超声弹性成像与超声造影诊断肝脏占位性病变性质价值分析

目的 探讨超声弹性成像与超声造影（CUES）对肝脏占位性病变性质的鉴别诊断价值。方法 2015年1月~2016年12月我院诊治的肝局灶性病变患者186例（206个病灶）。所有的受试者均接受超声造影和超声弹性成像检查,参照欧洲肝脏超声造影指南（2012版）标准进行肝局灶性病变良恶性的鉴别诊断。应用ROC曲线下面积判断指标诊断的效能。结果 在186例肝脏占位性病变患者中,肝左右叶病灶126例,肝左叶病灶29例,肝右叶病灶31例;超声共发现病灶206个,其中良性病灶78个（37.9%）,恶性病灶128个（62.1%）。在78个良性病灶中,血管瘤51个,肝脓肿10个,错构瘤4个,结节性增生5个,炎性假瘤8个。在128个恶性病灶中,原发性肝癌124个,转移癌4个;超声造影检查诊断的ROC曲线下面积为0.967,显著优于超声弹性成像检查的0.803（P<0.05）,超声造影检查诊断的敏感性、特异性和准确性分别为95.6%、98.6%和96.8%,显著优于超声弹性成像检查的89.1%、76.8%和84.4%（P<0.05）。结论 CUES检查对判断肝占位性病变的性质具有较高的诊断效能,与超声弹性成像检查具有协同作用,临床医师可以通过这些检查确定肝内病灶的性质。     

LI-RADS超声分类诊断肝脏占位性病变准确性分析

目的 探讨应用LI-RADS超声分类方法诊断肝脏占位性病变的准确性。方法 2018年1月～2019年9月我院经病理学检查诊断为肝脏占位性病变患者60例,均接受超声造影检查。按照LI-RADS分类方法,分别以LR-3(方法1)和LR-4a(方法2)作为为截断点,分析两种方法鉴别良恶性病变的效能。结果 在60例肝占位性病变患者中,综合诊断肝囊肿4例,肝血管瘤16例,肝脓肿8例,肝局灶性脂肪变9例,肝局灶性结节性增生9例,肝细胞癌8例,肝转移瘤6例;以病理学检查诊断为金标准,方法1诊断恶性病变22例,良性病变38例。方法 2诊断恶性病变14例,良性病变46例;方法1诊断的灵敏度、特异度和正确率分别为85.7%、78.2%和80.0%,而方法2则分别为78.6%、93.5%(P<0.05)和100.0%(P<0.05)。结论 采用LI-RADS 方法2分辨肝脏占位性病变的性质具有很高的准确性,其临床应用价值值得进一步研究。     

超声造影诊断微小原发性肝癌患者临床价值研究

目的 探讨肝脏超声造影检查诊断微小原发性肝癌（PLC）的临床价值。方法 2016年1月~2016年12月于我院监测的PLC高危人群156例,在常规超声检查后对有目标或高度怀疑的患者行超声造影检查,并在15 d内行电子计算机断层扫描（CT）或磁共振成像（MRI）检查,经手术组织或穿刺活检组织病理学检查诊断。结果 在156例PLC高危人群中,常规超声检查诊断恶性占位29例,可疑恶性14例;经超声造影检查,诊断恶性占位32例,可疑恶性9例。经CT、MRI和手术后或穿刺活检组织病理学检查,诊断为肝细胞癌（HCC） 32例,可疑恶性9例。在32例HCC患者中,男17例,女15例;年龄20~69岁,平均年龄（48.56±2.05） 岁。病灶直径0.8~2 cm,平均（1.62±0.12） cm;在确诊的32例微小HCC患者中,13例超声造影显示动脉早期瘤体完全增强,而门脉期和延迟期表现为低回声,呈现典型的“快进快出”增强模式,19例造影剂超过6 min未廓清,呈“快进同出”型。结论 针对PLC高危人群,对其行肝脏超声造影定期跟踪监测,有助于发现早期微小PLC病灶。     

肝脏良性实质性局灶性病变的B型超声诊断50例

目的探讨B超对肝脏良性实质性局灶性病变的诊断能力和价值．方法1990－06／1997－06我们使用A10KaSSD-630型实时超声诊断仪，对既往经影像检查诊断为“肝癌”、“肝内实性占位”病变患者重新确立肝脏良性实质性局灶性病变诊断50例，其中男31例，女19例，年龄32岁～50岁肝内肿块均为低回声，单发，最大直径2．7cm，多为1．0cm～2．5cm．同时伴肝炎3例，有结核病史2例，脂肪肝31例，右上腹不适25例．扫查要点是：肝脏全貌及病灶周围间接征象．关键是寻找与小肝癌声象图表现的区别．肝脏良性实质性局灶性病变图象与小肝癌同样表现为微小低回声肿块，不同之处在于多无肝硬变的情景，肿块本身无占位效应，肿块后方无回声增强，肿块外周无低回声晕带，且有良性实质性局灶性病变的相关声象图表现：肿块形态不规则多不呈“球”形，或肿块周围有纤细强回声包膜，灶性脂肪浸润肝脏回声增强细腻呈云雾状改变等本组病例分别与手术病理或CT扫描对照，并超声随访观察1a以上，肿块无生长力表现．结果本组50例，诊断肝脏炎性假瘤1例（手术病理证实），肝结核2例（超声引导下针吸细胞学证实），肝血管瘤弱回声型15例（CT增强扫描检查证实），肝内灶性脂肪浸润32例（CT扫描检查及临床超声随访观察证实）．结论注重肝脏全貌     

超声弹性成像技术在肝泡型包虫病诊断中的应用价值分析

目的为了提高临床对肝泡型包虫病的检出率,分析采用超声弹性成像技术的价值和意义。方法根据随机数字表的方法从2014年7月至2017年7月我院就诊的肝占位性病变患者中选取80例作为研究对象,入组患者均常规接受普通超声和超声弹性成像检查,记录入组患者病灶的大小以及弹性评分,比较诊断结果与手术或病理结果的差异。结果研究表明,入组的80例肝占位性病变患者中原发性肝癌、肝血管瘤、肝囊肿以及肝泡型包虫病分别为28例、22例、20例和10例,与普通超声检测相比超声弹性成像检测的肝泡型包虫病、原发性肝癌的病灶面积、周长以及体积明显增加,且二者比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);肝泡型包虫病与原发性肝癌的超声弹性成像评分相比明显降低,与肝血管瘤相比则显著增加,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对可疑肝泡型包虫病患者进行超声弹性成像技术检查,有助于明确病灶硬度,提高检出准确性,效果显著,值得临床推广和应用。     

钆塞酸二钠增强磁共振扫描诊断肝脏局灶性病变研究*

目的 通过与手术后组织病理学诊断结果比较,观察钆塞酸二钠（Gd-EOB-DTPA）增强磁共振成像（MRI）对肝脏局灶性病变（FLL）的诊断价值。方法 我院收治的FLL患者68例,接受Gd-EOB-DTPA增强MRI检查,与术后组织病理学诊断比较检查结果的正确性。结果 68例FLL患者经术后组织病理学检查诊断为肝细胞癌36例,肝内胆管细胞癌6例,混合型肝癌8例,肝局灶性结节性增生12例,肝血管平滑肌脂肪瘤4例,非FLL 2例,而Gd-EOB-DTPA增强MRI诊断FLL 64例,其中肝细胞癌37例,肝内胆管细胞癌7例,混合型肝癌4例,肝局灶性结节性增生14例,肝血管平滑肌脂肪瘤2例,非FLL 4例。增强MRI诊断FLL的Kappa值为0.7,其灵敏度为97.1%,特异度为100.0%,阳性预测值为100.0%,阴性预测值为50.0%。结论 采取Gd-EOB-DTPA增强MRI检查对FLL诊断具有较高的灵敏度和特异度,临床应重视其诊断价值。     

超声弹性成像与常规超声诊断肝脏局灶性良恶性病变价值比较

目的 探讨超声弹性成像5分法在肝脏局灶良、恶性病变中的诊断价值。方法 本院2013年8月至2016年2月收治的78例肝脏局灶性良、恶性病变患者,采用常规超声检查和超声弹性成像5分法评定肝脏局灶性病变性质,以手术组织病理学检查为金标准,比较两种超声检查方法的诊断效能。结果 在78例肝脏局灶性病灶患者,经病理学检查诊断为恶性病灶54例,其中胆管细胞癌4例,转移性肝癌11例,肝细胞癌39例,诊断为良性病灶24例,其中肝局灶性结节性增生4例,肝血管瘤9例,肝脓肿11例;常规超声检查诊断恶性病变的灵敏度为75.9%（41/54）,诊断良性病变的特异度为75.0%（18/24）,准确度为75.6%（59/78）,阳性预测值为87.2%（41/47）,阴性预测值为58.1%（18/31）;弹性成像5 分法诊断恶性病变的灵敏度为98.1%（53/54）,诊断良性病变的特异度为79.2%（19/24）,准确度为92.3%（72/78）,阳性预测值为91.4%（53/58）,阴性预测值为95.0%（19/20）。与常规超声检查比,弹性成像的诊断效能较高,差异具有统计学意义（x2=8.050,P=0.005）。结论 在鉴别诊断肝脏局灶性病变性质方面,超声弹性成像5分法比常规超声检查更灵敏和更准确,具有极大的临床应用价值。     

二维超声和超声造影检查肝脏上皮样血管内皮瘤表现特征分析*

目的 分析肝脏上皮样血管内皮瘤（EHE）超声表现特征。方法 回顾性分析我院经病理学检查证实的5例EHE患者超声声像图表现,主要是位置、大小、形态,灰阶、彩色血流分布和超声造影表现。结果 在5例患者中,2例单发,3例多发;3例肿瘤位于肝包膜下,1例邻近肝边缘,1例肝内弥漫性分布;2例可见“包膜回缩征”,2例超声造影表现为“快进快出”,即动脉相快速高增强,门脉相和实质相快速消退。结论 常规超声检查EHE表现为肝脏包膜下或边缘部位占位,单发或多发,有“包膜回缩征”。超声造影表现为“快进快出”的特点。     

钆塞酸二钠增强MR与增强CT诊断肝脏局灶性病变效能对比研究*

目的 探讨应用钆塞酸二钠增强 MR检查对肝脏局灶性病变的诊断效能。方法 2015年6月~2017年6月我院诊治的肝脏局灶性病变患者47例,行无肝胆期和有肝胆期钆塞酸二钠增强 MR和增强 CT检查,行肝穿刺活组织病理学检查,以此为金标准,计算各检查方法的诊断效能。结果 在47例肝脏局灶性病变患者中,病变大小为0.7~6.2 cm （2.1±0.8） cm。经病理学检查诊断为胆管细胞癌15例,胆管囊腺癌1例,结肠癌肝转移8例,直肠癌肝转移3例和肝血管瘤5例,局灶性结节性增生8例,肝硬化结节4例,脂肪瘤2例,腺瘤1例;有肝胆期钆塞酸二钠增强 MRI诊断的敏感度为88.9%,特异度为80.0%,准确度为85.1%,显著高于无肝胆期钆塞酸二钠增强 MRI的60.0%、61.7%和63.0%或增强 CT检查的45.0%、48.9%和51.9%,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 有肝胆期钆塞酸二钠增强 MRI检查有利于提高对肝脏局灶性病变的临床定性诊断,值得进一步验证。     

超声造影对肝硬化小结节的诊断价值探讨

目的 探讨超声造影对肝硬化小结节的诊断价值。方法 2012年2月~2016年2月我院收治的130例肝硬化患者,分别进行增强CT扫描和超声造影检查。结果 在130例肝硬化患者肝内169个小结节中,经手术或肝活检组织病理学检查确诊为肝癌92例（70.8%）,包括115个病灶;增强CT扫描发现符合肝癌表现者62例,其Kappa值为0.250,诊断的准确率为65.4%（85/130）,敏感性为67.4%（62/92）,特异性为60.5%（23/38）;超声造影发现符合肝癌表现者87例,其Kappa值为0.871,诊断准确率为94.6%（123/130）,敏感性为94.6%（87/92）,特异性为94.7%（36/38）,两者相比,差异显著（P<0.05）;增强CT扫描和超声造影诊断的AUC分别为0.630和0.935,后者明显大于前者（P<0.05）。结论 超声造影能显著提高对肝硬化小结节的定性诊断,值得临床进一步研究。     

Laparoscopic ultrasonography

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop a surgical training program and to test the accuracy of laparoscopic ultrasound in detecting injected lesions in pig livers. METHODS: Pig livers were divided into eight segments and injected with Surgilube® malignant and silicone benign lesions. All were examined by laparoscopic ultrasound followed by liver explantation to confirm results. First, a pilot study was conducted on six swine by injecting Surgilube® lesions and performing laparoscopic ultrasound through 3 different ports (left upper quadrant (I), umbilicus (II), and right lower quadrant (III)) to determine per-segment accuracy and to optimize port placement. Second, blinded injection of Surgilube® and silicone implants was done on 18 pigs with laparoscopic ultrasound conducted through the two most accurate ports from the pilot study. This model was then tested during a resident training workshop. RESULTS: In the pilot study, per-lesion and per-segment sensitivity was 96 percent, with no difference among the three ports used. Ports I and II were chosen for the blinded study for their convenience in performing laparoscopic colectomy. In the blinded study, per-segment sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 97 percent, 94 percent, and 96 percent and 99 percent, 94 percent, and 97 percent for ports I and II, respectively. At the conclusion of a pilot workshop, trainee per-segment sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 60 percent, 80 percent, and 70 percent, respectively. The major difficulty was differentiating benign from malignant lesions. CONCLUSIONS: A useful liver laparoscopic ultrasound training model for surgeons was developed with good preliminary results. It is anticipated that further training will enhance laparoscopic ultrasound accuracy rates before application of this modality in humans.Funded in part by Ethicon Endo-Surgery Inc. and Aloka.Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Boston, Massachusetts, June 24 to 29, 2000.     

Endobronchial ultrasonography

Endobronchial ultrasonography is a minimally invasive examination that offers new opportunities for exploring the mediastinum. It reaches and characterizes previously inaccessible lesions. Its relevance is largely supported by abundant and compelling literature, which explains its increasing medical application and the growing number of places offering it. This issue offers us an opportunity to review the key points of this technique and to report on some of our findings.     

Transperineal ultrasonography

PURPOSE: The aim of this preliminary study was to present an alternative method to assess the anal sphincters by ultrasonography using a conventional ultrasound surface probe by transperineal approach. METHODS: Transperineal ultrasonography was performed in 20 asymptomatic volunteers to assess the anal sphincters. Ultrasonographic findings were compared with conventional anal endosonography pictures available in the literature. RESULTS: Images of the anal sphincters obtained by transperineal ultrasound were found to be similar to those produced by conventional anal endosonography. Internal and external anal sphincters were easily demonstrated in addition to mucosal and submucosal layers. CONCLUSIONS: Transperineal ultrasonography is a new technique that enables imaging of anal sphincters and anal canal structures with potential application in functional and inflammatory anorectal disorders.Dr. Kleinübing was supported by grant from National Agency CAPES Brazil.Presented at 1° Encontro Catarinense de Colo-Proctologia, Joinville—SC—Brazil, December 12, 1997.     

Endobronchial ultrasonography

Endobronchial ultrasonography (EBUS) allows visualization of the tracheobronchial tree with real-time ultrasound and permits visualization of the internal structure of pulmonary lesions, which may narrow the differential diagnosis. The indications for EBUS are to (1) determine the depth of tumor invasion of tracheobronchial lesions, (2) define positional relationships with the pulmonary artery and veins and hilar structures and determine the extent of tumor invasion, (3) visualize paratracheal and peribronchial lymph nodes and metastatic lesions and enable EBUS-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA), and (4) localize and diagnose peripheral pulmonary lesions (benign or malignant). New and evolving applications of EBUS will increase the cost-effectiveness of EBUS in the diagnosis and treatment of thoracic diseases.     

Pleural ultrasonography

Ultrasonography has achieved acceptance as a routine clinical tool for clinicians managing pleural disease. This article provides an overview of the field of pleural ultrasonography with an emphasis on clinical applicability and procedure guidance.     

Endoscopic ultrasonography

EUS has many advantages over x-ray and other endoscopic procedures for the detection of lesions located in the wall of the GI tract. In the oesophagus, invasion of cancer and spread to lymph nodes can be visualized by EUS before surgery. In the stomach, the invasion depth of cancer and the therapeutic effect of laser irradiation to early cancer can be studied. EUS may also be useful in the evaluation of chemotherapy in malignant lymphoma. In benign diseases of the GI tract, EUS can provide important information about submucosal tumours. It can improve the differential diagnosis of malignant and benign submucosal tumours. EUS will also contribute to the elucidation of the pathogenesis of giant folds developing in the stomach. In addition, EUS is beneficial in the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cyst, pancreatic cancer, cancer of the papilla Vateri and diseases of the biliary tract. In conclusion, we feel that endoscopic ultrasonography may prove to be a useful technique in the diagnosis of intra- and extramural lesions of the GI tract, but comparisons with conventional imaging procedures should be performed.     

Limitations of endorectal ultrasonography

PURPOSE: The accuracy of diagnosis of metastatic lymph nodes for rectal carcinoma has not improved. A low echoic lesion more than 5 mm in size detected by endorectal ultrasonography is preoperatively assessed as a metastatic lymph node. What does a low echoic lesion more than 5 mm in size correspond to histologically? METHODS: Forty-seven patients with lower rectal carcinoma (Term I, 1986–1990) and 48 patients with lower rectal carcinoma (Term II, 1991–1995) undergoing endorectal ultrasonography were reviewed. Surgically resected rectal specimens from 40 patients with rectal carcinoma underwent ultrasonography. Low echoic lesions more than 5 mm in size were taken from resected specimens and were stained with hematoxylin, followed by histologic examination. RESULTS: The accuracy of diagnosis of metastatic lymph nodes of Term II was not higher than that of Term I. Twenty-five low echoic lesions were detected by ultrasonography using 40 resected specimens. Seventeen of these 25 lesions (68 percent) were histologically confirmed to be metastatic lymph nodes. One of 25 (4 percent) was found to be lymphadenitis with no metastasis. Among the 25 lesions, 5 (20 percent) were histologically confirmed to be tumor deposits, 2 (8 percent) fatty tissue, and 22 (88 percent) carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Low echoic lesions were histologically confirmed to be tumor deposits (20 percent) and metastatic lymph nodes (68 percent). Although these data show deficiencies and limitations of the accuracy of endorectal ultrasonography, they compare favorably with other series, and no other current technology can show similar accuracy.