重组人生长激素对腹腔大肠杆菌感染大鼠内毒素血症影响的实验研究

目的 :观察重组人生长激素 (rh -GH)对严重腹腔内大肠杆菌感染大鼠内毒素血症的影响。方法 :SD大鼠 75只 ,随机分为正常对照组、感染组和治疗组 (后两组又再分为 1天、 3天两个亚组 ) ,每组 15只。感染组 ;腹腔注射鸵鸟株大肠杆菌标准菌株悬液 (1× 10 10 cfu/L ,15ml/kg) ;治疗组 :腹腔注射大肠杆菌后给予rh -GH (2 2 5iu .kg-1.d-1)肌肉注射治疗。于注射后 2 4h、 72h分别测定各组大鼠的血浆内毒素含量、血浆TNFα浓度、白细胞总数和分类计数及平均动脉压 (MAP)。结果 :感染组血浆内毒素含量显著升高 ,2 4h和 72h分别为(0 2 5 6± 0 0 5 2 )和 (0 189± 0 0 5 2 )EU/ml,明显高于对照组 [(0 111± 0 0 5 3)EU/ml,P <0 0 1],血TNFα明显升高 [(3 5 9± 0 6 9) /(2 88± 0 74) μg/L ,P <0 0 5 ],呈现典型而严重的感染性休克临床经过 ,MAP显著降低[ (6 7 4± 2 2 6 ) / (12 4 6± 13 9)mmHg,P <0 0 1];治疗组血浆内毒素含量在感染后 2 4h轻度升高 [(0 15 0±0 0 39)EU/ml],72h降至正常对照水平 [(0 10 8± 0 0 42 )EU/ml],与感染组比较 ,两个时点均有显著差异 (P <0 0 1) ,72h血TNFα浓度 [(1 5 4± 0 36 ) μg/L]明显低于对照组 [(2 88± 0 74) μg/L ,P <0 0 1]和感染组[(2 2     

初孕人流术前不同剂量米索前列醇阴道内置入的随机对照研究

目的 :探讨人流术前米索前列醇阴道内置入的最佳有效剂量。方法 :将 99例早孕 (停经≤ 70d)要求负压吸宫术终止妊娠的初孕妇女 ,按阴道内置药剂量的不同 ,随机分为 3组 :2 0 0 μg组 3 5例 ,40 0 μg组 3 2例及 60 0 μg组 3 2例 ,分别于施术前 3h阴道后穹隆置米索前列醇 2 0 0 μg、40 0 μg及 60 0 μg ,观察各组有效宫颈扩张度 (≥ 7.0mm)比率、术中出血情况及用药后副反应发生率。结果 :三组有效宫颈扩张度比率 ,以 40 0 μg组 93 75 % ( 3 0 /3 2 )及 60 0 μg组 96 88% ( 3 1/3 2 )显著高于2 0 0 μg组 3 4 2 9% ( 12 /3 5 ) ,P <0 .0 0 5 ,其中 40 0 μg与 60 0 μg组相比 ,差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;三组中术中出血量 2 0 0 μg组8 67± 3 2 4ml,40 0 μg组 16 3 8± 3 .5 2ml及 60 0 μg组 17 60± 2 .73ml,各组间差异均无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,用药后副反应发生率以 60 0 μg组 15 63 % ( 5 /3 2 )显著高于 40 0 μg组 3 15 ( 1/3 2 )。结论 :40 0 μg米索前列醇阴道内置入可做为人流术前扩张宫颈的最佳有效剂量和理想的给药途径。     

拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎40例

目的 :研究拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎抗病毒及临床疗效。方法∶将 78例HBVDNA含量为阳性的慢性乙型肝炎 ,随机分为治疗组 40例 ,对照组 38例 ,两组均采用基本护肝对症治疗 ,治疗组加用拉米夫定 10 0mg口服 ,每日 1次 ,疗程 1年 ,观察其血清病毒学指标、肝功能及临床转归。结果∶两组治疗前HBVDNA含量均值分别为 (2 .6± 0 .94)× 10 6拷贝 /ml和(2 .7± 0 .89)× 10 6拷贝 /ml(P >0 .0 5 ) ,治疗后治疗组有 37例 15d后转为 0拷贝 /ml,3例 1月后转为 0拷贝 /ml,1年后持续为 0拷贝 /ml,对照组仅有 3例在半年后转为 0拷贝 /ml,其余 35例持续 1年均为阳性 ,两组比较差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。治疗组与对照组血清转换率分别为 18.7% (6 / 32 )和 6 % (2 / 31) ;两组治疗前血清丙氨酸转氨酶 (ALT)分别为 (198± 11)U/L和(187± 14)U/L(P >0 .0 5 ) ,1年后分别为 (2 3± 2 )U/L和 (119± 13)U/L(P <0 .0 1)。治疗组和对照组总胆红素 (TBil)的改变治疗前分别为 (4 5± 5 .1) μmol/L和 (4 3± 6 .0 ) μmol/L(P >0 .0 5 ) ,治疗后TBil恢复正常比例分别为 10 0 % (19/ 19)和 2 9% (5 /17) ,(P <0 .0 1)。治疗组ALT降至正常后一直持续到 1年 ,无再次入院者 ,无 1例死亡 ,亦无不良反应 ;对照组ALT水平反复波动 ,持     

脑钠素检测对诊断无ST段抬高的急性冠脉综合征患者的意义

目的　探讨脑钠素 (BNP)测定对诊断无ST段抬高的急性冠脉综合征的临床意义。方法　将 5 4例无ST段抬高的急性冠脉综合征患者分为非Q波心肌梗死组 (NQMI组 ,n=2 5 )、不稳定型心绞痛组 (UA组 ,n =2 9) ,分别测定症状发作 6小时内及 2 4小时的BNP和心肌肌钙蛋白T(cTnT) ,并和 30例正常的健康体检者 (对照组 )作比较。结果　症状发作 6小时内 ,BNP含量NQMI组 (5 6 .30± 16 .8) μg/L ,UA组 (35 .30± 15 .4 0 ) μg/L ,均显著高于对照组 (10 .6 4± 1.80 ) μg/L(P <0 .0 1) ,cTnT无显著变化。症状发作 2 4小时 ,NQMI组BNP(15 7.0 0± 2 0 .4 0 ) μg/L和cTnT(9.32± 2 .8) μg/L ,显著高于对照组 (10 .4 6± 1.90 ) μg/L和 (0 .0 3± 0 .0 1) μg/L(P <0 .0 1) ,UA组cTnT有6 3.2 %的患者为正常值 (≤ 0 .1μg/L) ,而BNP显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　血浆BNP含量有助于对无ST段抬高的急性冠脉综合征的早期诊断     

川芎嗪对实验性缺血-再灌注损伤心肌能量代谢的干预

目的　探讨川芎嗪对心肌缺血—再灌注损伤 (MIRI)时心肌细胞能量代谢的影响。方法　实验兔 30只 ,随机分为正常对照组 (A组 )、MIRI组 (B组 )和MIRI+川芎嗪治疗组 (C组 )。复制MIRI模型 ,分别观察心肌组织内三磷酸腺苷 (ATP)、二磷酸腺苷 (ADP)、一磷酸腺苷 (AMP)含量、总腺苷酸量 (TAN)、能荷 (EC)及心肌超微结构的改变。结果　C组与B组比较 ,心肌组织内ATP、ADP、TAN含量及EC均明显增高〔ATP :C组为 (5 0 5± 1 34) μmol/g(湿重 ) ,B组为 (2 86± 1 2 2 ) μmol/g(湿重 ) ,P <0 0 1;ADP :C组为 (1 6 7± 0 4 0 ) μmol/g(湿重 ) ,B组为 (1 12± 0 2 5 ) μmol/g(湿重 ) ,P <0 0 1;TAN :C组为 (8 4 2± 1 90 ) μmol/g(湿重 ) ,B组为 (5 83± 1 5 5 ) μmol/g(湿重 ) ,P <0 0 1;EC :C组为 0 70± 0 0 3,B组为 0 5 8± 0 0 7,P <0 0 1〕 ;且与A组比较 ,ADP、AMP、TAN无明显差异〔ADP :A组为 (2 0 4± 0 5 3) μmol/g(湿重 ) ,P >0 0 5 ;AMP :A组为 (1 4 5± 0 2 9) μmol/g (湿重 ) ,P >0 0 5 ;TAN :A组为 (10 2 6± 2 0 5 ) μmol/g(湿重 ) ,P>0 0 5〕 ;心肌超微结构的异常改变显著减轻。结论　川芎嗪可改善缺血—再灌注损伤心肌的能量代谢。     

氨溴索对铜绿假单胞菌肺炎大鼠Ⅱ型肺泡上皮细胞超微结构的影响

目的 :研究铜绿假单胞菌 (PA)肺炎大鼠Ⅱ型肺泡上皮细胞的超微结构变化 ,并观察盐酸氨溴索对上述变化的影响。方法 :将 30只雄性SD大鼠随机平均分为 3组 :感染组 ,气管内注射 2个麦氏单位PA标准菌株ATCC2 785 3菌液 0 .2ml,建立PA肺炎大鼠模型 ;治疗组 ,气管内注射菌液 6h后给以盐酸氨溴索 2 0mg/kg静脉注射 ;对照组 ,经气管注射等量生理盐水。 6h后处死大鼠 ,观察右肺组织病理学变化 ,并作中性粒细胞 (PMN)计数。结果 :受感染大鼠大体标本和病理切片均显示典型的感染征象。湿 /干比值分别为 :感染组 8.5 8± 0 .39,治疗组 7.4 7± 0 .2 2 ,对照组 4 .4 8± 0 .15 (P <0 .0 5 )。计数分别为 :感染组(111.4± 14 .8) ,治疗组 (38.3± 3.11) ,对照组 (4 .4± 2 .6 )个 /高倍视野 (P <0 .0 5 )。肺组织电镜观察 ,治疗组见肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞内的板层体空泡化较对照组减轻 ,肺泡表面的表面活性物质层分布较均匀 ,未见明显断裂。结论 :PA肺炎大鼠Ⅱ型肺泡上皮细胞内的板层体及肺泡表面活性物质层受到损害。氨溴索治疗可部分减轻肺表面活性物质系统的损害。     

肾衰康抗肾间质纤维化的实验研究

目的 :探讨中药肾衰康延缓慢性肾衰竭进展的机制。方法 :采用 5 / 6肾切除方法制成大鼠慢性肾衰竭模型 ,并设假手术组。治疗组灌服肾衰康 ,对照组 (病理组 )及假手术组灌服自来水 ,90 d后比较 3组尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐 (SCr)、血清转化生长因子 β1(TGFβ1)、纤维连接蛋白 (FN)及层黏蛋白 (L N) ,同时观察肾脏病理改变。结果 :治疗组 BU N(11.2 6± 2 .96 ) mm ol/ L 及 SCr(95 .2 6± 7.99) μm ol/ L 均显著低于对照组 BUN(18.33± 3.93) mm ol/ L 及 SCr(12 7.90± 2 3.2 9) μmol/ L(P均 <0 .0 1) ;治疗组 TGFβ1(4 .5 9± 0 .90 ) μg/ L 及FN(9.76± 1.88) mg/ L均低于对照组 TGFβ1(8.16± 3.14 )μg/ L和 FN(32 .11± 12 .5 0 ) mg/ L (P均 <0 .0 1) ;L N(16 .6 7± 9.6 5 )μg/ L亦较对照组 (2 2 .2 7± 6 .80 )μg/ L低 (P<0 .0 5 )。对照组肾间质增宽并有明显的纤维化病变 ;治疗组病变较轻 ,间质无明显纤维化 ,仅少数肾小球节段性系膜增多或节段性硬化。结论 :肾衰康能降低血中 TGFβ1、FN及 L N,减轻肾脏损害 ,抑制间质纤维化 ,从而延缓慢性肾衰竭的进展。     

电化学发光技术检测尿中角蛋白19片段的意义

目的　检测膀胱癌患者尿液中细胞角蛋白 19片段 (cytokeratin 19fragment,CK19,Cyfra2 1 1)的水平 ,探讨CK19片段与膀胱癌的关系。方法　应用电化学发光免疫分析技术 (ECLIA) ,对 45份膀胱癌患者尿液中CK19片段含量进行测定 ,并与正常对照组和泌尿系良性疾病组及其他肿瘤组进行对照分析。结果　膀胱癌组尿CK19平均值为 ( 12 2 0 0± 12 6 0 ) μg/L ,明显高于正常对照组( 1 97± 0 88) μg/L和泌尿道良性疾病组 [尿路感染组 ( 6 70± 2 42 ) μg/L、肾炎组 ( 3 40± 1 41) μg/L、前列腺炎组 ( 1 6 8± 0 5 4) μg/L]及其他肿瘤组 ( 4 10± 1 80 ) μg/L ,差异具显著性意义 ( P <0 0 1)。以3 9ng/ml为临界值 ,尿CK19对膀胱癌的敏感性为 93 3% ,特异性为 82 7% ,阴性预测值高达 97 7%。结论　尿液中CK19片段含量可作为膀胱癌的辅助诊断指标 ,因其具有灵敏、快速、无痛性的优点 ,适用于膀胱癌的筛查和术后复发的监控。     

精氨酸治疗肾小球疾病时肾小管功能损害的临床观察

目的 :观察精氨酸治疗肾小球疾病时肾小管功能损害的临床效果。方法 :用精氨酸 10 g静滴 ,每天一次 ,治疗有肾小管功能损害的患者 75例 ,其中慢性肾功能不全氮质血症期患者 2 1例。治疗前查血pH值 ,如 pH <7.35 ,予 5 %NaHCO312 5～ 2 5 0ml静滴或口服碳酸氢钠片直至 pH≥ 7.35方用。比较治疗前后尿α1 MG、β2 MG、简化毛氏试验和肾功能。结果 :尿α1 MG治疗前为 43.3± 10 .5mg/L ,治疗后为 16 .3± 6 .6mg/L(P <0 .0 1) ,差异显著 ,尿 β2 MG治疗前 2 2 .7± 9.1mg/L ,治疗后 4.3± 1.4mg/L(P <0 .0 1) ,差异显著。简化莫氏试验结果明显改善 ,慢性肾功能不全患者血Bun治疗前 13 .3± 5 .7mmol/L ,治疗后 8.6± 3 .2mg/L ,血Cr治疗前 2 76± 31μmol/L ,治疗后 177± 2 5 μmol/L ,并异显著 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :精氨酸可显著改善小管重吸收功能和肾小球滤过功能 ,对于慢性肾功能不全患者而言 ,亦是有效的治疗方法。     

NRP-1和NRP-2在结直肠癌组织中的表达水平及临床意义

目的 探讨神经纤毛蛋白1(neuropilin-1,NRP-1)和NRP-2在结直肠癌组织中的表达水平及临床意义。方法 选取2014年12月～2015年9月期间湖北省恩施州中心医院65例结直肠癌患者和65例肠息肉患者作为研究对象,选择于同期健康检查的65例健康女性作为正常对照组。采用实时荧光定量技术(RT-PCR)检测入组对象血清NRP-1和NRP-2水平。结果 经RT-PCR检测,结直肠癌组NRP-1水平(36.51±4.62 μg/ml)高于肠息肉组(8.19±4.08 μg/ml)和健康对照组(7.92±4.05 μg/ml),差异有统计学意义(F=50.32,P=0.000),结直肠癌组NRP-2 mRNA水平(24.59±3.26 μg/ml)高于肠息肉组(5.47±1.11 μg/ml)和健康对照组(5.19±1.05 μg/ml),差异有统计学意义(F=49.36,P=0.000)。肠息肉组和健康对照组NRP-1和NRP-2 mRNA水平比较,差异无统计学意义(t=1.15,1.07,P=0.762,0.789)。经RT-PCR检测,随着患者病理分期的增加、分化程度的降低,结直肠癌组血清NRP-1和NRP-2 mRNA水平呈升高趋势,伴肝转移和淋巴结转移的结直肠癌患者,血清NRP-1和NRP-2 mRNA水平高于未出现肝转移和淋巴结转移的结直肠癌患者(P<0.05)。结直肠癌患者血清NRP-1和NRP-2 mRNA水平呈正相关(r=0.415,P=0.015)。结论 结直肠癌血清NRP-1,NRP-2水平高于肠息肉及健康人群。血清NRP-1和NRP-2水平与结直肠癌的临床病理及预后密切相关,NRP-1,NRP-2可能共同起作用。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.