Health Status as a Mediating Factor in the Life Change-Academic Performance Relationship

Abstract

This study was designed to determine whether illness during the academic year, when gender and academic readiness are controlled, is the variable accounting for the demonstrated relationship between life change index and subsequent academic performance. A weak though significant inverse association was found between life change and grades: this association persisted even after statistical adjustment for gender, academic readiness, and illness experience. There was no evidence that illness experience mediated the life change-performance relationship. The association was not subject to a threshold effect according to level of life change.     

颞颌关节病患者的生活事件与应对方式

目的:探讨颞颌关节病患者的应激反应特点和应对方式.方法:采用生活事件量表和特质应对方式问卷对颞颌关节病患者组和正常对照组各30例进行调查,以肌电生物反馈仪测定在急性应激条件下两组被试的肌电水平.结果:患者组所经历的正性生活事件明显少于对照组(t=3.3),所遭遇的负性生活事件多于对照组(t=3.9),差异有显著性(t=3.3,P均<0.01);患者组积极应对方式得分低于对照组(t=3.7),消极应对方式得分高于对照组(t=3.2),差异有显著性(P均<0.01);患者组肌电变化值和肌电变化率高于对照组(t=2.07,2.08,均P<0.05),恢复时间长于对照组,差异有显著性(t=7.42,P<0.01).结论:颞颌关节病患者经历了较多的不良生活事件,他们的应对方式以及面临应激时的机体反应特点有可能是其发病的重要原因.     

The role of coping responses and social resources in attenuating the stress of life events

The nature of individual coping responses to stressful life events was explored in a representative adult community sample. Two approaches to the classification of coping strategies were operationalized. Using these measures, small but significant gender and contextual differences in coping were identified. Mood and symptom levels were related to coping responses and to quantitative and qualitative measures of social resources. Measures of coping and social resources attenuated the relationship between undesirable life events and personal functioning.This research was supported in part by NIAAA Grant AA02863 and Veterans Administration Medical Research Funds.     

中学生的亚健康状况与应激性生活事件、应对方式

目的:探讨中学生亚健康状况与应激性生活事件、应对方式的关系。方法:采用方便抽样的方法抽取4480名中学生,用自编一般情况问卷、青少年亚健康多维评定问卷(MSQA)、中学生生活事件多维评定问卷(MLER)和特质应对方式问卷(TCSQ)进行测评。结果:根据MSQA的症状检出率,将样本分为健康组(n=2241)、亚健康症状组(n=1762)和亚健康状态组(n=477)。亚健康状态组学生M LER各维度评分以及TCSQ消极应对方式因子得分均高于健康组和亚健康症状组(均P0.05)。M LER各维度评分和TCSQ消极应对因子得分与MSQA阳性症状数之间呈正相关(r=0.35～0.37,均P0.01),TCSQ积极应对因子得分与M SQA阳性症状数呈负相关(r=-0.15,P0.01)。回归分析显示M LER中家庭生活、学校生活、同伴关系和健康成长4个维度以及TCSQ积极应对、消极应对2个因子与MSQA阳性症状数之间回归关系成立,存在一定关联(β=0.07～0.21,P0.01);且应对方式在应激性生活事件和亚健康状况之间存在中介作用。结论:本研究提示,中学生的生活事件应激量越大,亚健康状况可能越严重,且应对方式可能起一定的中介作用。     

Coping with a stressful medical procedure: Further investigation with volunteer blood donors

The coping strategies used by volunteer blood donors were studied in an attempt to replicate and extend the findings of Kaloupek et al.[(1984). J. Behav. Med.7:35–60]. Specifically, coping was assessed by process, state, and trait measures that were then examined in terms of their relationships with subjective, physiological, and behavioral indices of anxiety. Ratings of anxiety made by the donors themselves and by attending nurses generally replicated the previous finding of lower distress associated with avoidant coping (e.g., distraction). Problem-focused coping was also associated with lower distress, including a lower heart rate for first-time donors. Other evidence suggests that for some individuals the expression of distress may be part of a coping strategy that is associated with reduced physiological responding. Discussion concerns links between coping and anxiety which may have relevance to stressful medical situations, including the possible need for anxiety reduction to allow successful application of avoidant coping.     

武汉市青少年应激性生活事件和吸烟行为的关系

目的：了解武汉市青少年应激性生活事件及其与吸烟的关系。方法：采用匿名的方式，在武汉市11个区随机抽取22所中学初一至初三的学生6994名，进行问卷调查。应激性生活事件的测量采取记数的方式，分别统计家庭、学校和小伙伴三个方面的正性和负性生活事件数，作为生活事件得分；吸烟的测量采用4个变量，即尝试吸烟，30天吸烟，7天吸烟和是否吸100支烟(吸烟习惯)。采取单因素χ^2检验和多因素Logistic回归模型进行分析。结果：武汉市青少年吸烟主要与家庭和学校方面的负性生活事件正相关，而与学校方面的正性生活事件呈负相关。结论：应激性生活事件与青少年吸烟有关，提示我们应大力提高青少年应对生活事件的能力，预防和减少青少年吸烟。     

Inter-rater reliability of the Italian version of the Paykel Scale of stressful life events

The inter-rater reliability of the Italian version of the Scale for evaluating stressful life events, developed by Paykel, was studied in 15 psychiatric patients and in 15 normal subjects. Agreement between the two raters was satisfactory for total number of events, impact and independence of event areas and categories. These preliminary findings suggest that the Scale is a reliable instrument for the assessment of life events in Italian samples.     

易羞耻者的归因方式和应对风格

本研究目的是探讨易羞耻者在日常生活中的归因特点和应对风格。根据被试在羞耻量表上的得分把被试分为易羞耻组（５３人）和不易羞耻组（５２人）。首先研究两组被试在生活事件的性质和可控性不同水平下的归因特点；其次比较两组在应对风格上的差异。结果显示：（１）易羞耻者对消极事件倾向于作自身的、持久的、整体的归因，这在事件的可控性中等和高等时表现最明显；（２）易羞耻者在遇到困难和问题时更多地使用“否认问题回避问题”等消极的应对方式，较少使用“分析问题采取行动”等积极的应对方式。     

研究生心理健康状况与个性特征及生活事件分析

目的 :探讨研究生心理健康状况与个性特征及生活事件之间的关系。方法 :以 82 8名研究生为研究对象 ,用SCL -90筛选出因子分≥ 2的 77人为病例组 ,其他 75 7人为对照组 ,采用病例对照研究方法 ,探讨个性特征及生活事件在两组间的差异和相互作用。结果 :研究生SCL -90的高分因子前三位是强迫症状 ( 0 67± 0 5 5 )、人际敏感 ( 0 61± 0 5 6)和抑郁 ( 0 5 0± 0 5 1) ;个性特征呈现三高 (持强、兴奋、紧张 )、三低 (怀疑、忧虑、敏感 )特点 ;经非条件Logistic回归单因素分析 ,性别等 11项因素与心身症状显著相关 ;进行变量调整后 ,个性特征忧虑等 5项因素进入拟合主效应模型。结论 :男性、工学、非独生子女等人群特征和个性特征忧虑、负性工作学习生活事件等心理社会因素是研究生心身症状的危险因素。     

Coping with cancer in remission: stressors and strategies reported by children and adolescents.

Thirty-nine school-age children and adolescents with cancer in remission completed the Children's Stress Inventory (CSI) and a cancer-related stress and coping measure (McCabe & Weisz, 1988) that elicited information about their life stressors and coping strategies. Children identified a range of stressors including general life and cancer-related stress, but general life stressors accounted for the majority of their perceived stress. Children were not consistent across cancer-related and non-cancer-related stressful situations, except for their use of intrapsychic coping strategies. Compared with school-age children, adolescents used more emotion-management and less problem-solving coping strategies when faced with cancer-related stressors, but not when dealing with non-cancer-related stress. When coping with cancer-related stress, females used more emotion-management and less problem-solving strategies than males. Findings have implications for refinement of measures and future research.     

农村老年人生活质量及与负性生活事件、社会支持的相关性

目的:了解农村老年人生活质量的相关因素,以及负性生活事件和社会支持对生活质量的交互作用.方法:在湖南浏阳农村社区采用多阶段抽样方法,共调查了839名≥60岁的常住居民(应答率为89.2％).用老年人生活事件量表(LESE)评估老年人的生活事件及其刺激量,用社会支持评定量表(SSRS)评估社会支持,用6条目生活质量量表(QOL)评估生活质量.结果:样本QOL得分为(20±4),SSRS得分为(40±8),负性生活事件总刺激量得分在0 ～ 240分之间,中位数M=12(P25=2,P75=32).多元线性回归分析显示,与配偶一起生活(b=-0.55)、收入较高(b=0.52)、负性生活事件刺激量较低(b=1.63)、社会支持较高(b=-0.69)的老人有较高的生活质量.交互作用分析显示负性生活事件刺激量评分与社会支持评分存在交互作用(超额相对危险度为2.72,95％CI =0.48 ～4.97;交互作用指数为2.42,95％ CI=1.25～4.62).结论:本研究提示对农村老年人,尤其是遭遇了负性生活事件的农村老年人,提供社会支持,有助于改善其生活质量.     

Coping processes as mediators of the relationship between hardiness and health

Hardiness has been hypothesized to moderate the impact of stress on health by influencing coping responses, but little attention has been focused upon these associations. This study examined the relationship among hardiness, coping, and illness while attending to recent criticisms of the hardiness literature including the potential overlap with neuroticism, whether hardiness is a unitary construct, and the predominant use of male samples. Hardiness was found to be positively related to adaptive coping variables and negatively related to maladaptive coping variables. Problem-focused, support-seeking, and avoidant coping were found to mediate the hardiness-illness relationship. Although these hardiness-coping relationships were partially independent of the influence of neuroticism, the relationship of both coping and hardiness with self-reported illness appeared to result from the common influence of neuroticism. Consistent with previous research, the commitment and control components correlated most consistently with coping variables, and predicted hardiness effects were most consistently demonstrated for males.Portions of these data were presented at the annual meeting of The Society for Behavioral Medicine, Chicago, March 1990.     

Avoidant Coping in Children with Cancer

Compared coping styles in children with cancer (n = 66) anda normative control group of healthy children (n = 414), usinga newly designed instrument, the Children's Behavioral StyleScale (CBSS). We hypothesized that children in the oncologygroup would make greater use of an avoidant coping style (blunting)than controls. Results confirmed the primary hypothesis; childrenwith cancer endorsed greater use of blunting or avoidant copingthan did healthy children. A new conceptual model of copingstyle was introduced utilizing CBSS scores to identify childrenas Monitors, Blunters, Active, or Passive copers. Using thismodel, a similar proportion of Active and Passive copers werefound in both groups, while the shift towards Blunting in theoncology group was accentuated. Within the oncology group, apositive relationship between Blunting scores and time elapsedsince diagnosis was observed, suggesting that the increasedBlunting in children with cancer is a reactive phenomenon, atleast partly a response to the contingincies of cancer and its'treatment. These findings may provide an alternative interpretationto previous reports of increased defensiveness and repressionin children with cancer.     

Coping with a stressful sigmoidoscopy: Evaluation of cognitive and relaxation preparations

Sigmoidoscopy involves the insertion of a small scope into the anal cavity to inspect for abnormalities in the colon. Although the procedure is not believed to be painful, it is often noxious for patients because it produces embarassment and discomfort. We examined the effectiveness of two brief interventions designed to enhance coping: self-instructional training and relaxation. In the self-instructional conditions patients were given brief training to focus their attention on either their own (internal) or the doctor's (external) ability to regulate the situation. A third (control) group received attention but did not experience self-instructional training. Half of each of these three groups also received relaxation training, while the other half did not. Planned comparisons demonstrated that subjects in the self-instructional strategies rated themselves as less anxious, had fewer body movements during the exam, and emitted fewer verbalizations than those in an attention control group. Patients in the external condition estimated that the exam took less time but tended to have elevated heart rates during the procedure. Those experiencing relaxation training tended to overestimate the duration of the exam, but made fewer requests to stop the exam and rated themselves as less anxious than patients who did not receive relaxation training.This research was supported by Grant R03MH30949 from the National Institutes of Mental Health to the first author.Thanks are due to Gregg Pascoe and Gail Metzger for their assistance in various phases of this research project. The cooperation of the medical staff in the Division of Gastroenterology at Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation (La Jolla, California) is also gratefully acknowledged.     

人格作为压力应对的长期预测量研究进展

目的 在对国外关于人格作为压力应对预测量研究的相关进展的总结基础上,深入了解人格与压力应对的关系.方法 从特质的种类、人格的测量方法、研究领域等方面来探讨人格与压力应对研究的进展与方向.结果 国外的研究已经从最初的单个人格因素与应对关系的研究发展到多因素的交互作用研究和纵向研究;从艾森克人格问卷发展到广泛使用大五人格问卷;在研究领域上从学生、教师发展到各种职业.结论 人格是压力应对的一个长期的有效预测量.国内在该领域的研究亟需加强.