MR对乳头溢液的诊断价值

目的:对比乳腺MR、钼靶和超声检查对乳头溢液的诊断价值。方法:对11例因乳头溢液在中山大学附属肿瘤医院就诊的患者进行前瞻性的研究。所有患者均行平扫及动态增强MR扫描、钼靶及超声检查,都做了导管造影,其中4例因各种原因导管造影失败,其余7例均行导管造影检查;11例患者均行手术,恶性者行改良根治术,良性者行乳腺区段切除术。结果:在11例患者的24个病灶中,MR的图象与最后的组织病理学结果均有关联性。MR图象正确诊断出纤维腺瘤3个,乳腺癌3个,导管内乳头状瘤11个,纤维囊性乳腺病5个,小叶增生1个,误诊硬化性腺病为乳腺癌1个,诊断准确率为95.8%(22/24)。而钼靶、导管造影和超声的诊断准确率均低于50%(5/24,12/24及8/24)。结论:乳腺MR检查能鉴别良恶性乳头溢液,提供了一种非侵入性的乳腺导管造影的方法。     

乳腺弥散加权成像在乳腺疾病中的作用

背景与目的：乳腺弥散加权成像(diffusion-weighted imaging,DWI)是一种无创伤性的磁共振检查方法,能否替代乳腺磁共振动态增强扫描(dynamic contrast-enhanced,DCE)做为乳腺癌筛查的方法,本研究就此来探讨乳腺弥散加权成像在乳腺良恶性疾病中的作用。方法：74例患者均进行数字乳腺X线、DCE及DWI检查。49例取b值为0、400、600和800 s/mm²。比较DWI和DCE的检出率、灵敏度和特异度;标准化表观弥散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)值和ADC绝对值在乳腺癌检出率中的定量分析比较。结果：经手术证实,64/74例病理结果为阳性(38例为恶性病变,26例为良性病变)。经DWI和DCE检查,恶性病变的检出率为100%。b值分别取400、600和800 s/mm²时,DWI在乳腺良恶性病变鉴别中的诊断灵敏度分别为83.33%、90.00%和93.33%,特异度为85.91%、76.19%和72.72%;DCE的灵敏度和特异度分别为86.61%和90.48%;标准化ADC值和ADC绝对值在乳腺癌的检出率中差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论：DWI在乳腺疾病的鉴别诊断中,具有一定的优越性,是继常规乳腺磁共振增强检查的重要补充方法。     

乳头溢液的影像学诊断

目的：评价乳腺导管造影和钼靶X线平片摄影在乳头溢液患者诊断中的临床价值。方法：回顾性分析50例乳头溢液患者的钼靶X线检查资料，所有病例均经临床检查，钼靶X线平片摄影、乳腺导管造影检查及病理学检查确诊。结果：良性病变47例，其中乳腺导管内乳头状瘤35例，乳腺囊性增生病7例，导管扩张5例；乳腺导管癌3例；乳头溢液伴肿块者19例。乳腺钼靶X线平片摄影发现14例乳头溢液伴肿块者X线表现异常，乳腺导管造影发现导管内乳头状瘤28例（28／35），乳腺增生病2例（2／7），导管扩张症4例（4／5），乳腺导管癌1例（1／3）。结论：乳腺导管造影用于诊断乳腺导管系统疾病较为准确可靠，乳腺钼靶X线平片摄影对乳头溢液的诊断价值不大，一定条件下两者可联合应用。     

The role of galactography in the detection of breast cancer

The authors report on a series of 529 consecutive patients examined on physical examination, mammography, nipple discharge cytology and galactography. The criterion for galactography was essentially bloody nipple discharge (73% of cases). Serous nipple discharge was not considered worthy of routine galactography since it is associated with an extremely low incidence of breast cancer. Surgical excision and histologic examination of the discharging duct was performed in 200 cases. Eighteen cases of breast cancer were detected (10 infiltrating, 8 intraductal) of which 9, 6, 7 or 7 were suspected on physical examination, mammography, cytology or galactography, respectively. All combined tests suspected 13 of 18 breast cancers; 3 intraductal breast cancers were biopsied because of evidence of multiple papillomas on galactography, and 2 infiltrating breast cancers were operated because of persistent bloody nipple discharge in the absence of any other sign. No breast cancer was suspected on galactography alone. Galactography is indicated in the presence of bloody nipple discharge, and a biopsy should be performed when breast cancer or multiple papillomas are suspected. The diagnosis and excision of a single papilloma (breast cancer was never misdiagnosed as a single papilloma on galactography) is not worthwhile since a single papilloma is a benign lesion, and the benefit of its excision is still unclear.     

MRI联合钼靶及超声对乳腺占位性病变的定性诊断价值

目的:探讨MRI联合钼靶及超声对乳腺占位性病变的定性诊断价值.方法:以回顾性研究法和随机抽样法展开研究,选取从2016年1月到2017年3月在我院就诊的80例乳腺占位性病变患者作为研究对象,病理诊断为恶性乳腺占位性病变20例(恶性组)和良性乳腺占位性病变60例(良性组),记录所有患者的多模态MRI、钼靶、超声诊断特点,...     

乳管镜检查在乳腺神经内分泌癌诊断中的应用价值

背景与目的：乳腺神经内分泌癌是乳腺癌的一种特殊类型,较为罕见,而以乳头溢液为主要表现的乳腺神经内分泌癌更为罕见,目前国内外文献报道不多.本研究通过回顾性分析以乳头溢液为主要表现的乳腺神经内分泌癌的临床资料,探讨乳管镜检查在以乳头溢液为唯一表现的乳线神经内分泌癌诊断中的应用价值.方法：对复旦大学附属肿瘤医院通过乳管镜筛查发现的7例乳腺神经内分泌癌患者的临床表现、乳管镜下特点、病理检查结果以及术前影像学检查进行回顾性分析.结果：7例患者均以乳头单孔血性溢液为首发症状,临床体检肿块不明显,术前超声和乳腺X线检查为阴性,细胞学检查均无恶性证据.7例患者乳管镜下共发现8处病灶（其中1例为双侧）,5处表现单发乳头状新生物,3处表现为多发乳头状新生物.1处新生物周围管壁僵硬,其余7处管壁均光滑.所有病灶均在乳管镜定位下获得明确诊断.结论：乳管镜检查在以乳头溢液为唯一临床表现的乳腺神经内分泌癌的诊断中有重要应用价值.     

A comparison of mr imaging,galactography and ultrasonography in patients with nipple discharge

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to assess the usefulness of three-dimensional contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, compared with galactography and ultrasonography(US). METHODS: Fifty-five patients with bloody nipple discharge were investigated retrospectively. All patients were examined by galactography, ultrasonography and MR imaging. These three sets of findings were compared with the histopathological results from 16 intraductal biopsies, 3 excisional biopsies, 24 microdochectomies and 12 mastectomies. RESULTS: Contrast enhanced MR imaging demonstrated all malignant lesions including ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Four cases of DCIS were not visualized by ultrasonography and three malignant lesions were missed by galactography. In the MR study, segmental clumped enhancement (positive predictive value =100 %), and focal mass with smooth border (negative predictive value =87.5 %) were the statistically significant predictive factors. CONCLUSIONS: Among the three modalities, contrast-enhanced three-dimensional MR imaging demonstrated the location and distribution of the lesions most clearly, especially in cases of ductal carcinoma in situ. It has the potential to be a useful diagnostic tool for patients with nipple discharge.     

不伴肿物乳头溢液124例分析

 目的　深讨不伴肿物乳头溢液对检出早期乳腺癌及癌前病变的临床价值。方法　对124例不伴肿物乳头溢液患者(其中浆液性溢液47例,血性溢液74例,脓性3例),行手术治疗,先行病变导管切除,如为恶性,则行乳腺癌改良根治术。结果　本组病例良性者115例,占92.7%,其中乳腺导管内乳头状瘤和乳腺囊性增生病占79%;乳头状瘤(病)伴瘤细胞或导管上皮增生活跃(癌前病变)14例,占11.3%;乳腺癌9例,占7.3%,9例患者均为血性乳头溢液,占血性溢液之12.2%,均为临床早期癌(T0期乳腺癌)。结论　不伴肿物乳头溢液对检出早期乳腺癌及癌前病变有重要的临床价值。     

纤维乳管镜对乳腺导管内占位性病变的诊断及辅助手术治疗的应用价值

目的评价纤维乳管镜（FDS）对伴有乳头溢液的乳腺导管内占位性病变的诊治的应用价值。方法2005年9月至2009年12月本院采用FDS检查乳头溢液患者523例,发现乳腺导管内占位性病变209例（39．96％）。209例乳腺导管内占位性病变患者中,193例良性病变,均行手术治疗;16例恶性病变（乳头状瘤恶变6例,导管原位癌3例,浸润性导管癌6例,乳腺导管内乳头状瘤伴钙化、乳腺腺病重度非典型增生、局部癌变1例）分别行保留乳房手术5例,单纯乳腺切除术3例,乳腺癌改良根治术4例,乳腺癌改良根治术加假体即时置入术4例;所有手术采用FDS结合扩张探针定位法。所有病例均经病理证实。随访时间5～56个月（中位随访时间25月）。结果193例良性病变患者全部治愈,除2例患者失访外,其余无复发。16例恶性病变患者经治疗后,未发现复发、转移及死亡。结论应用FDS诊断乳腺导管内占位性病变有临床参考价值,辅助手术定位准确,有助于获得满意的手术治疗效果。     

应用纤维乳管镜诊治乳头溢液的临床经验

目的:探讨乳管内视镜诊断治疗乳头溢液疾病的价值。方法:对2006年5月～2007年2月在我院门诊行纤维乳管镜诊治的33例乳头溢液病例进行回顾分析,总结其内镜检查和相关辅助检查结果,并进行随访,对诊断情况和治疗效果进行初步评价。结果:33例乳头溢液患者,纤维乳管镜检查诊断乳管内乳头状瘤16例,乳腺癌3例,乳管炎5例,乳管扩张7例,2例未见异常。诊断符合率乳管内乳头状瘤、乳腺癌分别为62.5%和66.7%,乳管炎和乳管扩张均为100%,总体符合率为71.4%。同样病例超声、钼靶检查阳性发现率较低。结论:纤维乳管镜为乳头溢液患者特异性较高的检查,病理符合率较高,具有一定的临床应用价值。     

Comparative Investigation of Single Voxel Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Dynamic Contrast Enhancement MR Imaging in Differentiation of Benign and Malignant Breast Lesions in a Sample of Iranian Women

Purpose: To make a comparison of single voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy (SV-MRS) and dynamic contrast enhancement (DCE) MRI for differentiation of benign and malignant breast lesions in a sample of Iranian women. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 women with abnormal breast lesions detected in mammography, ultrasound, or clinical breast exam were examined with DCE and SV-MRS. tCho (total choline) resonance in MRS spectra was qualitatively evaluated and detection of a visible tCho peak at 3.2 ppm was defined as a positive finding for malignancy. Different types of DCE curves were persistent (type 1), plateau (type 2), and washout (type 3). At first, lesions were classified according to choline findings and types of DCE curve, finally being compared to pathological results as the standard reference. Results: this study included 19 patients with malignant lesions and 11 patients with benign ones. While 63.6 % of benign lesions (7 of 11) showed type 1 DCE curves and 36.4% (4 of 11) showed type 2, 57.9% (11of 19) of malignant lesions were type 3 and 42.1% (8 of 19) type 2. Choline peaks were detected in 18 of 19 malignant lesions and in 3 of 11 benign counterparts. 1 malignant and 8 benign cases did not show any visible resonance at 3.2 ppm so SV-MRS featured 94.7% sensitivity, 72.7 % specificity and 86.7% accuracy.Conclusions: The present findings indicate that a combined approach using MRS and DCE MRI can improve the specificity of MRI for differentiation of benign and malignant breast lesions.     

乳管内视镜在伴乳头溢液乳腺疾病中的诊断价值

目的：探讨乳头溢液乳腺疾病乳管内视镜的诊断价值。方法：利用FVS-3000M型纤维乳管镜系统对乳头溢液患者进行检查，对可疑病例用活检针取组织活检或定位切除送病检确诊，对本组354例病人资料进行回顾性分析。结果：发现占位性病变245例，渗出性病变97例，另有9例正常及3例失败。手术186例，经病理证实诊断准确率为96．2％。结论：乳管内视镜可以明确引起乳头溢液疾病的病因、确定病变部位，引导活检或定位切除，提高早期乳腺癌的发现率。     

Intraductal biopsy for diagnosis and treatment of intraductal lesions of the breast

BACKGROUND: Bloody nipple discharge is a significant clue in the detection of ductal carcinoma of the breast. In the past, pathologic diagnoses were obtained exclusively via excision, but recently developed mammoscopic techniques have been found to yield valuable information relating to the diagnosis of intraductal lesions. METHODS: Mammary duct endoscopy (i.e., mammoscopy) was performed a combined total of 407 times for 295 patients who experienced nipple discharge. Intraductal breast biopsy (IDBB) under mammoscopic observation was performed in 193 intraductal papillomas (from a total of 107 patients) and 30 ductal carcinomas (from a total of 27 patients); IDBB was performed a combined total of 36 times in the 27 patients who had breast carcinoma and yielded 21 diagnostic specimens (58.3%). In addition, the therapeutic value of IDBB was assessed in 70 patients with intraductal papilloma who had undergone more than 3 years of follow-up; these 70 patients harbored a combined total of 75 intraductal papillomas. RESULTS: IDBB correctly identified the presence of carcinoma in 9 of 27 patients (33.3%); 7 other lesions (25.9%) were placed in the suspected carcinoma (i.e., atypical papillary lesion) category, and 5 (18.5%) were identified as intraductal papillomas. Using IDBB, it was difficult to collect diagnostic specimens from patients with breast carcinoma, because of the location and weak tissue cohesiveness of these lesions compared with intraductal papillomas. The 193 intraductal biopsies performed on intraductal papillomas yielded only 20 specimens that were insufficient for diagnosis. IDBB exhibited therapeutic efficacy in 54 of 70 patients with intraductal papilloma (77.6%) who had more than 3 years of clinical follow-up. Therapeutic results tended to be less favorable for patients who had intraductal lesions in multiple duct lobular units. CONCLUSIONS: Mammoscopy can contribute not only to the diagnosis of cases of nipple discharge but also to the treatment of intraductal papilloma.     

The evaluation of human breast lesions with magnetic resonance imaging and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Purpose. MR spectroscopy (MRS) assists in lesion characterization and diagnosis when combined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Cancerous lesions demonstrate elevated composite choline levels arising from increased cellular proliferation. Our study investigated if MR spectroscopy of the breast would be useful for characterizing benign and malignant lesions. Materials and methods. Single voxel proton MR spectroscopy (MRS) was acquired as part of an MR imaging protocol in 38 patients referred upon surgical consultation. The MR spectra were read independently in a blinded fashion without the MR images by three spectroscopists. The MRI exam was interpreted in two settings: (a) as a clinical exam with detailed histories and results from previous imaging studies such as mammography or ultrasound included and (b) as a blinded study without prior histories or imaging results. Results. Elevated choline levels were demonstrated by MRS in 19 of the 23 confirmed cancer patients. The sensitivity and specificity for determining malignancy from benign breast disease with MRS alone were 83 and 87%, respectively, while a blinded MRI review reported 95 and 86%, respectively. Conclusions. Proton MR spectroscopy provides a noninvasive, biochemical measure of metabolism. The technique can be performed in less than 10min as part of an MRI examination. MRI in combination with MRS may improve the specificity of breast MR and thereby, influence patient treatment options. This may be particularly true with less experienced breast MRI readers. In exams where MRI and MRS agree, the additional confidence measure provided by MRS may influence the course of treatment.     

MRI对乳腺含粘液良、恶性肿瘤的鉴别诊断价值

目的:探讨磁共振成像对乳腺含黏液良、恶性肿瘤鉴别诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析2018年12月至2021年02月经我院病理证实的乳腺含黏液肿瘤25例共26个病灶的术前MRI图像及临床病理资料,依据病理分为良性组及恶性组,比较良、恶性组的临床及MRI表现差异性。结果:25例患者共26个病灶纳入研究,良性肿瘤10例共10个病灶,恶性肿瘤15例共16个病灶。恶性组发病年龄高于良性组（P＜0.01）;病变的边缘多不规则,与良性组比较差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;而两组间肿块大小、形态、动态增强曲线类型及ADC值无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。恶性组出现由周围向中央填充式渐进性强化,而良性组未出现,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。恶性组T2WI上的低信号分隔纤细并在增强后图像显示不清（31.25%,5/16）,良性组T2WI上的低信号分隔增强后显示清晰（30.00%,3/10）,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论:乳腺含黏液的恶性肿瘤患者发病年龄较良性肿瘤大,边缘多不规则,以不均匀强化为主,出现由周围向中央填充渐进性强化方式,T2WI序列的低信号分隔于增强后显示不清为较特征性表现。     

Carcinoembryonic antigen estimation in nipple discharge as an adjunctive tool in the diagnosis of early breast cancer

To assess the usefulness of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) estimation in nipple discharge for the detection of nonpalpable breast cancer, CEA activity in nipple discharge was measured by enzyme immunoassay using monoclonal antibody. The specificity of the antibody for breast cancer was assessed by an immunohistochemical method. Mean CEA levels in the nipple discharge from 18 patients with benign breast diseases (ten intraductal papilloma; eight fibrocystic disease) was 43 ng/ml (SD, 34 ng/ml), suggesting an upper reference limit of 100 ng/ml. Six of seven nonpalpable breast cancer patients had higher CEA levels than this tentative cutoff value, as did three of five patients with borderline lesions. The incidence of elevated CEA levels in nipple discharge correlated significantly with the incidence of intratumoral antigen expression. These results lead us to conclude that CEA measurement in nipple discharge may be a useful adjunct in the diagnosis of nonpalpable breast cancer.     

A case of breast carcinoma, possibly the result of malignant transformation of an intraductal papilloma in a 26-year period

A 74-year old female presented a giant tumor and serosanguineous nipple discharge from the left breast. The tumor was first recognized 26 years ago, and untreated. The resected breast contained several cysts and some small white nodules. Some of the cysts contained intracystic tumors. Histologically, the tumor consisted of a mixture of papillotubular carcinoma and intraductal papilloma. This case seems to represent a malignant change in intraductal papilloma from its long clinical course and by the microscopic findings. Review of this case seems to warrant clinical attention to the possibility that benign intraductal papilloma may transform itself into malignancy after many years.     

MRI导丝定位术对仅MRI显示的乳腺病变的诊断价值

目的:初步探索MRI导丝定位术对仅MRI显示的乳腺微小病变的诊断价值。方法:使用Toshiba 1.5T VISART超导MRI仪,八通道相控阵乳腺专用线圈,专用导丝及定位系统,对16例患者19处仅MRI显示、BI-RADS分类为4类及以上的乳腺微小隐匿病灶进行导丝定位术。根据MRI检查可疑病灶的部位,结合专用软件进行测量计算,选择外侧位、内侧位,精准定位进针,观察操作方式及定位准确性,准确划定手术区域位置及范围,定位结束后送病人行外科手术切除,结合手术病理结果进行对比分析。结果:16例患者19个病灶均一次定位成功,病理切片证实病变完全成功切除,成功率为100%。术前MRI综合诊断BI-RADS分类4A类5处,4B类6处,4C类6处,5类2处;病理包括:导管内多发乳头状瘤3处(其中1例伴不典型增生),中度不典型增生2处,重度不典型增生5处,导管内癌4例,导管内癌伴微浸润1例,浸润性乳腺癌1例,大汗腺化生伴导管上皮增生1例,硬化性腺病伴筛状增生1例,微小纤维腺瘤1例,术前MRI诊断结论与术后病理结果对照,诊断符合率为84.21%（16/19）。结论:对X线、超声无法检出,临床触及阴性,仅MRI显示的乳腺微小隐匿性病灶,应用MRI进行初步定性诊断,对BI-RADS分类4A类及以上的病灶进行MRI导丝定位术,是一种早期、安全、准确可靠的方法,弥补了X线、超声诊断的不足及假阴性的发生,提高了早期乳腺癌、导管内癌及不典型增生的精准诊治水平,是对乳腺X线和超声引导乳腺导丝定位术的重要补充。     

MRI-DWI单用或与X线钨靶联合用于乳腺良恶性病变鉴别诊断价值比较

目的:探讨MRI-DWI单用或与X线钨靶联合用于乳腺良恶性病变鉴别诊断临床价值差异。方法:本次研究纳入2018年01月至2019年12月收治确诊乳腺肿物患者共288例,均行X线钨靶、常规MRI及MRI-DWI检查,分析MRI-DWI单用或与X线钨靶联合用于乳腺良恶性肿物鉴别诊断结果差异。结果:恶性病灶ADC平均值显著低于良性病灶（P＜0.05）。ROC曲线分析结果显示,MRI-DWI检测ADC值用于良恶性病灶鉴别诊断ACU=0.95,最佳截断值为1.31×10-3 mm2/s,敏感度为83.07%,特异度为96.34%;MRI-DWI单用和MRI-DWI联合X线钨靶用于乳腺良恶性肿物诊断准确率分别为87.50%（252/288）,93.06%（268/288）;MRI-DWI联合X线钨靶用于乳腺良恶性肿物诊断准确率显著高于MRI-DWI单用（P＜0.05）。结论:MRI-DWI与X线钨靶联合用于乳腺良恶性病变鉴别诊断价值优于MRI-DWI单用。     

A utility of ductography and fiberoptic ductoscopy for patients with nipple discharge

Background. Breast carcinoma and precancer are thought to start in the lining of the milk duct or lobule. While ductography has been advocated as the main procedure in patients with nipple discharge, fiberoptic ductoscopy (FDS) is an emerging technique allowing direct visual access to the ductal system of the breast through nipple orifice exploration. Methods. We applied ductography and FDS to 65 women who had nipple discharge, and compared their utility. Results. Intraductal lesions occurred in the segmental duct and the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth branches in decreasing frequency with ductography and FDS screening. The detection rates of intraductal abnormal lesions by ductography and FDS and the their combination were 89.1 (37 patients), 97.4 (38 patients), and 97.5% (39 patients) respectively. Ductal washings performed during FDS were effective to obtain representative exfoliated ductal cells which could be evaluated (sensitivity 50%, specificity 94.3%, and diagnostic accuracy 89.7%). As a result, we diagnosed 35 cases of benign lesions and four cases of malignant lesions by cytological or/and histological examination. Conclusion. Ductography and fiberoptic ductoscopy are useful procedure in guiding subsequent breast surgery in the treatment of nipple discharge.