淮南地区孕妇弓形虫感染血清学分析

目的探索淮南地区孕妇弓形虫感染情况。方法运用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测228例孕妇(妊娠八周至七个月)静脉血中弓形虫(Toxoplasma godii,TO)抗体,即 Tox-IgG 抗体和 Tox-IgM 抗体。结果发现有猫犬接触史(指现在或曾经养过猫犬的)孕妇弓形虫感染率明显高于无猫犬接触史孕妇(P<0.01),两者有显著性差异;但城市与乡镇、适龄(≤35岁)与高龄(>35岁)孕妇弓形虫感染率无显著性差异(P>0.05);而首次妊娠孕妇与非首次妊娠孕妇弓形虫感染率有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论有无描犬接触史是孕妇感染弓形虫的主要因素,二者相关性显著。     

青岛地区孕妇弓形虫感染调查

目的 目的 了解青岛地区孕妇弓形虫感染情况。方法 方法 2011年6月-2013年7月, 对山东省青岛市妇女儿童医院进行产前检查并自愿接受弓形虫检测及就诊的不孕症、 流产、 死胎等异常妊娠孕妇, 采用抗体捕获ELISA法进行弓形虫IgM、 IgG抗体以及弓形虫DNA检测。结果 结果 异常妊娠与正常孕妇弓形虫抗体阳性率分别为22.39%和6.26%, 差异有统计学意义 （χ2 =10.60, P＜0.05）。20～29岁与30岁以上人群阳性率差异有统计学意义 （χ2 =21.9, P＜0.05）。家中饲养与未饲养宠物孕妇弓形虫感染率分别为26.63%和8.77%, 差异有统计学意义 （χ2 =10.93, P＜0.05）。无业人员阳性率最高, 为 10.94% （22/201）, 农民3.98% （8/201） 次之, 其他为职工3.98% （8/201）、 工人3.48% （7/201）。结论 结论 青岛市异常妊娠孕妇的弓形虫感染率明显高于正常妊娠孕妇, 应加强孕妇的健康教育以降低弓形虫感染的风险, 对于特定年龄以及职业人群更要加强预防工作。     

河北隆化地区异常妊娠结局孕妇弓形虫感染血清学调查

目的了解河北省隆化地区异常妊娠结局孕妇弓形虫感染状况。方法选择2013-1-2016-6隆化县妇幼保健院就诊的异常妊娠结局孕妇393例为调查对象,根据检测结果分为急性感染组、既往感染组和活动性感染组,正常对照组为无异常妊娠史的孕妇256例。采用酶联免疫吸附实验检测各组孕妇血清弓形虫IgM、IgG抗体。采用问卷调查方式对各组孕妇进行弓形虫感染危险因素调查。结果异常妊娠结局孕妇弓形虫感染率为27.23%(107/393),显著高于正常对照组的8.20%(21/256),差异有统计学意义(χ~2=35.46,P0.01)。异常妊娠结局孕妇急性感染率为6.87%(27/393)、既往感染率为18.58%(73/393)、活动性感染率为2.54%(10/393),分别高于正常对照组的1.17%(3/256)、7.03%(18/256)和0(0/256),差异均有统计学意义(χ~2=11.43、17.15、7.90,P均0.01)。感染组中从事接触生肉的职业、饲养猫狗宠物、品尝生肉馅、菜板生熟不分、常吃涮锅或烧烤、经常在外就餐的比例显著高于非感染组,差异均有统计学意义(χ2=12.08、29.23、8.55、13.41、7.28、6.06,P均0.05)。结论本地区异常妊娠结局孕妇弓形虫感染率较高,避免与宠物密切接触、不食用未煮熟的肉类以及加强个人卫生防护等是避免弓形虫感染的重要环节。     

无锡地区孕妇弓形虫感染及危险因素调查

目的 调查江苏省无锡市孕妇弓形虫感染情况及其危险因素,为制定预防控制孕妇弓形虫感染措施提供参考依据。 方法 2011-2014年采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）对3 014例孕妇进行抗弓形虫IgM和IgG抗体检测并追踪随访,观察其妊娠结局;采用问卷调查孕妇弓形虫感染的危险因素。 结果 3 014例被调查的孕妇中,弓形虫抗体检测阳性215例,抗体阳性率为7.13%,其中IgM抗体阳性49例（占22.79%）,IgG抗体阳性166例（占77.21%）。随访结果表明,215例感染弓形虫的孕妇中46例出现不良妊娠结局（占21.40%）,其中35例IgM抗体阳性（76.09%）,11例IgG抗体阳性（23.91%）。275例未感染弓形虫孕妇中,7例出现不良妊娠结局（占2.55%）。弓形虫感染和未感染孕妇不良妊娠结局发生率差异有统计学意义（P < 0.01）。单因素分析显示,与动物密切接触、喜吃生肉、喜吃火锅或烧烤、品尝生肉馅等是孕妇感染弓形虫的重要危险因素（与未感染组比较,P < 0.01）。 结论 孕妇弓形虫感染可导致不良妊娠结局的发生,减少动物密切接触、养成良好的饮食卫生习惯以及做好孕期弓形虫感染监测工作等是避免不良妊娠结局的有效途径。     

应用ELISA和PCR联检法对贵阳地区孕妇和新生儿弓形虫感染的检查

弓形虫病是一种人兽共患性寄生原虫病。我国孕妇弓形虫感染率为4．3％～261％',孕妇感染弓形虫多无症状或症状轻微,但可通过母婴垂直传播,导致胎儿、新生儿异常,尤以中、晚期感染者发生宫内感染最高"'。因此,孕期中及早诊断弓形虫感染,对于指导临床用药防止宫内感染,控制畸形胎儿出生的实现产前优生保健具有十分重要的意义。鉴于弓形虫病临床症状和体征缺乏特征性,病原弓形虫不易查见,为此我们于1996年IO月～1998年6月采用ELISA检测特异性IgG及IgM抗体和PCR测定弓形虫DNA（TOX－DNA）联检法,对贵阳地区孕妇及新生儿弓…     

无锡地区不良妊娠结局妇女弓形虫感染及弓形虫病知识知晓率调查

目的 调查无锡地区不良妊娠结局妇女弓形虫感染情况及弓形虫病相关知识知晓率。 方法 以2011年1月至2015年12月无锡市217例不良妊娠结局妇女作为研究对象（试验组）,以250例正常妊娠妇女作为对照。采用ELISA法检测并比较试验组和对照组血清抗弓形虫抗体阳性率。采用自行设计的问卷对试验组和对照组妇女进行问卷调查,比较两组弓形虫病相关知识知晓率。 结果 试验组妇女血清抗弓形虫抗体阳性率为30.88%,显著高于正常妊娠妇女的8.80%（[χ2]= 36.70,P < 0.01）;抗弓形虫IgG和IgM抗体阳性率分别为20.74%和10.14%,显著高于对照组的6.00%和2.80%（[χ2]= 22.53和10.74,P 均 < 0.01）。此外,以胎停、自然流产、早产和出生缺陷为妊娠结局的妇女血清抗弓形虫抗体阳性率及血清抗弓形虫IgG和IgM抗体阳性率均显著高于正常妊娠妇女（P均< 0.05）。试验组妇女对“你听说过弓形虫或弓形虫病吗？” （P < 0.01）、“你知道养宠物猫和犬会感染弓形虫吗？”（P < 0.05）和“你知道孕期需要进行弓形虫感染检查吗？”（P < 0.01）等3道问题的知晓率显著低于对照组,而两组妇女对“你知道吃火锅会感染弓形虫吗？”、“你知道家中砧板生熟不分可能会导致弓形虫感染吗？”、“你知道孕妇感染弓形虫会传给胎儿吗？”、“你知道孕期弓形虫感染会导致流产、死胎、胎儿畸形等不良妊娠结局吗？”和“你知道孕妇感染弓形虫需要治疗吗？”等问题的知晓率差异无统计学意义（P 均> 0.05）。结论 无锡市地区不良妊娠妇女弓形虫感染率显著高于正常妊娠妇女。考虑到孕妇感染弓形虫的危害以及孕妇对弓形虫病相关知识知晓率较低的现状,应进一步加大弓形虫病相关知识宣传和健康教育力度,特别是对备孕妇女开展有针对性的弓形虫病健康教育,以降低孕妇弓形虫感染率、提高优生优育水平。     

安徽省人群弓形虫感染血清流行病学调查

目的了解安徽省人群弓形虫感染状况,探索弓形虫感染的易感因素,为制定防治策略和措施提供依据。方法在安徽省南、北、中三个地区随机选择一个研究现场,采用整群抽样的方法．抽取三个地区7～75岁居民共1795人．对调查者进行弓形虫易感因素的问卷调查．并采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）,检测血清中弓形虫特异抗体IgG。将调查和检测结果录入数据库．统计分析易感因素。结果共调查1795人,阳性201人,总感染率为11．20％。不同地区、性别间感染率差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）：不同年龄组间感染率差异具有显著性意义（X2=30．27．P〈005）．其中60岁以上年龄组感染率最高为18．35％;不同文化程度各组间感染率差异具有显著性意义（X2=9．60,P〈0．05）;特殊人群（孕妇、宠物猫犬主、家畜饲养者、肿瘤患者及屠宰场工人）感染率为14．87％,显著高于普通人群（3．72％）．其相对危险度（RR）为3．99。结论安徽省弓形虫感染率在全国处于较高水平,其感染可能与接触动物的机会、生活方式及饮食习惯及自身免疫力等因素密切相关。     

孕妇弓形虫感染妊娠结局及危险因素调查

目的 目的 了解孕妇感染弓形虫感染后的妊娠结局及其危险因素。 方法 方法 2010-2013年采用酶联免疫吸附试验 （ELISA） 对在涿州市妇幼保健院行孕前检查的2 740例孕期妇女进行弓形虫IgM和IgG抗体检测并追踪随访, 观察其妊娠 结局; 采用问卷调查孕妇弓形虫感染的危险因素。 结果 结果 2 740例被调查的孕期妇女中, 弓形虫抗体检测阳性195例, 抗体 阳性率为7.12%, 其中IgM抗体阳性44例 （占22.56%）, IgG抗体阳性151例 （占77.44%）。随访结果表明, 195例感染弓形虫 的孕妇中41例出现不良妊娠结局 （占21.02%）, 包括32例IgM抗体阳性孕妇 （占78.05%） 和9例IgG抗体阳性 （占21.95%）; 未感染弓形虫孕妇6例出现不良妊娠结局 （占2.86%）, 两者差异有统计学意义 （P ＜ 0.05）。问卷调查表明, 与动物密切接 触、 喜吃生肉、 喜吃火锅或烧烤、 品尝生肉馅等是孕妇感染弓形虫的重要危险因素 （与未感染组比较, P ＜0.01）。 结论 结论 孕 妇感染弓形虫可导致不良妊娠结局的发生, 养成良好的生活卫生习惯是避免不良妊娠结局的有效途径。     

弓形虫病原基因检测用于孕妇感染及感染后对胎儿危险性的研究

目的：研究弓形虫病原基因检测方法及孕妇感染弓形虫后对胎儿的危害作用。方法：根据弓形虫基因序列，设计合成PCR扩增引物，研究PCR/DNA生物素探针检测试剂，并应用该试剂检测异常妊娠孕妇的血液和流产物，同时设立对照检查。结果：研制的弓形虫检测试剂具有良好的敏感性和特异性；在异常妊娠收集的病态流产物的检测中，阳性率为29.3%，分类比较中以死产死胎的阳性检出率最高，为36.3％。血样的检测阳性率为27.0％，而正常对照流产物和血样的检测阳性率分别为3.2％和0。结论：研制的试剂及检测方法可用于孕妇虫血症的病原检测，；孕妇弓形虫感染对孕期胎儿具有直接的危害作用。     

芜湖市临产孕妇弓形虫感染率及垂直传播率的研究

目的　探讨芜湖市临产孕妇弓形虫感染率及垂直传播率，为芜湖地区孕妇弓形虫病防治提供参考。方法　采集芜湖市临产孕妇静脉血及新生儿足后跟血液，制成滤纸血片样本，应用环介导等温扩增技术检测临产孕妇弓形虫感染率及垂直传播率。结果　475例临产孕妇共检出阳性样本3例，平均阳性检出率为0.63%，其中< 20周岁孕妇（0/5）和高龄孕妇（0/24）阳性感染率均为0，适龄孕妇阳性感染率为0.67%（3/446）。新生儿检出阳性样本2例，垂直传播率为66.67%。结论　芜湖市临产孕妇存在弓形虫感染，且垂直传播率较高；孕妇应努力提高对弓形虫病潜在危险因素的认识，预防因弓形虫病带来的危害。     

Distinguishing Features Common to Dual Fatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections That Occur in Both a Pregnant Woman and Her Newborn Infant

Deaths from herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) are rare. A major exception is perinatally acquired HSV-1 or HSV-2 infection where the neonatal death rate is substantial. Fatal HSV infection also occurs occasionally in pregnant women. The goal of this review is to enumerate the reports that describe dual deaths of both a pregnant woman and her newborn from a herpesvirus infection. A total of 15 reports were found in the medical literature, of which five described pregnant women with HSV encephalitis and 10 described women with disseminated HSV infection. When the virus was typed, most cases of dual mother/newborn deaths were caused by HSV-2. Of interest, in two situations caused by HSV-1, the pregnant woman probably acquired her primary HSV-1 infection from one of her children and not by sexual transmission. Complete genomic sequencing was performed on one set of HSV-1 isolates collected from mother (blood) and newborn (blood and skin). The mother’s strain and the newborn’s skin strain were 98.9% identical. When the newborn’s two strains were compared, they were 97.4% identical. Only one mother was tested by the HerpeSelect IgG antibody kit. During the nine days of her undiagnosed disseminated infection preceding her death, her serology was negative. In summary, although dual mother/newborn deaths from HSV infection are rare, they continue to be reported as recently as 2017.     

Genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in a subgroup of young men in the UK

The frequency of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in young men in the UK has been found to be consistently lower than that in young women, but studies in such populations might have been affected by selection bias. We tested 798 male military recruits for chlamydia as part of their routine medical examination at Glencorse barracks in Scotland. 78 (9.8%) men were infected with chlamydia; rates of infection were similar in all age-groups. 69 (88%) chlamydia-positive men were asymptomatic. This rate is higher than those usually cited, showing the importance of opportunistic testing for chlamydia in men as well as in women.     

Rhodococcus equi infection in patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection

Rhodococcus equi is an uncommon pathogen in humans that has occasionally been reported to cause infection in individuals with impaired cellular immunity. We summarize 30 previously published reports of human infection with R. equi and describe one additional case in a patient with AIDS. Eleven (35%) of the patients discussed in this report had AIDS or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, which is emerging as the leading cause of immunosuppression in cases of R. equi infection. Seventy-seven percent of all patients had pneumonia due to R. equi, and the infiltrate frequently cavitated. When HIV-infected patients were compared with those not infected with the virus, symptoms, age, and frequency of pneumonia were similar. Sputum and blood cultures were more likely to be positive in HIV-infected patients. Individuals with HIV infection also had a higher incidence of simultaneous secondary infections and higher mortality than non-HIV-infected patients (54.5% vs. 20%). The rate of survival for all patients was 75% when antibiotics were combined with surgical resection of infected tissue; in comparison, the survival rate among patients receiving antibiotics alone was 61.1%.     

新疆农九师人群包虫病感染的血清流行病学调查

1986年8月在新疆农九师牧区的170团、农区的167团和城镇的师直属单位正常人群中抽查2373人,用ID和IHA两种方法进行包虫病感染的血清学初筛,再用ELISA复检,≥2项阳性者判定为感染。农区1041人中感染率为7.68％,牧区563人中为7.28％,城镇769人中为3.64％。年龄以20岁年龄组最高为9.14％。工人、农民和学生的感染率分别为10.00％、8.46％和5.28％。总感染率为6.28％。     

Australian Infection Control Association members' use of skills and resources that promote evidence-based infection control

BACKGROUND: To adopt an evidence-based approach, professionals must be able to access, identify, interpret, and critically appraise best evidence. Critical appraisal requires essential skills, such as computer literacy and an understanding of research principles. These skills also are required for professionals to contribute to evidence. METHODS: In 1996, members of the Australian Infection Control Association were surveyed to establish a profile including the extent to which they were reading infection control publications, using specific documents for policy and guideline development, developing and undertaking research, publishing research, and using computers. The relationships between demographics, computer use, and research activity were examined. RESULTS: The response rate was 63. 4% (630/993). The study group comprised mostly women (96.1%), and most (66.4%) were older than 40 years of age. Median infection control experience was 4 years (mean, 5.4 years; range, <12 months to 35 years). When developing guidelines and policies (92.7%; 584/630), infection control professionals reviewed State Health Department Infection Control Guidelines and Regulations. Research relating to infection control was undertaken by 21.5% (135/628) of the sample, and 27.6% (37/134) of this group published their research findings. Of the respondents (51.1%; 318/622) who used a computer to undertake infection control tasks, the majority (89.0%) used a personal computer for word processing. CONCLUSION: Regardless of infection control experience, Australian infection control professionals must be adequately prepared to contribute to, access, appraise, and where appropriate, apply best evidence to their practice. We suggest that computer literacy, an understanding of research principles, and familiarity with infection control literature are three essential skills that infection control professionals must possess and regularly exercise.     

漳州市人体肠道寄生虫病基线调查结果分析

目的了解漳州市人体肠道寄生虫病的流行状况与态势,为制定防治对策提供决策依据。方法按照《全国人体重要寄生虫病现状调查实施细则》方法和要求,采用分层整群随机抽样方法确定调查点,粪便虫卵检查采用改良加藤厚涂片法（Kato-Katz）,蛲虫卵检查采用透明胶纸拭肛法。结果5个县20个中签点粪检10 913人,查出寄生虫感染者1 670人,总感染率为15.30%,虫种感染率分别为：钩虫12.69%,蛔虫0.15%,鞭虫2.16%,蛲虫19.39%;感染1种寄生虫者占总感染人数的99.70%;各年龄组感染率在4.14%50.15%之间,〉40岁人群感染率显著高于≤40岁人群,寄生虫感染率随着年龄增长有上升趋势;女性感染率显著高于男性;农民感染率显著高于半工半农、学生和学龄前儿童。结论漳州市大部分地区土源性寄生虫感染率呈下降趋势,但在以种植经济作物为主,经济欠发达的地区人群感染率仍达30%以上,且低年龄组人群蛲虫感染率仍处较高水平,钩虫和蛲虫感染仍是漳州地区寄生虫病防治的重点。     

医院就诊患者华支睾吸虫感染及临床特征分析

目的了解医院就诊患者华支睾吸虫感染情况及临床特点,为采取相应的防治措施提供依据。方法对2010～2011年17 584例就诊患者进行粪检,并分析华支睾吸虫虫卵阳性者的感染情况及实验室检测结果。结果受检者中华支睾吸虫感染2 043例,感染率11.62%,其中男性感染率为18.74%,女性为2.99%,男性显著高于女性(χ2=1052.15,P<0.01),30～岁组感染率最高,为22.15%;民族分布以壮族感染率最高,为29.98%;职业分布以农民感染率最高,为20.06%;有明显症状者1 735例(84.92%);实验室辅助检查中,74.94%感染者(1531例)有嗜酸性粒细胞升高,83.95%(1 715例)感染者有谷氨酰转移酶升高。华支睾吸虫感染者中62.41%有明确的食鱼生史,29.86%食过半生鱼虾。结论医院就诊者华支睾吸虫感染率较高,感染人群分布有明显差异性,应针对易感人群加强宣教等防治工作;对有食鱼生史且伴有嗜酸性粒细胞和谷氨酰转移酶增高患者,应粪检虫卵,以免漏诊。     

特殊人群弓形虫感染的血清流行病学调查

目的了解江苏省特殊人群弓形虫感染情况,为制定科学的防治措施提供依据。方法采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测特殊人群血清弓形虫IgG抗体,并配以相应的对照组作比较分析。结果人群血清弓形虫IgG抗体阳性率为7.19%,其中特殊人群抗体阳性率为8.30%,对照组阳性率为6.08%,有显著性差异(P<0.05),献血员和临床免疫功能低下者与对照组相比OR分别为4.67和6.67(P<0.05)。结论江苏省特殊人群血清弓形虫抗体阳性率高于普通对照组人员,献血员和临床免疫功能低下者与弓形虫感染有关联性。提示对特殊人群的重视,尤其是应加强对献血人员的弓形虫抗体检测以及对免疫功能低下者的保护。     

Assessing HIV infection in primary care practice

In routine office practice, primary care physicians see both individuals at risk for HIV infection and those who are already infected. They must be prepared to assess risks of HIV infection in all patients, counsel patients with histories of high-risk behavior about the reasons to be tested for infection, and explain the meanings of both positive and negative test results. The initial medical evaluation of an infected individual should include a history and physical examination to detect early manifestations of HIV infection, basic diagnostic tests, including CD4 counts and a purified protein derivative test, and immunization against potentially preventable infections.     

The rate of pyrin mutations in critically ill patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis: a pilot study

OBJECTIVE: The role of individual genetic differences in susceptibility to systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and sepsis is generally unrecognized or underestimated. We investigated the rate of pyrin mutations in critically ill patients with SIRS and sepsis, and compared whether carriers for pyrin mutations are associated with respect to the frequency of and certain features of sepsis and SIRS. METHODS: We tested M694V, M680I, V726A, R761H, and M694I mutations in critically ill patients. RESULTS: Twenty-four of 80 (30%) critically ill patients were found to carry some pyrin mutations; none had a history compatible with familial Mediterranean fever. We also found a high frequency of carriers in patients having pneumonia (30.3%), urinary tract infection (29.4%), and acute pancreatitis (30.8%). When we compared our results with the pyrin mutation carrier rate of a healthy Turkish population (10%), the rate of pyrin mutations in all patients (p < 0.001), and patients with urinary tract infection (p <0.001), acute pancreatitis (p <0.001), and pneumonia (p < 0.001) were found to be significantly high. The white blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, lactic dehydrogenase, and rate of fever and pulse were significantly higher, whereas systolic and diastolic blood pressure and albumin levels were significantly lower in patients with pyrin mutation compared to those without the mutation. CONCLUSION: Our results showed that critically ill patients with SIRS and sepsis have increased prevalence of pyrin mutations, and patients with SIRS and sepsis carrying the pyrin mutation seem to be highly susceptible for a severe disease course.