Upregulated expression of EGF and TGF-α in the proximal respiratory epithelium in the human hypoplastic lung in congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Newborn infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) still have a high mortality rate. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor- (TGF-) are peptide growth factors involved in the fetal lung growth and development. The EGF and TGF- have been reported to promote pulmonary branching activity and alveolar type-II pneumocyte proliferation. Epidermal growth factor and TGF- immunoreactivity and mRNA expression in the bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium is maximal during early fetal life and barely detectable in the proximal airways of neonatal lung. The purpose of this study was to determine protein and gene expression of EGF and TGF- in CDH lung in order to elucidate the potential role of these growth factors in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypoplasia in CDH. Lung tissue specimens were obtained from archival lung tissue from 11 patients with CDH and 5 controls. Indirect immunohistochemistry was performed using ABC method with anti-EGF and anti-TGF- antibodies. In situ hybridization was performed using EGF and TGF- specific digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotide probes. The most striking difference between hypoplastic CDH lung and control lung was the strong EGF and TGF- mRNA expression and immunoreactivity in the bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium in CDH lung. The upregulated protein and gene expression of EGF and TGF- in the proximal airways in the CDH hypoplastic lung suggests persistence of fetal stage of pulmonary airway development in CDH.     

The expression and significance of HIF-1α and VEGF in hypoxic neurons

目的 研究体外培养的新生大鼠皮质神经元缺氧不同时间后缺氧诱导因子(HIF)1α及血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的表达规律及意义.方法 体外培养的新生大鼠皮质神经元于厌氧培养箱中缺氧0、2、4、8 h,用Western blot及real time PCR检测缺氧不同时间后神经元HIF-1α及VEGF mRNA及蛋白的表达.结果 常氧培养的神经元中几乎不表达HIF-1α,VEGF表达较低;缺氧2 h后,神经元中HIF-1α及VEGF mRNA表达均显著增加;缺氧4 h后两者mRNA及蛋白表达最高;缺氧8 h后表达降低.结论 缺氧增加神经元中HIF-1α及VEGF的表达,随着缺氧时间的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势.     

Pediatric hydronephrotic segmental renal dysplasia with ipsilateral ureterovesical obstruction--rare coincidence or a consequence?

Obstruction in the developing urinary tract during embryonic life is one of the factors promoting disordered metanephric development in renal dysplasia. Dysplastic kidneys usually undergo involution during the first 5 years of life. Herein, we narrate a rare case of hydronephrotic segmental dysplasia co-existing with ipsilateral ureterovesical obstruction, in a 7-year-old male child, masquerading as hydronephrosis. Etiopathogenesis of segmental dysplasia presenting at this age is not clearly understood, and could be a consequence of intrauterine obstructive uropathy. Histologic evidence of dysplasia in a hydronephrotic kidney should warrant a close follow-up for pathologic changes in the contralateral kidney or urinary tract.     

Progress of TNF-α and TNF-α blockade treatment in asthma

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways, pathogenesis is complex, variety of inflammatory cells and cytokines involved in the airway allergic diseases. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α)plays a role in the pathogenesis of asthma as an integral part of inflammatory mediators. Suffering from asthma,respiratory epithelial cells, vascular endothelial cells may release TNF-α which may cause airway hyperreactivity and the partial inflammation, and play a role in airway remodeling. The studies show that anti-TNF-α therapy has certain therapeutic action to airway remodeling in asthma patient and severe asthma, it can decline the level of TNF-α in the blood and the respiratory, reduce airway inflammation, provide new ideas and methods for the treatment of asthma.     

The expression of NF-κB and TGF-β1 in the injured kidneys of neonate rats with endotoxemia

Objective To investigate the mechanism of the kidney injure in the newborn rats with endotoxemia.Methods Eighty Wistar rats aged 7 days were randomly divided into 2 groups:control group (intraperitoneal injection of saline of 0.1 ml;n = 40),lipopolysaccharide(LPS) group(intraperitoneal injection of LPS of 5 mg/kg;n =40).The rats in either group were killed at 1 h,4 h,8 h and 12 hours after intraperitoneal injection,respectively.The expressions of NF-κB and TGF-β1 in the kidney were detected by using the immunohistochemical assay.Renal ultrastructural changes was observed with a CM100 Philips electron microscope.Results The NF-κB in control group had no expression.NF-κB in LPS group mainly expressed in the renal tubular epithelial cell,increased at 1 h after test and peaked at 8 h,and slightly descended at 12 h.The expression of TGF-β1 in control group was slight,and had not show significant difference from control group at 1 h,4 h and 8 h,but significantly higher than that in control group at 12 h.In LPS group,newborn rat renal glomerular basement membrane was complete,part epithelial cell foot processes were fused and renal tubules epithelial cell mild mitochondria vacuolization was found at 4 h.Renal glomeruli epithelial cell foot processes obvious confluenced,quantities of mesangial cells mitochondria vacuole,and renal tubules epithelial cell mitochondria expanded to bubbles at 12 h.Conclusion The NF-κB involves in the pathogenesis of kidney damage induced by endotoxemia,but TGF-β1 may help to repair the damaged kidney,and may repress the production of NF-κB.     

The expression of NF-κB and TGF-β1 in the injured kidneys of neonate rats with endotoxemia

Objective To investigate the mechanism of the kidney injure in the newborn rats with endotoxemia.Methods Eighty Wistar rats aged 7 days were randomly divided into 2 groups:control group (intraperitoneal injection of saline of 0.1 ml;n = 40),lipopolysaccharide(LPS) group(intraperitoneal injection of LPS of 5 mg/kg;n =40).The rats in either group were killed at 1 h,4 h,8 h and 12 hours after intraperitoneal injection,respectively.The expressions of NF-κB and TGF-β1 in the kidney were detected by using the immunohistochemical assay.Renal ultrastructural changes was observed with a CM100 Philips electron microscope.Results The NF-κB in control group had no expression.NF-κB in LPS group mainly expressed in the renal tubular epithelial cell,increased at 1 h after test and peaked at 8 h,and slightly descended at 12 h.The expression of TGF-β1 in control group was slight,and had not show significant difference from control group at 1 h,4 h and 8 h,but significantly higher than that in control group at 12 h.In LPS group,newborn rat renal glomerular basement membrane was complete,part epithelial cell foot processes were fused and renal tubules epithelial cell mild mitochondria vacuolization was found at 4 h.Renal glomeruli epithelial cell foot processes obvious confluenced,quantities of mesangial cells mitochondria vacuole,and renal tubules epithelial cell mitochondria expanded to bubbles at 12 h.Conclusion The NF-κB involves in the pathogenesis of kidney damage induced by endotoxemia,but TGF-β1 may help to repair the damaged kidney,and may repress the production of NF-κB.     

The expression of NF-κB and TGF-β1 in the injured kidneys of neonate rats with endotoxemia

Objective To investigate the mechanism of the kidney injure in the newborn rats with endotoxemia.Methods Eighty Wistar rats aged 7 days were randomly divided into 2 groups:control group (intraperitoneal injection of saline of 0.1 ml;n = 40),lipopolysaccharide(LPS) group(intraperitoneal injection of LPS of 5 mg/kg;n =40).The rats in either group were killed at 1 h,4 h,8 h and 12 hours after intraperitoneal injection,respectively.The expressions of NF-κB and TGF-β1 in the kidney were detected by using the immunohistochemical assay.Renal ultrastructural changes was observed with a CM100 Philips electron microscope.Results The NF-κB in control group had no expression.NF-κB in LPS group mainly expressed in the renal tubular epithelial cell,increased at 1 h after test and peaked at 8 h,and slightly descended at 12 h.The expression of TGF-β1 in control group was slight,and had not show significant difference from control group at 1 h,4 h and 8 h,but significantly higher than that in control group at 12 h.In LPS group,newborn rat renal glomerular basement membrane was complete,part epithelial cell foot processes were fused and renal tubules epithelial cell mild mitochondria vacuolization was found at 4 h.Renal glomeruli epithelial cell foot processes obvious confluenced,quantities of mesangial cells mitochondria vacuole,and renal tubules epithelial cell mitochondria expanded to bubbles at 12 h.Conclusion The NF-κB involves in the pathogenesis of kidney damage induced by endotoxemia,but TGF-β1 may help to repair the damaged kidney,and may repress the production of NF-κB.     

The expression of NF-κB and TGF-β1 in the injured kidneys of neonate rats with endotoxemia

Objective To investigate the mechanism of the kidney injure in the newborn rats with endotoxemia.Methods Eighty Wistar rats aged 7 days were randomly divided into 2 groups:control group (intraperitoneal injection of saline of 0.1 ml;n = 40),lipopolysaccharide(LPS) group(intraperitoneal injection of LPS of 5 mg/kg;n =40).The rats in either group were killed at 1 h,4 h,8 h and 12 hours after intraperitoneal injection,respectively.The expressions of NF-κB and TGF-β1 in the kidney were detected by using the immunohistochemical assay.Renal ultrastructural changes was observed with a CM100 Philips electron microscope.Results The NF-κB in control group had no expression.NF-κB in LPS group mainly expressed in the renal tubular epithelial cell,increased at 1 h after test and peaked at 8 h,and slightly descended at 12 h.The expression of TGF-β1 in control group was slight,and had not show significant difference from control group at 1 h,4 h and 8 h,but significantly higher than that in control group at 12 h.In LPS group,newborn rat renal glomerular basement membrane was complete,part epithelial cell foot processes were fused and renal tubules epithelial cell mild mitochondria vacuolization was found at 4 h.Renal glomeruli epithelial cell foot processes obvious confluenced,quantities of mesangial cells mitochondria vacuole,and renal tubules epithelial cell mitochondria expanded to bubbles at 12 h.Conclusion The NF-κB involves in the pathogenesis of kidney damage induced by endotoxemia,but TGF-β1 may help to repair the damaged kidney,and may repress the production of NF-κB.     

The expression of NF-κB and TGF-β1 in the injured kidneys of neonate rats with endotoxemia

Objective To investigate the mechanism of the kidney injure in the newborn rats with endotoxemia.Methods Eighty Wistar rats aged 7 days were randomly divided into 2 groups:control group (intraperitoneal injection of saline of 0.1 ml;n = 40),lipopolysaccharide(LPS) group(intraperitoneal injection of LPS of 5 mg/kg;n =40).The rats in either group were killed at 1 h,4 h,8 h and 12 hours after intraperitoneal injection,respectively.The expressions of NF-κB and TGF-β1 in the kidney were detected by using the immunohistochemical assay.Renal ultrastructural changes was observed with a CM100 Philips electron microscope.Results The NF-κB in control group had no expression.NF-κB in LPS group mainly expressed in the renal tubular epithelial cell,increased at 1 h after test and peaked at 8 h,and slightly descended at 12 h.The expression of TGF-β1 in control group was slight,and had not show significant difference from control group at 1 h,4 h and 8 h,but significantly higher than that in control group at 12 h.In LPS group,newborn rat renal glomerular basement membrane was complete,part epithelial cell foot processes were fused and renal tubules epithelial cell mild mitochondria vacuolization was found at 4 h.Renal glomeruli epithelial cell foot processes obvious confluenced,quantities of mesangial cells mitochondria vacuole,and renal tubules epithelial cell mitochondria expanded to bubbles at 12 h.Conclusion The NF-κB involves in the pathogenesis of kidney damage induced by endotoxemia,but TGF-β1 may help to repair the damaged kidney,and may repress the production of NF-κB.     

The expression of NF-κB and TGF-β1 in the injured kidneys of neonate rats with endotoxemia

Objective To investigate the mechanism of the kidney injure in the newborn rats with endotoxemia.Methods Eighty Wistar rats aged 7 days were randomly divided into 2 groups:control group (intraperitoneal injection of saline of 0.1 ml;n = 40),lipopolysaccharide(LPS) group(intraperitoneal injection of LPS of 5 mg/kg;n =40).The rats in either group were killed at 1 h,4 h,8 h and 12 hours after intraperitoneal injection,respectively.The expressions of NF-κB and TGF-β1 in the kidney were detected by using the immunohistochemical assay.Renal ultrastructural changes was observed with a CM100 Philips electron microscope.Results The NF-κB in control group had no expression.NF-κB in LPS group mainly expressed in the renal tubular epithelial cell,increased at 1 h after test and peaked at 8 h,and slightly descended at 12 h.The expression of TGF-β1 in control group was slight,and had not show significant difference from control group at 1 h,4 h and 8 h,but significantly higher than that in control group at 12 h.In LPS group,newborn rat renal glomerular basement membrane was complete,part epithelial cell foot processes were fused and renal tubules epithelial cell mild mitochondria vacuolization was found at 4 h.Renal glomeruli epithelial cell foot processes obvious confluenced,quantities of mesangial cells mitochondria vacuole,and renal tubules epithelial cell mitochondria expanded to bubbles at 12 h.Conclusion The NF-κB involves in the pathogenesis of kidney damage induced by endotoxemia,but TGF-β1 may help to repair the damaged kidney,and may repress the production of NF-κB.     

The expression of NF-κB and TGF-β1 in the injured kidneys of neonate rats with endotoxemia

Objective To investigate the mechanism of the kidney injure in the newborn rats with endotoxemia.Methods Eighty Wistar rats aged 7 days were randomly divided into 2 groups:control group (intraperitoneal injection of saline of 0.1 ml;n = 40),lipopolysaccharide(LPS) group(intraperitoneal injection of LPS of 5 mg/kg;n =40).The rats in either group were killed at 1 h,4 h,8 h and 12 hours after intraperitoneal injection,respectively.The expressions of NF-κB and TGF-β1 in the kidney were detected by using the immunohistochemical assay.Renal ultrastructural changes was observed with a CM100 Philips electron microscope.Results The NF-κB in control group had no expression.NF-κB in LPS group mainly expressed in the renal tubular epithelial cell,increased at 1 h after test and peaked at 8 h,and slightly descended at 12 h.The expression of TGF-β1 in control group was slight,and had not show significant difference from control group at 1 h,4 h and 8 h,but significantly higher than that in control group at 12 h.In LPS group,newborn rat renal glomerular basement membrane was complete,part epithelial cell foot processes were fused and renal tubules epithelial cell mild mitochondria vacuolization was found at 4 h.Renal glomeruli epithelial cell foot processes obvious confluenced,quantities of mesangial cells mitochondria vacuole,and renal tubules epithelial cell mitochondria expanded to bubbles at 12 h.Conclusion The NF-κB involves in the pathogenesis of kidney damage induced by endotoxemia,but TGF-β1 may help to repair the damaged kidney,and may repress the production of NF-κB.     

The expression of NF-κB and TGF-β1 in the injured kidneys of neonate rats with endotoxemia

Objective To investigate the mechanism of the kidney injure in the newborn rats with endotoxemia.Methods Eighty Wistar rats aged 7 days were randomly divided into 2 groups:control group (intraperitoneal injection of saline of 0.1 ml;n = 40),lipopolysaccharide(LPS) group(intraperitoneal injection of LPS of 5 mg/kg;n =40).The rats in either group were killed at 1 h,4 h,8 h and 12 hours after intraperitoneal injection,respectively.The expressions of NF-κB and TGF-β1 in the kidney were detected by using the immunohistochemical assay.Renal ultrastructural changes was observed with a CM100 Philips electron microscope.Results The NF-κB in control group had no expression.NF-κB in LPS group mainly expressed in the renal tubular epithelial cell,increased at 1 h after test and peaked at 8 h,and slightly descended at 12 h.The expression of TGF-β1 in control group was slight,and had not show significant difference from control group at 1 h,4 h and 8 h,but significantly higher than that in control group at 12 h.In LPS group,newborn rat renal glomerular basement membrane was complete,part epithelial cell foot processes were fused and renal tubules epithelial cell mild mitochondria vacuolization was found at 4 h.Renal glomeruli epithelial cell foot processes obvious confluenced,quantities of mesangial cells mitochondria vacuole,and renal tubules epithelial cell mitochondria expanded to bubbles at 12 h.Conclusion The NF-κB involves in the pathogenesis of kidney damage induced by endotoxemia,but TGF-β1 may help to repair the damaged kidney,and may repress the production of NF-κB.     

The expression of NF-κB and TGF-β1 in the injured kidneys of neonate rats with endotoxemia

Objective To investigate the mechanism of the kidney injure in the newborn rats with endotoxemia.Methods Eighty Wistar rats aged 7 days were randomly divided into 2 groups:control group (intraperitoneal injection of saline of 0.1 ml;n = 40),lipopolysaccharide(LPS) group(intraperitoneal injection of LPS of 5 mg/kg;n =40).The rats in either group were killed at 1 h,4 h,8 h and 12 hours after intraperitoneal injection,respectively.The expressions of NF-κB and TGF-β1 in the kidney were detected by using the immunohistochemical assay.Renal ultrastructural changes was observed with a CM100 Philips electron microscope.Results The NF-κB in control group had no expression.NF-κB in LPS group mainly expressed in the renal tubular epithelial cell,increased at 1 h after test and peaked at 8 h,and slightly descended at 12 h.The expression of TGF-β1 in control group was slight,and had not show significant difference from control group at 1 h,4 h and 8 h,but significantly higher than that in control group at 12 h.In LPS group,newborn rat renal glomerular basement membrane was complete,part epithelial cell foot processes were fused and renal tubules epithelial cell mild mitochondria vacuolization was found at 4 h.Renal glomeruli epithelial cell foot processes obvious confluenced,quantities of mesangial cells mitochondria vacuole,and renal tubules epithelial cell mitochondria expanded to bubbles at 12 h.Conclusion The NF-κB involves in the pathogenesis of kidney damage induced by endotoxemia,but TGF-β1 may help to repair the damaged kidney,and may repress the production of NF-κB.     

The expression of NF-κB and TGF-β1 in the injured kidneys of neonate rats with endotoxemia

Objective To investigate the mechanism of the kidney injure in the newborn rats with endotoxemia.Methods Eighty Wistar rats aged 7 days were randomly divided into 2 groups:control group (intraperitoneal injection of saline of 0.1 ml;n = 40),lipopolysaccharide(LPS) group(intraperitoneal injection of LPS of 5 mg/kg;n =40).The rats in either group were killed at 1 h,4 h,8 h and 12 hours after intraperitoneal injection,respectively.The expressions of NF-κB and TGF-β1 in the kidney were detected by using the immunohistochemical assay.Renal ultrastructural changes was observed with a CM100 Philips electron microscope.Results The NF-κB in control group had no expression.NF-κB in LPS group mainly expressed in the renal tubular epithelial cell,increased at 1 h after test and peaked at 8 h,and slightly descended at 12 h.The expression of TGF-β1 in control group was slight,and had not show significant difference from control group at 1 h,4 h and 8 h,but significantly higher than that in control group at 12 h.In LPS group,newborn rat renal glomerular basement membrane was complete,part epithelial cell foot processes were fused and renal tubules epithelial cell mild mitochondria vacuolization was found at 4 h.Renal glomeruli epithelial cell foot processes obvious confluenced,quantities of mesangial cells mitochondria vacuole,and renal tubules epithelial cell mitochondria expanded to bubbles at 12 h.Conclusion The NF-κB involves in the pathogenesis of kidney damage induced by endotoxemia,but TGF-β1 may help to repair the damaged kidney,and may repress the production of NF-κB.     

Clinico-pathological correlation in duplex system ectopic ureters and ureteroceles: can preoperative work-up predict renal histology?

Purpose  

Upper pole histology has been poorly investigated in duplex system ectopic ureters and ureteroceles. We aimed to determine the differences in histology between the conditions, and to identify clinical markers of renal damage.     

Nephrectomy for multicystic dysplastic kidney and renal hypodysplasia in children: where do we stand?

Objectives

Little is reported in literature regarding correct management of benign lesions of the kidney. The aim of our study is to present a series of total and partial nephrectomies performed in the last 5 years and to discuss indications.

Materials and methods

Patients with benign lesions who underwent nephrectomy and partial nephrectomy at our institution in the period 2003–2008 were retrospectively included in the study. Notes were carefully reviewed and demographic data, symptoms onset, preoperative diagnosis, investigations, medical and/or surgical treatment, postoperative complications and definitive histological reports were collected.

Results

Forty procedures were performed. Twelve patients were preoperatively diagnosed of having multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK), which was confirmed in 10, whereas the remaining 28 patients of having severe dysplasia or hypodysplasia. Thirty-four patients underwent total nephrectomy, six underwent partial nephrectomy. Histopathological analysis confirmed segmental or complete abnormalities of the involved kidney in all cases. No malignancies were detected.

Discussion

Our study confirmed the extremely low malignancy rate of MCDK and hypodysplastic kidneys. The 20% mismatch of pre- and post-operative diagnosis suggests a common aetiology and shared therapeutic strategies for MCDK and hypodysplasia. At present, there is no consensus regarding correct indications for nephrectomy in paediatric age. As nephrectomy seems not to provide any advantage over preservation, but surgical and anesthesiological risks, we should be prudent in preserving every asymptomatic poorly or non-functioning kidneys maintaining a strict follow-up. Randomised controlled studies on larger multicentric series are strongly warranted to define this topic.     

A new operative technique – Extra renal ureterocalycostomy for correction of PUJ obstruction in a horseshoe kidney

The authors describe a novel operative technique in a child with PUJ obstruction in a horseshoe kidney, where a pyeloplasty was clinically indicated but unsafe because of insufficient length of ureter and predicted technical difficulty in transposing large renal vessels coursing to the renal hilum. During the operation, there was a favourably positioned extra renal lower pole calyceal infundibulum identified, of similar dimensions to the spatulated ureter and this was chosen for an end to side tension free anastomosis. As far as the authors are aware this technique of extra renal ureterocalycostomy has not been described before.