内血肿中，硬膜外，硬膜下与脑内血肿形成机制不尽相同，颅骨骨折，脑挫裂伤，脑膜或皮质血管破裂，桥静脉断裂等局部损伤影响不同类型血肿的形成，脑血管麻痹，低氧血症等是非手术区迟发性血肿形成的病理基础。     

Intracranial hemorrhage associated with aplastic anemia

Intracranial hemorrhage is a fatal complication associated with aplastic anemia. We have encountered four patients who experienced six episodes of intracranial hemorrhage (intracerebral hemorrhage; 3, subarachnoid hemorrhage; 2, and subdural hematoma; 1,). Intracranial hemorrhage occurred without traumatic episodes, and was followed by frequent hemorrhagic episodes in other parts of about one year duration. This disease is considered to recur after a short interval. The site, type and degree of intracranial hemorrhage varied, and therefore intracranial hemorrhage seemed to be caused not only by thrombocytopenia but also by multifactorial hemorrhagic tendency. Transfusion of platelet rich plasma, and administration of Glycerol and steroids produced good results for conservative therapy. Continuous spinal drainage for subarachnoid hemorrhage was a relatively safe and useful means of management. In the patients who showed precipitous deterioration, the CT scan findings indicated that the high-density-area was diffusely spread with an unclear border, just like "contusional hemorrhage". For such severe cases, blood evacuation with craniotomy and emergency splenectomy are considered to be valuable.     

晚发性维生素K缺乏性颅内出血56例临床分析

目的 探讨婴儿期维生素K缺乏的病因及预防措施。方法 对本院收治56例晚发性维生素K缺乏性出血进行回顾性分析。纯母乳喂养45例，有腹泻病史18例，抗生素用药史16例，有肝病史2例为主要病因。发病年龄25d～2月52例，2～3月4例，经静注或肌注维生素Kl及降颅内高压、抗惊厥、纠正贫血等对症处理。其中7例硬脑膜下出血给予硬脑膜下穿刺放血治疗。结果 治愈49例(4．9／56)，死亡2例(2／56)，放弃5例(5／56)，存活病例有神经系统后遗症34例(34／49)。结论 对纯母乳喂养、腹泻、使用抗生素及有肝病的患儿，在常规预防的同时应注意强化预防措施。     

CT动态观察对外伤性迟发性颅内病变的诊断价值

目的 探讨CT扫描动态观察对颅脑损伤迟发性病变的诊断价值.方法 对265例头部外伤患者进行2次及2次以上的CT扫描动态观察.结果 迟发性病变67例,占25.28%,其中迟发性颅内血肿46例(脑内血肿32例,硬膜外血肿11例,硬膜下血肿3例),占17.36%;外伤性脑梗死6例,占2.26%;外伤性硬膜下积液15例,占5.66%.结论 对头部外伤患者进行CT扫描动态观察,能及时发现颅内迟发性病变;动态复查的时间应在48h以内,以12～24h最佳.     

CT引导立体定向神经内镜手术治疗高血压性脑出血

目的探讨CT引导立体定向神经内镜手术治疗高血压脑出血的方法和疗效。方法局麻下安装ASA601S型立体定向仪,CT扫描选择血肿最大层面为中心靶点测量坐标,设计手术切口和入路,全麻下环钻开颅,颅骨钻孔直径3 cm,导针穿刺放置导管引导,沿非功能区皮层径路到达血肿腔,应用神经内镜清除血肿,电凝出血点。结果按28例脑实质内出血血肿清除50%者3例,50%～70%者12例,70%～90%者13例；5例伴有出血破入脑室内者,清除均在90%以上；术后7 d死亡2例,未发现术后再出血。随访6月显著好转和好转20例,无变化4例,恶化2例。结论应用立体定向神经内镜清除脑内血肿,是一种定位精确、微创、安全、血肿清除率较高和疗效较好的治疗方法。     

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy

We studied 24 patients with autopsy-proven cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Eight patients were demented or had some other medical problem and died of pneumonia or systemic disease. Sixteen patients died of intracranial hemorrhage. Amyloid was found in cortical arteries and arterioles of all patients. CT showed diffuse atrophy in demented patients and intracerebral hematomas in the others. The location and size of the hematoma, with cortical and subarachnoid extension, help to differentiate amyloid angiopathy from other causes of intracranial hemorrhage in the elderly.     

Clinical course of acute intracerebral hematoma which shows a fluid level presentation by X-ray CT

Three cases of intracranial hematomas which showed a fluid level presentation and/or mixed density in the acute stage by X-ray CT were reported. Case 1 is a 7-year-old boy who had the epidural and intracerebral hematomas three hours after the traffic accident. During the course, intracerebral hematomas which showed a fluid-level presentation had grown both 6 and 17 hours after the episode. Case 2 is a 39-year-old female who had received an aortic valve replacement 20 years ago. She was diagnosed as cerebral infarction due to the occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery. Intracerebral hematomas with a fluid level presentation developed in the infarcted area 20 days after the embolectomy. Case 3 is a 67-year-old female who had a mild subarachnoid hemorrhage by the traffic accident. Intracerebral hematoma with mixed density developed 68 hours after the episode and it enlarged again 89 hours after the accident. All three cases showed the abnormalities in the coagulofibrinolytic activities during the hemorrhage and showed a growth of the hematomas. It should be noticed that the case which shows a mixed density and/or a fluid level presentation in the X-ray CT requires more intensive care in both neurosurgical and general management.     

急诊手术治疗大脑中动脉动脉瘤破裂合并脑内血肿

目的 总结大脑中动脉动脉瘤破裂合并脑内血肿的急诊手术方法 及疗效.方法 急诊手术治疗大脑中动脉动脉瘤破裂合并脑内血肿患者13 例,术中均先清除部分血肿减压,然后采用经侧裂近端-远端入路行动脉瘤夹闭术.8 例患者术前行CTA 检查明确动脉瘤,5 例患者直接手术探查发现动脉瘤.结果 13例患者均在血肿清除同时成功夹闭动脉...     

Cerebral hemorrhage as the initial manifestation of cystic fibrosis

The authors present a case of an infant boy, otherwise healthy, who presented with acute irritability and obtundation. A head computed tomography scan revealed massive intracerebral hemorrhage. Investigations of the etiology revealed abnormal clotting times and reduced activity of all vitamin K-dependent factors. All etiologies of vitamin K deficiency were ruled out except malabsorption. The diagnosis of cystic fibrosis was confirmed by sweat chloride and genetic testing. Cystic fibrosis could present with cerebral bleed and should be considered in its differential diagnosis when other etiologies are not clear, as the other manifestations of vitamin K deficiency could be very subtle and unnoticed. Screening and early diagnosis of cystic fibrosis may prevent serious complications.     

Intracranial hemorrhage in an infant owing to vitamin K deficiency despite prophylaxis

A 3-month-old male infant with intracranial hemorrhage attributable to a vitamin K deficiency is reported. Vitamin K2 was administered orally at birth and then at 5 days and 1 month of age. Oral antibiotics were also given 2 days before the onset of bleeding. Although the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage resulting from vitamin K deficiency has decreased since the introduction of vitamin K2 prophylaxis, spontaneous intracranial hemorrhages are still being reported in infants. We suggest that vitamin K prophylaxis is needed especially for breast-fed infants and for those undergoing antibiotic therapy. Received: 17 January 1998 Revised: 20 January 1999