原发性胆汁性胆管炎患者胆囊病变临床分析

目的 分析总结原发性胆汁性胆管炎（PBC）患者胆囊病变的特点。方法 回顾性分析110例PBC患者超声检查胆囊病变情况。结果 83.6%PBC患者发现胆囊壁毛糙,42.7%有胆囊炎,40.0%有胆囊壁增厚,22.7%有胆囊结石,19.1%有胆囊息肉,18.2%有胆囊壁水肿;44例伴胆囊壁增厚的与66例不伴胆囊壁增厚的PBC患者白细胞计数分别为【（4.3±1.8）×10⁹/L和（5.2±2.3）×10⁹/L,P<0.05】,血红蛋白为【（96.4±25.8） g/L和（122.1±18.2） g/L,P<0.05】,血小板计数为【（122.3±101.7）×10⁹/L和（178.2±81.8）×10⁹/L,P<0.05】,总胆红素为【（71.1±81.1） μmol/L和（26.4±34.3） μmol/L,P<0.05】,白蛋白为【（31.2±6.1） g/L和（41.2±6.1） g/L,P<0.05】,胆碱酯酶为【（3247.8±2058.9） U/L和（6829.3±2698.9） U/L,P<0.05】,总胆固醇为【（3.6±1.4） mmol/L和（4.8±1.5） mmol/L,P<0.05】,门静脉内径为【（11.9±1.8） mm和（11.3±1.6） mm,P<0.05】;不伴胆囊壁增厚组腹水发生率为16.7%,显著低于伴胆囊壁增厚组的68.2%（P<0.05）;前者胆囊炎占4.5%,显著低于后者的100.0%（P<0.05）,前者无胆囊壁水肿,后者为45.5%（P<0.05）,前者胆囊壁毛糙占100%,显著高于后者的59.1% （P<0.05）,前者肝功能B/C级占19.7%,显著低于后者的68.2%（P<0.05）。结论 胆囊病变为PBC患者的常见表现,胆囊壁毛糙、胆囊炎和胆囊壁增厚为最常见的3种胆囊病变类型,应加强临床分析,及时进行针对性干预,从而改善患者预后。     

彩色多普勒超声检查诊断肝移植术后胆道并发症价值分析*

目的 探讨采用彩色多普勒超声检查诊断肝移植术后胆道并发症的应用价值,为提高移植肝的存活率提供保障。方法 2014年5月~2018年9月在我院行肝移植术的54例患者,采用胆道造影和彩色多普勒超声检查胆道情况。结果 经胆道造影检查,发现14例发生了肝移植术后胆道并发症,其中胆道狭窄9例,胆管内胆泥或胆石形成5例;有并发症患者肝内胆管内径和总胆管内径分别为（4.7±2.1） mm和（7.5±3.6） mm,显著大于40例无并发症患者的（1.2±0.5） mm和（4.3±1.6） mm（P<0.05）,有并发症患者肝内胆管壁厚和总胆管壁厚分别为（2.3±0.4） mm和（4.7±1.5） mm,显著大于无并发症患者的（0.8±0.2） mm和（2.1±0.9） mm（P<0.05）;以总胆管内径>6 mm、胆管壁回声增强和总胆管壁厚度>3.5 mm作为诊断标准,彩色多普勒超声检查诊断肝移植术后胆道并发症的敏感度为57.1%,特异度为80.0%。结论 使用彩色多普勒超声检查诊断肝移植术后胆道并发症的发生具有无创、方便和可重复进行的优点,具有很大的临床应用价值。     

经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术联合延期胆囊切除术治疗急性胆囊炎患者近期疗效研究*

目的 观察经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术（PTGBD）联合延期腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）治疗急性胆囊炎患者的近期临床效果。方法 2015年8月~2017年8月我院收治的94例急性胆囊炎患者被分为两组,47例观察组患者采取PTGBD联合延期LC治疗,另47例对照组采取急诊LC治疗。结果 观察组 手术时间为（83.2±34.1） min,显著短于对照组【（119.0±36.4） min,P<0.05】,手术失血量为（33.7±15.5） ml,显著少于对照组【（60.4±16.7） ml,P<0.05】,术后肛门排气时间为（23.5±6.6） h,显著短于对照组【（27.2±5.1） h,P<0.05】,术后腹腔引流时间为（3.4±2.0） d,显著短于对照组【（9.1±3.1）d,P<0.05】,而总住院时间为（11.2±4.7） d,显著长于对照组【（8.3±3.0）d,P<0.05】;观察组腔镜中转开腹率和直接开腹率分别为4.3%和0.0%,显著低于对照组的17.0%和12.8%（P<0.05）;术后72 h,观察组白细胞计数、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶和总胆红素水平显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;观察组短期并发症发生率为8.5%,显著低于对照组的29.8%（P<0.05）。结论 采取PTGBD联合延期LC治疗急性胆囊炎患者临床疗效确切,可有效降低腔镜手术中转开腹率和术后并发症发生率,临床上应尽量避免急诊行LC手术。     

肝脏CT三维重建评估肝门部胆管癌根治术临床应用研究*

目的 探讨CT三维重建评估在肝门部胆管癌根治术中的临床应用价值。方法 回顾性分析2013年1月~2017年1月收治的33例肝门部胆管癌（HCCA）患者的临床资料,19例术前采用CT三维重建评估,14例术前经CT检查评估。将CT检查数据导入3D-liver三维重建软件,建立肝脏三维模型。结果 19例三维重建组患者行R0切除12例（63.2%）,14例对照组R0切除6例（42.9%,P<0.05）;术中出血量分别为（425.3±124.5）ml和（539.4±234.7）ml（P<0.05）;手术时间分别为（3.2±1.3） h和（4.1±2.5） h（P<0.05）;术后住院时间分别为（11.7±4.8）d和（13.9±5.4）d （P<0.05）;术后并发症发生率分别为10%和12%（P>0.05）。结论 CT三维重建评估HCCA肿瘤侵犯、肝血管变异和受累情况,制定恰当的肝切除手术预案,能提高肿瘤R0切除率,减少术中出血量和手术时间。     

两种手术方法处理腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆总管残余结石患者临床疗效比较

目的 分析比较经内镜逆行性胰胆管造影（ERCP）下取石与开腹胆道探查（CBDE）治疗腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）后胆总管残余结石患者的临床疗效。方法 2015年2月~2016年12月我院收住的经LC术后存在胆总管残余结石患者84例,其中38例采取CBDE法（A组）治疗,46例采取ERCP下取石（B组）。结果 B组术中出血量明显少于A组[（3.4±1.3）ml对（124.2±65.8）ml,P<0.05],手术时间[（34.8±4.2）min对（123.3±15.8）min,P<0.05]、术后排气时间[（1.0±0.7）h对（42.6±9.1）h,P<0.05]和住院时间[（4.9±3.5）d对（9.3±4.3）d,P<0.05]均明显短于A组;术后1 w,B组血清GGT水平为（63.7±7.5）IU/L,与A组的（70.2±7.9）IU/L 比无显著性相差（P>0.05）,血清ALP水平为（105.6±11.5）IU/L,与A组的（115.4±12.8）IU/L比无显著性相差（P>0.05）;A组并发症发生率为23.7%、结石再复发率为5.3%,而B组分别为15.2%和6.5%,两组比较无显著性差异（P>0.05）。结论 相对于CBDE术,采用ERCP下取石处理经LC术后胆总管残余结石患者可有效降低术中出血量,缩短手术时间,并因可反复进行而具有优势。     

自身免疫性肝炎患者肝组织程序性死亡受体1表达及其临床意义探讨*

目的 观察自身免疫性肝炎（AIH）患者肝组织程序性死亡受体1（PD-1）表达情况及其临床意义。方法 2015年5月~2017年4月我院收治的AIH患者68例（活动期48例,缓解期20例）,在超声引导下使用BARD一次性全自动活检枪行肝穿刺活检术取得肝组织。另选择同期肝血管瘤患者13例,经手术取得肝组织。采用ABC法检测肝组织PD-1表达。比较肝组织PD-1表达情况并采用Pearson相关分析其与血生化学和血清学指标的相关性。结果 48例活动期AIH患者血清TBIL、AST、ALT、ALP和GGT水平分别为（72.1±48.9） μmol/L、（243.1±170.4） U/L、（345.3±217.7） U/L、（154.3±94.6） U/L和（86.5±43.5） U/L,显著高于20例缓解期患者【分别为（14.8±4.2） μmol/L、（28.3±8.7） U/L、（27.6±8.8） U/L、（73.3±51.3） U/L和（71.3±27.3） U/L,P<0.05】;活动期患者血清GLO和IgG水平分别为（34.3±11.3） g/L和（23.2±7.5） g/L,显著高于缓解期【分别为（30.7±10.2） g/L和（11.7±4.6） g/L,P<0.05】; 68例AIH患者肝组织PD-1表达阳性率为（13.61±6.87）%,显著高于对照组的（2.25±0.68）%（P<0.05）,而48例活动期患者肝组织PD-1表达阳性率为（16.56±7.81）%,显著高于缓解期组的（6.56±3.21）%（P<0.05）;48例活动期患者肝组织界面性肝炎为93.75%,淋巴细胞浸润为89.58%,单管破坏性炎症为6.25%,而20例缓解期患者无界面性肝炎、淋巴细胞浸润或单管破坏性炎症表现;活动期AIH患者肝组织PD-1表达阳性率与血清TBIL （r=0.996,P<0.001）、AST（r=0.989,P<0.001）、ALT（r=0.995,P<0.001）、ALP（r=0.998,P<0.001）、GGT（r=0.995,P<0.001）、GLO（r=0.996,P<0.001）和IgG（r=0.997,P<0.001）均呈正相关,在缓解期AIH患者,肝组织PD-1表达阳性率与血清TBIL （r=0.999,P<0.001）、AST（r=0.999,P<0.001）、ALT（r=0.999,P<0.001）、ALP（r=0.999,P<0.001）、GGT（r=0.999,P<0.001）和IgG（r=0.999,P<0.001）呈正相关（P<0.001）。结论 AIH患者肝组织PD-1表达增强,与肝组织炎症活动度密切相关,其参与肝损伤的作用机制还需要进一步探讨。     

经ERCP置入胆道金属支架与PTCD治疗老年肝外胆道恶性梗阻患者临床疗效比较*

目的 观察比较经内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）放置胆道金属支架与经皮肝穿刺胆管引流术（PTCD）治疗老年肝外胆道恶性梗阻患者的临床效果。方法 2014年10月~2017年10月我院收治的60例老年肝外胆道恶性梗阻患者,30接受PTCD治疗（对照组）,另30例接受经ERCP胆道金属支架置入治疗（观察组）。随访1年。结果 术后,观察组支架通畅时间为（225.4±52.6） d,显著长于对照组【（156.7±44.2） d,P<0.05】,住院时间为（12.3±2.4）d,显著短于对照组【（19.9±4.1） d,P<0.05】;观察组血清总胆红素为（110.2±60.1） μmol/L,显著低于对照组【（149.8±64.5） μmol/L,P<0.05】,碱性磷酸酶为（216.8±127.6）IU/L,显著低于对照组【（312.9±149.5） IU/L,P<0.05】,谷氨酰转肽酶为（196.5±100.5） IU/L,显著低于对照组【（269.8±121.3） IU/L,P<0.05】;观察组并发症发生率为10.0%,显著低于对照组的33.3%（P<0.05）;1 a生存率为30.0%,显著高于对照组的10.0%（x²=3.922,P=0.045）。结论 老年肝外胆道恶性梗阻患者接受经ERCP胆道金属支架置入治疗能短期降低黄疸,改善患者的肝功能指标,延长生存期。     

慢性乙型肝炎与慢性丙型肝炎患者临床和肝组织病理学特征分析

目的 分析慢性乙型肝炎（CHB）与慢性丙型肝炎（CHC）患者临床特征及肝组织病理学表现的差异。方法 2013年~2017年我院诊治的CHB患者300例和CHC患者100例,收集临床资料并行肝活检组织病理学检查。结果 本组资料显示,CHC患者年龄显著大于【（47.6±12.8）岁对（36.3±9.7）岁】、病程显著长于【（13.1±0.9）年对（6.2±1.8）年】、基础疾病显著多于（39.0%对18.7%）、经血感染显著多于（63.0%对36.7%）、母婴传播显著少于（3.0%对29.7%）、吸毒感染显著多于（40.0%对7.0%）和性传播显著少于（14.0%对26.7%）CHB患者（P<0.05）;CHB患者血清ALT水平为（76.5±10.8） U/L,AST水平为（111.2±21.3） U/L,与CHC患者的【（105.2±20.8） U/L和（98.3±20.1） U/L】比,差异显著（P<0.05）;CHC患者肝组织炎症分级>G2者为83.0%,显著高于CHB患者的48.7%（P<0.05）,而肝纤维化分期>S2者为65.0%,也显著高于CHB患者的28.3%（P<0.05）。结论 CHC患者由于病程长,发病隐匿,肝组织损伤更明显,需要积极的治疗。     

轮状病毒感染腹泻患儿肝损害状况调查

目的 了解轮状病毒感染致急性腹泻患儿肝损害发生状况。方法 2013年5月~2015年9月我院收治幼儿腹泻160例,采用金标法检测血清RV抗原,采用ELISA法检测肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）-α、IL-6和IL-10水平。结果 本组诊断RV感染70例,非RV感染90例;在RV感染患儿,肝损害发生率为24.3%,明显高于非RV感染组的6.7%（P<0.05）;32例1岁以上RV感染者肝损伤发生率为6.0%,显著低于38例1岁以下患儿的15.8%（P<0.05）;在RV感染组,53例肝功能检查正常者血清IL-6、IL-10和TNF-α水平分别为（4.47±1.38） pg/ml、（101.85±17.46） pg/ml、（24.53±5.37） pg/ml,明显低于17例肝功能损害者【分别为（5.83±2.06）pg/ml、（119.53±20.48） pg/ml、（29.38±6.43） pg/ml,P<0.05】。结论 RV感染腹泻患儿往往会出现肝损害,尤其是1岁以下患儿,应注意防护。     

以APP移动信息为基础的术前访视对原发性肝癌患者情绪的影响*

目的 研究应用APP移动信息为基础的术前访视对原发性肝癌（PLC）患者情绪的影响。方法 2015年1月~2016年12月我院肿瘤科收治的PLC患者72例,被随机分为观察组36例和对照组36例,分别给予常规术前访谈和采用专科特色APP软件术前访视。采用汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）和抑郁量表（HAMD）评价焦虑和抑郁性障碍。结果 访视后,观察组患者收缩压为（115.4±6.1） mmHg,显著低于对照组[（129.6±6.8） mmHg,P<0.05],舒张压为（82.6±3.1）mmHg,显著低于对照组[（89.8±3.4） mmHg,P<0.05],心率为（76.6±8.1）/min,显著低于对照组[（86.7±8.2）/min,P<0.05];观察组HAMA评分为（15.1±1.6）,显著低于对照组[（22.8±4.6）,P<0.05],HAMD评分为（14.8±1.9）,显著低于对照组[（22.3±3.2）,P<0.05];观察组入睡时间为（41.2±6.9） min,显著短于对照组[（47.9±8.2）min,P<0.05],睡眠时间为（6.8±1.1）h,显著长于对照组[（5.8±0.9）h,P<0.05],觉醒次数为（1.5±0.5）次,显著少于对照组[（2.2±0.8）次,P<0.05]。结论 运用APP移动信息技术对PLC患者进行术前访视可明显改善患者的焦虑或抑郁情绪,提高睡眠质量,为成功手术做好了保证。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.