肝脏局灶性结节性增生和甲胎蛋白阴性肝细胞癌患者的影像学特点分析

目的：探讨肝脏局灶性结节性增生（FNH）和甲胎蛋白（AFP）阴性肝细胞癌（HCC）患者的 MRI 和 CT 平扫及动态增强表现。方法回顾性分析2012年4月－2014年4月北京市密云县医院收治的124例肝脏肿瘤患者的临床资料。结果74例 FNH患者中,54例患者接受 CT 检查,其中38例患者接受三期动态增强扫描,16例患者仅接受平扫;62例患者接受 MRI 检查,均接受平扫及增强扫描,其中应用钆贝葡胺（Gd －BOPTA）造影剂42例。50例 AFP 阴性 HCC 患者中,40例患者接受 CT 检查,其中10例患者只接受平扫;46例患者接受 MRI 平扫及增强扫描,其中采用 Gd －BOPTA 造影剂30例,30例30个病灶中延迟1～2 h 扫描均呈低信号。结论FNH 和 AFP 阴性 HCC 患者的 MRI 和 CT 平扫及动态增强表现各具特点,多种检查方法联合应用能够促进二者诊断率的显著提升。     

肝脏感染性疾病的影像学诊断

肝脏感染性疾病包括化脓性、寄生虫性、真菌性、结核性、病毒性及其他罕见感染性疾病，如HIV感染和猫抓病。肝脏感染性疾病的早诊断、早治疗对改善预后具有重要价值。影像学检查是早期发现及鉴别诊断的重要手段。笔者就肝脏感染性疾病的计算机体层摄像及磁共振成像表现进行综述，希望对临床诊断有所帮助。     

超声造影鉴别诊断肝脏局灶性病变的价值

目的探讨超声造影对肝脏局灶性病变的临床诊断价值。方法回顾性分析110例肝脏局灶性病变患者的超声造影检查结果,分析造影表现特征,并经手术或穿刺病理结果证实。结果以手术或穿刺病理确诊结果为标准,超声造影检查对良、恶性肝脏局灶性病变的诊断率分别为97.5%、96%,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。良性病变的增强时间、达峰时间及消退时间均明显晚于恶性病变,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。本组110例肝脏局灶性病变患者超声造影检查诊断出病变114个,表现特征分别为:肝内胆管细胞癌47个,为快进快出特征;肝细胞癌5个,为快进慢出特征;肝转移癌22个,为快进快出特征;肝血管癌20个,为快进快出特征;肝硬化结节7个,为快进快出特征;局灶性脂肪肝8个,为等进等出特征;局灶性结节增生2个,为快进慢出特征;肝脓肿3个,为快进快出特征。结论超声造影对良性和恶性肝脏局灶性病变的鉴别诊断准确率较高,并能清晰反映出不同性质病变的造影增强特征,具有较高的实用价值,值得进一步推广与应用。     

肝脏少见肿瘤的影像学表现

肝脏是各类原发及继发肿瘤发生的常见器官,组织学类型多种多样,但部分肿瘤类型较少见,CT和MRI可显示肝内病变大小、形态、密度或信号、周围组织关系及肿瘤血供情况,同时MRI具有较高的软组织分辨率。综合运用CT和MRI检查,总结肝脏少见肿瘤的影像学表现,旨在提高对肝脏少见肿瘤的诊断水平,更好的发挥影像学在肝脏肿瘤诊疗中的作用。     

弥散加权成像和表观扩散系数在肝脏局灶性病变鉴别诊断中的研究

目的探讨分析弥散加权成像(diffusion-weighted imaging,DWI)和表观扩散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)在肝脏局灶性病变鉴别诊断中的应用价值。 方法对2016年8月至2017年5月庆云县人民医院65例有肝脏内局灶性病变(focal liver lesion,FLL)的患者的DWI扫描(b＝50,400,800s/ mm²)进行回顾性分析。测量其中104个病灶(包括56个良性病变和48个恶性病变)实质部分的平均ADC值,避开内部坏死区。分别计算良性病变和恶性病变的特异度和敏感度。运用方差分析检测各类局灶性病变的组间差异。 结果恶性病变的平均ADC值为0.980×10^－3mm²/s,明显低于良性病变的平均ADC值(1.433×10^－3mm²/s),有统计学意义(P<0.05)。当ADC值为1.066×10^－3mm²/s时,恶性肿瘤的特性度和敏感度分别为86.6%和73.6%。在所有的病灶中,约39.5%的病灶平均ADC值低于1.0×10^－3mm²/s,这些病灶中恶性病变占90%。约20%的病灶平均ADC值大于1.5×10^－3mm²/s,他们中有9.5%的为恶性病变。 结论DWI的应用提高了磁共振对于肝脏良恶性病变鉴别的能力,尽管ADC值不能作为肝局灶性病变良恶性鉴别的特异性指标,但其可以作为一项鉴别良恶性性病变的重要参考数据。     

肝脏局灶性病变的磁共振影像学诊断

随着影像学检查广泛应用,肝脏局灶性病变(FLL)发现概率也随之增加.在非肝硬化肝脏中的FLL中大部分为良性,血管瘤、局灶性结节性增生(FNH)和腺瘤(HCA)为最常见,非肝硬化肝脏中最常见的恶性病变则为病灶转移.     

超声造影在非肝硬化肝脏局灶性病变定性诊断中的价值

目的讨论超声造影(CEUS)对非肝硬化背景肝局灶性病变(FLL)的定性诊断价值。方法以第二代超声造影剂Sono Vue同实时超声造影匹配成像技术,对33例非肝硬化背景的FLL进行超声造影检查,对其增强模式进行分析诊断,将诊断结果与临床诊断、病理诊断进行对比。结果恶性病灶共计8例,超声造影确诊7例,未明确诊断1例;良性病灶25例,超声造影明确诊断20例,剩余病灶1例考虑为恶性,未明确定性诊断为4例。结论超声造影技术对非肝硬化背景的FLL定性诊断的敏感性、准确性值得肯定,具有实用价值,应继续广泛应用并深入研究。     

超声造影在肝脏局灶性病变鉴别诊断中的应用分析

目的 探究超声造影在肝脏局灶性病变鉴别诊断中的临床应用效果.方法 我院经超声造影诊断为肝脏局灶性病变的患者中,选取64例作为此次调查的对象,术前超声发现93个病灶,按照病例的结果 ,比较超声造影与病例结果 的符合率.结果 经过穿刺活检,或者手术切除后的病理检查结果 显示,良性病灶31个,恶性病灶62个.其中,常规超声检查:良性病灶25个,符合率为80.64%,恶性病灶32个,符合率为51.61%;敏感性为56.14%,特异性为44.64%.而超声造影检查:良性病灶27个,符合率为87.09%,恶性病灶59个,符合率为95.16%;敏感性为92.18%,特异性为90.0%.结论 对于肝脏局灶性病变鉴别诊断中,超声造影能够提供准确可靠的依据,且敏感性和特异性较高,值得推广.     

超声造影在肝脏局灶性病变良恶性诊断中的临床价值

目的:进一步研究超声造影在肝脏局灶性病变良恶性鉴别诊断中的价值.方法:选取肝局灶性病变患者262例为研究对象,行常规超声和超声造影检查,并与病理结果做对比.结果:常规超声及超声造影诊断肝脏局灶性病变良恶性的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、诊断符合率分别为88.8%、75.2%、76.6%、88.0%、81.7%及99.2%、98.5%、98.4%、99.3%、98.8%,二者比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05).超声造影与病理诊断一致性较好(Kappa=0.976).结论:超声造影提高了对肝脏局灶性病变的定性诊断能力,具有重要临床价值.     

儿童肝脏肿瘤的影像学诊断

原发性儿童肝脏肿瘤并不罕见,儿童肝脏恶性肿瘤发生率位居儿童腹部恶性肿瘤第3位,具有恶性率高,先天性肿瘤多见和好发年龄明显的特点。而且儿童肝脏肿瘤无特异性临床表现,发病隐匿、肿瘤病灶体积大、病理类型多、发生部位复杂,与成人相比处理更为困难。对小儿肝脏肿瘤的影像诊断进行了综合阐述,指出随着影像医学的迅猛发展,影像学检查在明确肝脏肿瘤的发生部位、提示肿瘤良恶性及肿瘤分级方面具有越来越重要的参考价值。     

Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in the evaluation of incidental focal liver lesions: A cost-effectiveness analysis

AIMTo determine whether contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) as the first-line method is more cost-effective in evaluating incidentally discovered focal liver lesions (FLLs) than is computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).METHODSBetween 2010 and 2015, our prospective study enrolled 459 patients with incidentally found FLLs. The biological nature of FLLs was assessed by CEUS in all patients. CT or MRI examinations were added in unclear cases. The sensitivity and specificity of CEUS were calculated. The total costs of CEUS examinations and of the added examinations performed in inconclusive cases were calculated. Afterwards, the theoretical expenses for evaluating incidentally discovered FLLs using CT or MRI as the first-line method were calculated. The results were compared.RESULTSThe total cost of the diagnostic process using CEUS for all enrolled patients with FLLs was 75884 USD. When the expenses for additional CT and MRI examinations performed in inconclusive cases were added, the total cost was 90540 US dollar (USD). If all patients had been examined by CT or MR as the first-line method, the costs would have been 78897 USD or 384235 USD, respectively. The difference between the cost of CT and CEUS was 3013 USD (4%) and that between MRI and CEUS was 308352 USD (406.3%). We correctly described 97.06% of benign or malignant lesions, with 96.99% sensitivity and 97.09% specificity. Positive predictive value was 94.16% and negative predictive value was 98.52%. In cases with 4 and more lesions, malignancy is significantly more frequent and inconclusive findings significantly less frequent (P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONWhile the costs of CEUS and CT in evaluating FLLs are comparable, CEUS examination is far more cost-effective in comparison to MRI.     

Focal liver lesions found incidentally

Incidentally found focal liver lesions are a commonfinding and a reason for referral to hepatobiliary service.They are often discovered in patients with history of liver cirrhosis,colorectal cancer,incidentally during work up for abdominal pain or in a trauma setting.Specific points should considered during history taking such as risk factors of liver cirrhosis;hepatitis,alcohol consumption,substance exposure or use of oral con-traceptive pills and metabolic syndromes.Full blood count,liver function test and tumor markers can act as a guide to minimize the differential diagnosis and to categorize the degree of liver disease.Imaging should start with B-mode ultrasound.If available,contrast enhanced ultrasound is a feasible,safe,cost effective option and increases the ability to reach a diagnosis.Contrast enhanced computed tomography should be considered next.It is more accurate in diagnosis and better to study anatomy for possible operation.Contrast enhanced magnetic resonance is the gold standard with the highest sensitivity.If doubt still remains,the options are biopsy or surgical excision.     

磁共振增强扫描弥散加权成像对肝脏良恶性肿瘤的鉴别诊断价值研究

目的 探讨磁共振增强扫描联合扩散加权成像(DWI)对肝脏良恶性病变鉴别诊断的临床价值.方法 在80例肝脏局灶性病变患者接受3.0T磁共振成像(MRI)增强和DWI序列扫描,并接受手术治疗.以组织病理学检查结果为"金标准",评估MRI和DWI的诊断效能.结果 在本组80例肝脏局灶性病变患者中,术后组织病理学诊断肝细胞癌2...     

Focal liver lesions: Practical magnetic resonance imaging approach

With the widespread of cross-sectional imaging, a growth of incidentally detected focal liver lesions (FLL) has been observed. A reliable detection and characterization of FLL is critical for optimal patient management. Maximizing accuracy of imaging in the context of FLL is paramount in avoiding unnecessary biopsies, which may result in post-procedural complications. A tremendous development of new imaging techniques has taken place during these last years. Nowadays, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays a key role in management of liver lesions, using a radiation-free technique and a safe contrast agent profile. MRI plays a key role in the non-invasive correct characterization of FLL. MRI is capable of providing comprehensive and highly accurate diagnostic information, with the additional advantage of lack of harmful ionizing radiation. These properties make MRI the mainstay for the noninvasive evaluation of focal liver lesions. In this paper we review the state-of-the-art MRI liver protocol, briefly discussing different sequence types, the unique characteristics of imaging non-cooperative patients and discuss the role of hepatocyte-specific contrast agents. A review of the imaging features of the most common benign and malignant FLL is presented, supplemented by a schematic representation of a simplistic practical approach on MRI.     

钆塞酸二钠增强磁共振扫描诊断肝脏局灶性病变研究*

目的 通过与手术后组织病理学诊断结果比较,观察钆塞酸二钠（Gd-EOB-DTPA）增强磁共振成像（MRI）对肝脏局灶性病变（FLL）的诊断价值。方法 我院收治的FLL患者68例,接受Gd-EOB-DTPA增强MRI检查,与术后组织病理学诊断比较检查结果的正确性。结果 68例FLL患者经术后组织病理学检查诊断为肝细胞癌36例,肝内胆管细胞癌6例,混合型肝癌8例,肝局灶性结节性增生12例,肝血管平滑肌脂肪瘤4例,非FLL 2例,而Gd-EOB-DTPA增强MRI诊断FLL 64例,其中肝细胞癌37例,肝内胆管细胞癌7例,混合型肝癌4例,肝局灶性结节性增生14例,肝血管平滑肌脂肪瘤2例,非FLL 4例。增强MRI诊断FLL的Kappa值为0.7,其灵敏度为97.1%,特异度为100.0%,阳性预测值为100.0%,阴性预测值为50.0%。结论 采取Gd-EOB-DTPA增强MRI检查对FLL诊断具有较高的灵敏度和特异度,临床应重视其诊断价值。     

Peliosis and gummatous syphilis of the liver： A case report

Peliosis hepatis is a rare benign vascular disorder of the liver that may be associated with malignancy, infection and drugs. The imaging manifestation of this disorder is often variable and nonspecific making its diagnosis difficult. We describe a rare case of peliosis hepatis and gummatous syphilis of the liver with emphasis on CT findings. Image characteristics of our patient included pseudotumoral appearance of peliosis hepatis, isodensity to the adjacent liver parenchyma on unenhanced and dual-phase scanning. To our knowledge, peliosis hepatis associated with syphilis and unique enhancement pattern has not been reported. Considering the imaging features of peliosis hepatis, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of atypical focal hepatic lesion.     

Imaging of liver cancer

Improvements in imaging technology allow exploitation of the dual blood supply of the liver to aid in the identification and characterisation of both malignant and benign liver lesions. Imaging techniques available include contrast enhanced ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. This review discusses the application of several imaging techniques in the diagnosis and staging of both hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma and outlines certain characteristics of benign liver lesions. The advantages of each imaging technique are highlighted, while underscoring the potential pitfalls and limitations of each imaging modality.     

Focal autoimmune pancreatitis: Radiological characteristics help to distinguish from pancreatic cancer

AIM: To identify the radiological characteristics of focal autoimmune pancreatitis (f-AIP) useful for differentiation from pancreatic cancer (PC). METHODS: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and triple-phase computed tomography (CT) scans of 79 patients (19 with f-AIP, 30 with PC, and 30 with a normal pancreas) were evaluated retrospectively. A radiologist measured the CT attenuation of the pancreatic parenchyma, the f-AIP and PC lesions in triple phases. The mean CT attenuation values of the f-AIP lesions were compared with those of PC, and the mean CT attenuation values of pancreatic parenchyma in the three groups were compared. The diagnostic performance of CT attenuation changes from arterial phase to hepatic phase in the differentiation between f-AIP and PC was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. We also investigated the incidence of previously reported radiological findings for differentiation between f-AIP and PC. RESULTS: The mean CT attenuation values of f-AIP lesions in enhanced phases were significantly higher than those of PC (arterial phase: 60 ± 7 vs 48 ± 10, P < 0.05; pancreatic phase: 85 ± 6 vs 63 ± 15, P < 0.05; hepatic phase: 95 ± 7 vs 63 ± 13, P < 0.05). The mean CT attenuation values of f-AIP lesions were significantly lower those of uninvolved pancreas and normal pancreas in the arterial and pancreatic phase of CT (P < 0.001, P < 0.001), with no significant difference at the hepatic phase or unenhanced scanning (P = 0.4, P = 0.1). When the attenuation value increase was equal or more than 28 HU this was considered diagnostic for f-AIP, and a sensitivity of 87.5%, specificity of 100% and an area under the ROC curve of 0.974 (95%CI: 0.928-1.021) were achieved. Five findings were more frequently observed in f-AIP patients: (1) sausageshaped enlargement; (2) delayed homogeneous enhancement; (3) hypoattenuating capsule-like rim; (4) irregular narrowing of the main pancreatic duct (MPD) and/or stricture of the common bile duct (CBD); and (5) M