Unexpected gallbladder cancer after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Surgical Endoscopy -     

Unexpected gallbladder cancer after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Gallbladder cancer (GC) has been reported in 0.3–1.5% of cholecystectomies. Since the introduction of laparoscopic surgery, cholecystectomies have increased and occult GC may therefore be more frequent. Herein we analyze our own experience to determine whether there was an increase in GC. We also evaluate the risk factors for this outcome. Four patients with GC undiagnosed before surgery (four of 602 cases, or 0.66%) were submitted to laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The percentage in patients who underwent open surgery was 0.28% (two of 714 cases). Without reoperation, three patients died in the laparoscopic group and one is alive at 12 months. Trocar site metastasis was not observed. Although the percentage of GC (0.28% versus 0.66%) increased, the percentage is still in the referred average. Undiagnosed GC is on the increase. Examination of the gallbladder and a frozen section, if necessary, are recommended. Calcified gallbladders, age >70 years, a long history of stones, and a thickened gallbladder all represent significant risk factors. Received: 30 July 1997/Accepted: 24 October 1997     

Peritoneal seeding of gallbladder cancer after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

We report a case of peritoneal seeding of an unsuspected adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder following laparoscopic cholecystectomy despite the use of a retrieval bag. The metastasis developed at the umbilical trocar site, which was also used to extract the resected gallbladder. There was no evidence for a leak of the retrieval bag. Most likely malignant cells became desquamated during the operation, implanting themselves in the tissue during the removal of the bag. Taking into consideration previous reports and the dismal prognosis of the disease, we discuss the management in the case of an incidental carcinoma.     

Unsuspected gallbladder cancer diagnosed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A clinicopathological study

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) for gallstones has become a popular treatment modality, but LC for gallbladder cancer is not yet established and its prognosis is still unknown. We clinicopathologically studied unsupected gallbladder cancer presenting at pathologic evaluation after LC. The entire cross section of gallbladders after 456 LCs was histologically examined. The presence of malignant lesions was confirmed in 13 (2.85%) of 456 cases. The preoperative diagnoses were gallstones in 5 patients, gallbladder polyps in 5, gallstones with gallbladder polyps in 2, and gallstones with adenomyomatosis in 1. The carcinoma had invaded the mucosa in 7, the proper muscle in 2, and the subserosa in 3; the serosa was exposed in 1. The tumor size ranged from 2 mm to the entire gallbladder. An additional resection was performed in 2 patients. During the mean follow-up period of 25.9 months, 1 patient died of recurrence at 8 months while 1 demonstrated recurrence at the port site 1 year after surgery. No other patients have had any recurrence to date. Since early gallbladder cancer removed laparoscopically can be expected to have a satisfactory outcome, diagnostic and therapeutic LC is recommended in cases where total biopsy is indicate. However, in every case, extreme caution needs to be exercised to prevent the dissemination and implantation of cancer cells at the port site. Portions of this paper were presented in 1995 at the 36th World Congress of Surgery in Lisbon, Portugal.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术对意外性胆囊癌预后的影响

目的：探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）对意外性胆囊癌的影响。方法：回顾性分析经术后病理证实为胆囊癌者21例临床资料,其中11例行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）,10例行开放性胆囊切除术（OC）,对比两组累积存活比率和5个预后因素,包括组织分级、病理分期、胆汁溢出发生率、手术类型以及附加的外科治疗。结果：8例（72.7%）LC术后及7例OC术后（70.0%）出现肿瘤复发,两者差异无统计学意义（P=0.86）,两组均无腹壁转移。生存率与肿瘤分期和胆汁溢出有关（P=0.006和P=0.003）,生存率与上述两种手术方式无关(P=0.74)。结论：LC不影响意外性胆囊癌的预后。     

Unexpected gallbladder cancer during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background/Purpose In the present study, we investigated the effectiveness of surgeons in determining incidental gallbladder pathologies at laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC).Methods This study included 548 patients with gallstones who underwent LC between May 1, 2001 and October 15, 2003. The surgeon made an incision on the gallbladder wall for inspection, and palpated the mucosa after removing the gallbladder from the abdominal cavity to look for unsuspected pathologies. If an abnormal mucosa was observed or palpated, it was marked with a silk suture and then histopathologic examination was performed.Results Fifty of 548 LC specimens were found to be suspi-cious by the surgeon. Histopathological examination of frozen sections revealed incidental pathologies in 15 of these specimens. Strikingly, 5 of these specimens were considered to have gallbladder cancer (GBC). The other incidental pathologies were consistent with adenomyomatosis, xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis, and fibroepithelial and hyperplastic polyps. Four of the other 498 specimens revealed incidental pathologies at definitive histopathological examination, and all of them were consistent with gastric metaplasia. The sensitivity and specificity of the procedure was 78.9% and 93%, respectively.Conclusions A simple prosedure; that is, incision and inspection, and palpation of the gallbladder, seems to be useful for the diagnosis of incidental gallbladder pathologies.     

Unsuspected gallbladder carcinoma after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background/Purpose Many cases have been reported of disastrous port-site recurrence after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) revealed unsuspected gallbladder carcinoma (GBC). Some investigators have reported that the prognosis of patients after LC showed unsuspected GBC is not worsened by laparoscopic procedures. We retrospectively reviewed our cases and the literature to reconfirm the intrinsic risks of LC for unsuspected GBC. Methods Of 1663 patients who underwent LC from January 1991 to December 2003 in a single institution, 9 (0.54%) with unsuspected GBC were reviewed. Results These 9 patients consisted of 5 men and 4 women, whose ages ranged from 58 to 87 years, with a median age of 73 years. Two patients with a pT1a tumor (limited to mucosa) and 2 patients with a pT1b tumor (muscle layer) underwent no further operation. The remaining 5 patients with a pT2 tumor (subserosa) underwent further operations with lymph node dissection. Five patients (2 patients with pT1b and 3 patients with pT2) developed recurrence and all of them died within a median period of 19 months (range 14–37 months) after LC. The causes of death were bone metastases in 1 patient (pT2), local recurrence in 2 patients (pT1b and pT2), and peritoneal metastasis in 2 patients (one elderly patient with pT1b who underwent laparoscopic common bile duct exploration, and one patient with pT2 in whom the cystic duct was damaged during surgery). Four patients (2 with pT1 and 2 with pT2) have been doing well with a median follow-up of 39.5 months (range 12–99 months) after LC. Conclusions Surgeons should always prevent bile spillage during LC and when removing the resected gallbladder. When laparoscopic common bile duct exploration is planned, especially for elderly women, surgeons should also bear in mind the increasing possibility of unsuspected GBC.     

Retained gallbladder remnant after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

BACKGROUND: Upper abdominal pain and other symptoms may recur after cholecystectomy, often presenting a diagnostic challenge. We will analyze 3 cases of gallbladder remnants, containing stones that presented with recurrent biliary symptoms. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three patients have presented to our clinic with recurrent biliary symptoms, after laparoscopic cholecystectomy, over the last 5 years. All 3 had biliary pain similar to the symptoms that precede cholecystectomy; 1 of them also had associated mild jaundice. RESULTS: A cystic lesion containing stones was identified on transabdominal ultrasound in all 3 patients, suggesting the possibility of a gallbladder remnant. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography confirmed the diagnosis of a gallbladder remnant in 2 of them. The 3 patients underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) owing to jaundice. This revealed a dilated gallbladder remnant and sludge into the bile duct and was treated by sphincterotomy and cleansing of the duct. All 3 patients were treated successfully via laparoscopic "recholecystectomy." CONCLUSION: Gallbladder remnant, containing stones, can be the cause of otherwise unexplained postcholecystectomy pain. "Recholecystectomy" constitutes the definite treatment for any residual gallbladder remnant and can be performed laparoscopically.     

Port-sites excision for gallbladder cancer incidentally found after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Port-site recurrence represents a severe complication in the case of incidental gallbladder cancer (ICG) discovered after laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and is reported to occur in 17% of cases. For this reason port-sites excision is an essential surgical step during the second operation, which includes liver resection (segments 4b and 5) and lymph node dissection (hepatic pedicle and retroduodeno-pancreatic region). In this article we describe a simple technique to obtain a radical port-site excision with the aim to standardize this surgical step and to perform it in a radical way. Port-sites excision is the accurate and complete excision of the parietal channel created by the trocar during the previous cholecystectomy. This channel is often Z-shaped. In the second operation, the presence of peritoneal adhesions helps to identify exactly the previous site of entry of the trocar in the peritoneal cavity. Trocar reinsertion through the abdominal wall along the correctly identified original path allows the excision of a perfect cylinder of abdominal wall including all of the layers from the skin to the peritoneum.     

Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the gallbladder diagnosed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Primary lymphoma of the gallbladder is an exceedingly rare disease. We experienced an asymptomatic case of primary non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the gallbladder in a 55-year-old woman in whom laparoscopic cholecystectomy made a definite diagnosis. Abdominal computed tomography revealed a 4-cm gallbladder tumor with markedly enlarged lymph nodes in the retropancreatic area. Despite the marked involvement of lymph nodes, serum levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 were not elevated. The discrepancy between the imaging findings and the patient’s mild clinical presentation led us to suspect that the tumor was a lymphoma. We examined serum markers of lymphoma, revealing slight elevations of interleukin (IL)-2 receptor and thymidine kinase. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for a total biopsy was performed successfully, and the results of intraoperative frozen-section examination led us to have a high suspicion of malignant lymphoma. The final diagnosis was large diffuse B-cell lymphoma of the gallbladder with a positive CD20 antibody reaction. The patient received postoperative chemotherapy with R-CHOP (rituximab, 500 mg; cyclophosphamide, 1000 mg; adriamycin, 68 mg; vincristine, 1.9 mg; and prednisone, 80 mg) starting on postoperative day 12. She achieved complete remission and is still in complete remission 3 years and 2 months after the cholecystectomy. In conclusion, gallbladder lymphoma should be added to the differential diagnosis of gallbladder tumors, especially when the imaging findings and clinical presentation are not consistent with typical signs of gallbladder carcinoma, and laparoscopic cholecystectomy is helpful for the confirmation of suspicious cases.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除意外胆囊癌的处理策略

目的：探讨不同处理方式对腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectonay, LC）后意外胆囊癌（incidental gall—bladder cancer,IGBCA）预后的影响。方法：回顾分析LC术后22例IGBCA患者的临床资料。结果：根治性手术患者15例,3年生存率46．67％,5年生存率26．67％;姑息性手术患者7例,3年生存率14．29％,5年生存率为0。根治性手术患者生存时间明显长于姑息性手术患者,平均生存时间（56．19±6．61）个月vs．（26．20±5．19）个月（χ^2=5．290,P=0．021）。结论：LC术前应警惕IGBCA的发生,根治手术患者的预后明显优于姑息性单纯胆囊切除的患者,经过合理的再次根治手术,LC并不影响IGBCA患者的预后。     

A 10-year experience of unsuspected gallbladder cancer after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Unsuspected gallbladder cancer after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is a cancer that was previously manipulated by laparoscopic technique. The reported incidence was 0.3-1% and became an emerging problem as the popularity of LC increased. Lack of reliable data could address the outcome of reresection or nonreresection patients and the standard management. This study reviewed a single center experience in managing unsuspected gallbladder cancer patients after LC between July 1, 1992 and July 1, 2000 who had at least 2 years of follow-up. There were 11 patients (0.6%) postoperatively diagnosed with gallbladder cancer after 1825 LCs. Group A included three patients (28%) with nontransmural invasion, group B included four patients (36%) who had transmural invasion without secondary surgical intervention, and group C included four patients (36%) with reresection. The perioperation parameters and strategies were collected and compared. A review of the literature was performed simultaneously, and we concluded that unsuspected gallbladder cancer with nontransmural invasion needs no further treatment; however, aggressive reresection is beneficial to transmural invasion cancer, and prevention of bile spillage during LC should be the goal of every surgeon.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术意外胆囊癌的处理体会

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术( laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)意外胆囊癌的诊断及处理方式.方法:回顾分析2000年1月至2010年12月LC意外胆囊癌患者的临床资料.结果:术前诊断慢性胆囊炎、胆囊结石4例,胆囊息内1例.术中临床诊断为胆囊癌1例,术后石蜡切片病理检查确诊4例,无一例行术中...     

意外胆囊癌腹腔镜胆囊切除3例报告

回顾性分析 3例腹腔镜胆囊切除术术中意外发现胆囊癌患者的临床特征、病理分期、手术及术后处理措施。常规腹腔镜胆囊切除术、取出胆囊并切开后怀疑胆囊癌者 3例 ,继续腹腔镜下补做胆囊床、胆囊三角区系膜及淋巴结清除。术后病理检查 2例为高分化腺癌 ,1例为中低分化腺癌伴淋巴结转移。术后 2例行腹腔动脉灌注化疗。随访 1 1个月至 6年半 ,无切口种植、腹腔及远处转移。提示对腹腔镜下切除的胆囊怀疑为胆囊癌者应补行或预防性胆囊床、胆囊三角区系膜及淋巴结的清除。对病理检查有淋巴结转移者应行根治性淋巴结清扫。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中意外胆囊癌的临床诊治体会

目的:总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中意外胆囊癌(unexpected gallbladder carcinoma,UGC)的临床病理特点,探讨手术方法及预防转移复发的对策。方法:回顾分析1997年8月至2008年11月5 586例LC术中26例(0.47%)UGC患者的临床资料,应用Kaplan-Meier法对比单纯胆囊切除术组、胆囊癌根治术组及pTis、pT1期与pT2、pT3、pT4期患者的累积生存率。结果:26例UGC患者中,术前诊断以胆囊结石和胆囊息肉为主。按病理分期,pTis期2例,pT1a期4例,pT1b期3例,pT2期10例,pT3期5例,pT4期2例。胆囊癌根治组患者累积生存率优于单纯胆囊切除组;pTis、pT1期患者预后显著优于pT2、pT3、pT4期。结论:具有胆囊癌高危因素的患者,术前应全面分析临床资料,术中仔细剖检胆囊,标本行冰冻切片检查,一旦确诊应早期行根治性切除术,术中需采取措施预防肿瘤种植和转移。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术术中或术后发现意外胆囊癌的外科治疗

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)术中或术后发现意外胆囊癌(IGBC)的外科治疗方法及预后影响因素.方法 回顾性分析2002年1月至2013年12月解放军总医院肝胆外科医院收治的83例LC术中或术后发现的IGBC患者的临床病理特点、外科治疗方法及预后,占同期LC总例数的0.82％ (83/10 080).其中男性26例,女性57例,年龄34 ～ 83岁,中位年龄61岁.治疗方式包括单纯LC治疗47例,中转开腹胆囊癌根治术18例,二期胆囊癌根治术16例,二期开腹探查及活检术2例.采用Kaplan-Meier法计算随访病例的累积生存率,Log-rank法比较生存率曲线,Cox回归模型分析各影响因素与生存期的关系.结果 术中快速冰冻切片证实IGBC 35例,术后常规病理确诊48例.按不同手术方式分为4组:单纯LC组(n=47),中转开腹胆囊癌根治术组(n=18),二期胆囊癌根治术组(n=16),二期剖腹探查及活检术组(n=2);各组患者的5年累积生存率分别为89.4％、38.9％、87.5％、0.病理T分期中T1a期、T1b期、T2期、T3期IGBC患者的5年累积生存率分别为95.7％(22/23)、90.0％(18/20)、75.0％ (15/20)、40.0％(8/20),各组生存率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).全组患者中位生存期为26个月.Cox回归多因素分析结果显示,病理T分期、有无淋巴结转移、手术中胆囊破裂是影响IGBC患者预后的独立危险因素(P＜0.05).结论 单纯LC适合治疗T1a期IGBC,若术中有胆囊破裂及胆汁漏出,可行中转开腹胆囊癌根治术;对于可能R0切除的T1b～ T3期IGBC应行标准胆囊癌根治术或扩大根治术.术中注意无瘤操作、仔细剖检胆囊标本、早期发现和早期诊断是提高IGBC外科治疗效果的关键.     

两孔法保胆取石术与腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗胆囊结石的远期预后及生活质量对比

目的对比研究两孔法保胆取石术与腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)治疗胆囊结石的远期预后及生活质量。方法选取2013年1月至2015年12月本院收治的115例胆囊结石患者,根据随机抽签法分为观察组(58例)和对照组(57例)。对照组采取LC,观察组采取两孔法保胆取石术。评价两组患者的术中、术后恢复情况、远期预后情况及生活质量。结果观察组患者的手术时间、切口长度显著短于对照组[(41.32±4.32)min vs(56.32±5.43)min,(3.43±0.42)cm vs(5.65±0.76)cm],术中出血量明显少于对照组[(38.43±4.32)mL vs(46.98±4.54)mL],差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组的禁食时间、术后排气时间、下床活动时间、抗菌治疗时间、住院时间显著短于对照组[(1.39±0.42)d vs(2.04±0.56)d,(1.32±0.14)d vs(2.22±0.21)d,(1.51±0.46)d vs(2.41±0.74)d,(1.94±0.42)d vs(2.87±0.65)d,(5.43±0.87)d vs(8.32±1.55)d](均P0.05)。术后6个月,观察组的主观症状、生理状态、心理状态、社会活动及日常生活状态、生活质量总分显著高于对照组[(67.43±6.32)分vs(60.24±5.98)分,(19.98±2.04)分vs(17.54±1.76)分,(18.32±1.57)分vs(15.43±1.41)分,(11.43±1.42)分vs(9.14±0.56)分,(117.16±10.43)分vs(108.43±9.32)分](P0.05)。观察组总的不良预后率显著低于对照组[3.45%(2/58)vs 15.79%(9/57)](P0.05)。结论相对于LC,胆囊结石患者采取腹腔镜下保胆取石术进行治疗,其临床效果及远期预后更为显著,有利于患者生活质量的提高。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除手术后意外胆囊癌的临床分析

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除手术(LC)后意外胆囊癌的诊断、处理及预后。方法:回顾分析2001～2004年间术后意外胆囊癌病例26例,其中发现于LC术后10例,发现于开腹胆囊切除手术(OC)术后16例;结合临床资料和随访结果进行分析。结果:LC术后意外胆囊癌中,1例为pT2病人,行开腹胆囊癌根治手术;1例为pT2病人,术后4月发现切口肿瘤种植。全组中位生存期17.5个月,各病理分期生存期在pT1者为(28.3±10.3)个月,pT2者为(14.8±11.1)个月,pT3者为(6.0±1.4)个月,与OC组比较无统计学差异。两组pT2病人中,行根治手术者生存期与未行根治手术者相比,无统计学差异。结论:LC术中怀疑为胆囊癌者,应行冰冻切片检查,并采取预防切口肿瘤种植的相应措施。发现意外胆囊癌后的根治手术效果有待进一步观察。     

Parietal seeding of unsuspected gallbladder carcinoma after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (VALC) represents the treatment of choice for the symptomatic gallstones. However the occurrence of an adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder results a controindication for this surgical technique. We present a case of a 52 years old woman who underwent a VALC; histology revealed a gallbladder adenocarcinoma. For this reason the patient underwent a second operation that is right hepatic trisegmentectomy. Six months later the patient presented with a parietal recurrence at the extraction site of the gallbladder. We discuss the possible mechanism responsible for carcinomatous dissemination during laparoscopic surgery and we raccommend the use of some procedures in order to limit the risk and eventually to treat a neoplastic parietal seeding. These complications suggest the problem about the utility and the future played by video assisted laparoscopic surgery in the diagnosis and treatment of intraabdominal malignancies.