餐饮业量化分级管理的实践与思考

为贯彻卫生部关于推行食品卫生监督量化分级管理制度，及时发现并消除食品安全隐患，预防食物中毒及食源性疾病的发生，仪征市自2005年起开始推行餐饮业量化分级管理制度。在近两年的实践中，餐饮业量化分级管理工作遇到了许多困难，也积累了一些经验，现将实施餐饮业量化分级管理情况报告如下。     

学校食堂实施监督量化分级管理的体会

2002年4月，卫生部决定在全国范围内推行食品卫生监督量化分级管理制度，按照卫生部及省卫生厅的要求，我市于2003年末制定了《牡丹江市学校餐饮业(食堂)量化分级管理实施方案》，经过一年的工作，圆满地完成了我市学校食堂量化分级管理评审工作，取得了一定成效，现总结如下：     

浅谈县级餐饮业量化分级管理

为了保证食品的卫生安全，尽快使我国食品卫生监督模式与国际接轨，卫生部推行了食品卫生监督量化分级管理制度，我省与拟定了《黑龙江省实施食品卫生监督量化分级管理指导手册》，今年七月又重新修定指导手册，颁布了《黑龙江省仪器卫生监督量化分级管理等级评定工作管理办法（暂行）》，并举办了培训班，要求各地认真贯彻执行。我县于2004年2月开始推行量化分级管理制度。由于餐饮业历来是食源性疾病的高发行业，因此，先以餐饮业为试点，对东宁镇内的一百八十家左右的餐饮经营单位进行了信誉度评级。现结合我县的实际情况，谈谈对县级餐饮业量化分级管理的一些思考。     

边远山区餐饮业现状及卫生监督量化分级管理对策

推行实施食品卫生监督量化分级管理制度，是当前食品卫生监督工作模式的重大转变。2002年4月，卫生部要求全国开始推行“卫生监督量化分级管理制度”，提出“量化分级管理”、“食品卫生信誉度”、“食品卫生风险性”3个概念。目的在于推行卫生监督工作适应市场经济发展要求，推进严格依法行政，确保食品卫生监督工作公平、公正，透明和促进企业自律，提高诚信水平，最终达到食品卫生安全。按照《福建省2004-2006年全面实施食品卫生监督量化管理制度工作方案》精神，我县从2004年6月份启动量化分级管理工作，按照工作方案进度，依据卫生部“餐饮业卫生许可量化分级管理评分表”的要求，以学校食堂和餐饮业为切入点，实施食品卫生监督量化分级管理。     

南京市部分餐饮单位卫生许可审查量化分级评价

卫生部从2003年起要求在全国食品卫生行业中推行食品卫生监督量化分级管理制度,并先后制定了《食品卫生监督量化分级管理指南》和《食品卫生监督量化分级标示管理规范》。食品卫生监督量化分级管理制度的实施将提高食品安全的水平。为准确地掌握食品量化分级评分标准,在食品卫生行业中全面推行食品卫生监督量化分级管理制度,笔者对南京市的59家餐饮单位按“餐饮业卫生许可审查量化评分表”(简称评分表)中的要求进行了量化分级评价。     

淮安市食品卫生量化分级A级评审结果分析

为进一步规范对食品生产经营单位的管理,调动企业守法经营的自觉性,按照卫生部《关于推行食品卫生监督量化分级管理制度的通知》精神,我市分别在餐饮业、学校食堂、食品生产企业、食品经营单位进行了信誉度分级评定工作,现将我市2004、2005年开展的食品卫生监督量化分级管理A级     

小型餐饮业实施食品卫生监督量化分级管理探讨

为贯彻落实2002年卫生部《关于推行食品卫生监督量化分级管理制度的通知》精神，推动辖区食品卫生监督量化分级管理工作的实施，考虑到辖区内小型个体餐饮业者占总管理户数一半以上，我们自2004年6—11月在小型餐饮业中进行了食品卫生监督量化分级管理工作的试点，对存在的问题进行了探讨，为更大范围地推广工作积累经验。     

平湖市餐饮业食品卫生监督量化分级管理

为了实现食品卫生监督由定性管理向定性定量动态管理和标准化管理的转变,调动食品生产经营企业的积极性和提高其自身卫生管理水平,防止食物中毒或其他食源性疾病的发生,保障消费者的身体健康,我市按照卫生部《关于推行食品卫生监督量化分级管理制度的通知》文件精神,结合我市食品生产经营企业实际情况,对我市当湖镇餐饮业中的大中型饭店和学校食堂、学生集体用餐单位进行了食品卫生监督量化分级管理,现将结果报告如下.     

杭州市大中型餐饮单位食品卫生量化分级管理效果评价

食品卫生监督量化分级管理制度是卫生部于2002年开始推行的一种新型食品监督管理制度，目的是为达到最大限度配置卫生监督资源，充分调动食品生产经营单位自身管理和遵章守法的积极性，建立公开、透明的卫生监督新理念。 杭州市在2003年开始推行餐饮业食品卫生量化分级管理制度，为了解杭州市大中型餐饮单位食品卫生量化分级管理工作效果，杭州市选择了下城区和西湖区进行评价。     

郑州市中原区实施食品卫生监督量化分级管理前后饭店的卫生状况比较

目的加强餐饮业的食品安全管理工作,探讨食品卫生监督量化分级管理式的管理效果。方法通过对饭店实施食品卫生监督量化分级管理前后的卫生管理、基础卫生设施和加工过程卫生状况比较,对量化评分结果、存在问题进行了讨论及分析。结果发现“管理”后较“管理”前在卫生管理方面、基础卫生设施投入方面及加工方面及时加工过程卫生方面均有好转。结论对餐饮业实行量化分级管理的监督模式较传统的监督模式规范、实用,对规范执法行为,进一步提高餐饮业食品卫生安全管理水平,促进餐饮业的健康发展均有积极意义。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.