红霉素链霉菌原生质体的形成和再生及其对紫外光的敏感性

红霉素链霉菌的菌丝生长在含有0.8％甘氨酸的S培养基中,对溶菌酶的作用敏感,通过酶解,并利用一个包含10mM-MgCl_2和25mM-CaCl_2的高渗培养基能使其菌丝脱壁形成10~(10)/ml的原生质体。 原生质体能再生细胞壁,回复成为一个完整的细胞。最佳条件时再生频率达90％左右。 利用紫外光对红霉素链霉菌的孢子及原生质体分别照射3分钟,其致死率分别为97.95％和98.81％。     

吸水链霉菌井冈变种原生质体的制备与再生

目的研究井冈霉素产生菌吸水链霉菌井冈变种的原生质体制备与再生的最佳条件。方法使用溶菌酶水解菌体细胞壁法,分别考察影响吸水链霉菌井冈变种原生质体的制备与再生的各种因素。结果在R2YE液体培养基中,一级菌丝体的最佳培养时间为24 h,二级菌丝体的最佳培养时间为16 h,最佳甘氨酸质量浓度为5 g.L-1,最佳溶菌酶质量浓度为2 g.L-1,最佳酶解时间为60 min,最佳再生培养基为R2YE,原生质体的再生率最高可达到15.79%。结论本实验确定了吸水链霉菌井冈变种的原生质体制备与再生的最佳条件,能够得到较高的再生率。     

利用原生质体诱变筛选L-异亮氨酸高产菌株

在捧杆菌原生质体制备中,以单一甘氨酸代替青霉素与溶菌酶进行细胞脱壁处理,以含0.3M蔗糖的普通肉汤培养基作为再生培养基。L-异亮氨酸产生菌A6在肉汤中培养至对数期,加入0.3M蔗糖和3%甘氨酸,继续培养8h,原生质体的形成率达98%。原生质体经洗涤后的再生率为81.6%,不经离心洗涤直接涂皿的再生率为81.2%。A6菌株的原生质体经紫外线诱变处理后,再生菌株的L-异亮氨酸产量高达14.3mg/ml,比原菌株产量提高30%左右。     

Studies on protoplast formation and regeneration ofGanoderma lucidum

To obtain a new strain ofGanoderma lucidum by protoplast fusion technique, its protoplast formation and regeneration were studied. Several factors affecting the protoplast formation and regeneration were investigated to find their optimum conditions. The mycelium was grown for four days on the cellophane membrane placed onG. lucidum complete medium (GCM). When various commercial lytic enzymes were examined for protoplast isolation, the combination of Novozym 234 and β-glucuronidase was found to be effective. An osmotic stabilizer, 0.6 M sucrose in 20 mM phosphate buffer pH 5.8, gave the highest yield of protoplasts. Three-hour incubation in shaking incubator was most suitable for releasing protoplasts. To increase the protoplast yield, pretreatment with 2-mercaptoethanol was carried out. The regeneration frequency in GCM containing 0.6 M MgSO₄·7H₂O was shown to be 0.66%.     

Liquid culture enhances protoplast formation from the auxotroph (ser−) ofLentinula edodes

The optimal conditions for the production and regeneration of the protoplasts fromLentinula edodes were studied. Protoplast formation from the mycelia ofL. edodes which were cultured in liquid medium showed a significantly high yield compared with that of the mycelia which were cultured on cellophane covered agar media. A mixture of Novozyme 234 (15 mg/ml) and Cellulase Onozuka R10 (10 mg/ml) in 0.6 M mannitol (pH 4) was optimal lytic enzyme for the protoplast release. The optimal incubation time and mycelia age were 3.5-4 hours at 30 degrees C and 6-8 days, respectively. Regeneration frequency was 0.18% plated onto a medium containing 0.6 M sucrose, and 0.08% plated onto a medium containing mannitol. But hardly any regeneration was observed in the media containing NaCl, KCl, or MgSO(4). More than 90% of the protoplasts contianed nuclei and the nucleus number per protoplast was 1.1. The DNA content per nucleus was 5.1 pg. The diameter of the protoplast was 3-5 mum and it had a well defined cell structure.     

Genetic transformation ofStreptomyces caespitosus

Genetic transformation ofStreptomyces caespitosus by plasmid pIj 702 was carried out. Optimal conditions for the protoplast preparation ofStreptomyces caespitosus, its regeneration, and its transformation by pIj 702 were evaluated. Addition of 2% glycine to the culture broth was optimal for protoplast yield. Formation and regeneration of protoplasts were most efficient when the mycelium were harvested at between late log and stationary growth phase. The regeneration frequency of the protoplasts was 15% when the protoplasts were regenerated on R2YE agar media containing 0.5M sucrose. Under the best condition for protoplats regeneration, the optimal transformation frequency was achieved with 40% polyethylene glycol (M.W. 4,000) treatment for 2 minutes.     

赤霉素产生菌原生质体制备、纯化与再生工艺的研究

目的对赤霉素产生菌原生质体进行制备、纯化、再生工艺改进与完善。方法本文通过微孔滤膜作载体,在含甘氨酸的菌丝生长培养基固体平板上,培养取得幼嫩菌丝体,并对原生质体制备时的复合破壁酶液组分配比、酶解时间,原生质体纯化再生工艺进行了改进和完善。结果实验证明:①在幼嫩菌丝体的制备过程中,采用微孔滤膜平板法培养幼嫩菌丝体,易于控制菌龄,生长在微孔滤膜上的菌丝体不混杂有多余的培养基成份,不必经洗涤,可直接酶解,简化了实验步骤;②在原生质体制备过程中,采用以纤维素酶2%+蜗牛酶1%+果胶酶0.4%作为复合破壁酶液的组成,可使原生质体的释放量从105升至106;③在原生质体纯化过程中,采用先慢速离心沉淀,后洗涤滤除菌丝断片的操作方法,可使无壁娇嫩易碎的原生质体可依附菌丝断片作缓冲载体一起沉淀,有利于纯化收集到完整的原生质体,提高原生质体的活性再生;④在原生质体再生过程中,选用含有聚胨、酵母膏成份的RM再生培养基,可使原生质体的再生率达到16%以上。结论原生质体制备、纯化、再生工艺的改进与完善,确保了诱变育种基因突变后的遗传个体绝大部分都是纯合体,避免了高产性状经传代后水平回复的现象,为赤霉素理化诱变育种工作的顺利开展创造了良好条件。     

刺糖多孢菌原生质体制备与再生条件优化

目的研究多杀菌素产生菌刺糖多孢菌(Saccharopolyspora spinosa)原生质体制备与再生的最佳条件。方法利用数理统计的方法研究了不同制备培养基、菌龄、甘氨酸浓度、溶菌酶处理条件以及再生培养基对原生质体制备和再生的影响,并考察了原生质体的适宜保藏温度。结果菌体在添加0.3%甘氨酸的EHC培养基中培养72h,用2mg/mL溶菌酶32℃酶解40min后,涂布在再生培养基R6上再生,原生质体制备率超过99%,再生数可达到107cfu/mL。刺糖多孢菌原生质体可置于4℃短期保存72h,长期保存需要放置于-80℃条件下。结论优化的结果为刺糖多孢菌原生质体融合育种和遗传转化体系建立奠定了基础。     

诺西肽产生菌活跃链霉菌的原生质体制备与再生

目的研究诺西肽产生菌活跃链霉菌的原生质体制备与再生的最适条件。方法使用溶菌酶脱去细胞壁制备原生质体,并考察原生质体制备和再生的各种影响因素。结果确定了原生质体制备的条件:一级培养采用种子培养基,培养30 h,转种量的体积分数为5%;二级培养采用R2YE培养基,培养时间为32 h,最适甘氨酸质量浓度为6.0 g.L-1,最佳溶菌酶质量浓度为1.5 g.L-1,酶解时间为60 min,原生质体再生率达到5.3%。结论上述条件为活跃链霉菌原生质体制备与再生的最适条件,该条件的建立为活跃链霉菌原生质体的诱变育种奠定了基础。     

顶头孢霉229与12的分生孢子及原生质体的形成和再生

头孢菌素产生菌顶头孢霉菌株229的沉没培养或斜面培养都可形成分生孢子,并可用普通滤纸将它们与菌丝及节孢子分开,但是它们成活率极低.这种成活的分生孢子的数量与培养基成分有关.菌丝培养基成分对制备顶头孢霉原生质体有显著影响.用一种MM培养基培养的菌丝,不经巯基化合物预处理,酶解(1%纤维素酶)3小时后,可得到大量原生质体.原生质体的再生频率为1.8～4.6%.与分生孢子形成的菌落相比,原生质体再生菌落的产抗生素能力显示出较大的变异性.本文还讨论了山梨醇与Nikkomycin对菌丝生长形态及原生质体形成的影响.     

抗炎化合物EP产生菌的原生质体制备和再生工艺研究

目的系统研究 6 ,2 2 二烯 5 ,8 过氧麦角甾 3 醇 (EP)产生菌粘帚霉属真菌F菌的原生质体制备、分离与再生的条件。方法通过研究不同的酶解系统、酶解时间、再生培养基等多种因素 ,考察它们对该菌原生质体得率及再生率的影响 ;同时 ,采用高效液相色谱法测定原生质体再生菌株中EP化合物的含量。结果F菌菌龄为 6 0h时 ,以 0 .5mol/L的甘露醇配制成 2 %的蜗牛酶和纤维素酶混合溶液 ,2 8℃酶解 4h ,原生质体得量较高。而以0 .5mol/L的甘露醇为稳渗剂的再生培养基时 ,该菌的原生质体再生率较高。结论从代谢产物的角度对该菌原生质体制备和再生方法的可行性进行分析 ,并探讨此过程对F菌生物合成EP的影响 ,为进一步对该菌的分子遗传及高产菌株的选育创造条件。     

Clonal propagation of Cnidium officinale by shoot tip culture

Multiple shoots were induced from the apical domes of shoot tips of Cnidium officinale Makino (Apiaceae) by culturing them on Murashige and Skoog (MS) 1 static media solidified with 0.2% gelrite and supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) 10 (-6)M. An average of 5.3 shoots per segment were obtained within 6 weeks and this ability did not decline even after two years of subculture. Subsequent transfer of these regenerated shoots on MS media supplemented with alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) 10 (-7)M and BAP 10 (-7)M resulted in root formation. Rooted plantlets were able to grow in soil after a short period of acclimatization. Cytological observation in root tip cells of cultivated, as well as in vitro propagated plantlets revealed that in both cases the cells had 2n = 22 chromosomes indicating the homogeneity of the clonally propagated plants.     

阿卡波糖产生菌原生质体的制备与再生

目的研究阿卡波糖产生菌原生质体制备与再生的条件。方法通过溶菌酶破壁的方法制备原生质体,考察影响原生质体制备与再生的因素。结果和结论确认原生质体的制备条件为:一级培养采用SM2液体培养基,培养时间为33 h,转二级培养的转种体积分数为15%;二级培养采用R2YE培养基,培养时间为20 h,甘氨酸质量分数为0.7%;溶菌酶作用质量浓度为3 g.L-1,作用时间100 min,最大原生质体制备量达到8×1010个.L-1。考察了原生质体再生培养基的组成,在优化的再生培养基上,再生率达到9.2%。     

黑暗链霉菌原生质体制备、再生及其DNA转化条件的研究

利用CP培养基培养黑暗链霉菌 (Streptomycestenebrarius) 990 4,采用二级培养即首先在37℃培养 48h ,然后按 10 %的转种量转种于新鲜的培养基中 ,同时补加 2 %甘氨酸 ,2 8℃培养 2 0h ,收获的菌丝体对溶菌酶敏感。在适宜的酶解条件下可形成 4 6 2× 10 9/mL原生质体 ,再生率为18%。利用经修饰的质粒DNA转化冻存的原生质体获得成功 ,转化率为 10 3～ 10 4 / μgDNA。     

Studies on the tissue culture of Stevia rebaudiana and its components; (II). Induction of shoot primordia

Shoot primordia, which were able to propagate vegetatively with a very high rate and to redifferentiate easily to new plants, were induced from shoot tips of STEVIA REBAUDIANA Bertoni on Gamborg B5 medium containing 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) under light. The propagation of the shoot primordia of STEVIA REBAUDIANA is rapid, and they are highly stable in chromosome number and karyotype. The shoot primordia can propagate at a high rate for a long time without differentiation. At any time, the shoot primordia readily developed into plantlets with shoots and roots within 2 or 3 weeks in static culture on B5 medium containing 0.02 mg/l BAP and 2% sucrose. The plantlets were transplanted to sterilized soil to grow to normal adult plants.     

Clonal propagation of Isoplexis canariensis

Isoplexis is a plant genus closely related to Digitalis. Members of this genus contain cardenolides considered more "primitive" than those present in Digitalis. Isoplexis plants, tissue cultures, and isolated cardenolides may thus be used to elucidate the biosynthesis of cardenolides in the Scrophulariaceae. Therefore, a method was developed to cultivate and propagate Isoplexis canariensis (L.) Lindl. ex. G. Don in vitro. Seeds were germinated in liquid modified MS medium and shoot cultures were established and propagated in liquid modified MS medium containing 0.1 mg/l IAA and 1 mg/l BAP. Shoot cultures were also established from excised axillary buds and propagated on solid culture medium containing 0.1 mg/l IAA and 1 mg/l BAP. Shoots of either origin were rooted in medium containing 1 to 5 mg/l IAA and 0.5 to 4 mg/l IBA. Rooted plantlets were cultivated for 2 to 3 weeks in hormone-free modified MS medium and then transferred to the greenhouse, where they developed into healthy plants.     

Protoplast fusion and gene recombination in the uncommon Actinomycete Planobispora rosea producing GE2270

An efficient method for protoplast generation for the uncommon actinomycete Planobispora rosea, the producer of the thiazolylpeptide antibiotic GE2270, was developed using a combination of hen egg white lysozyme and Streptomyces globisporus mutanolysin. This method converted more than 70% of vegetative mycelium to protoplasts, which were then regenerated with 50% efficiency in an optimized medium. When P. rosea protoplasts were efficiently fused, recombination between different antibiotic (streptomycin and gentamicin) resistance markers originated sensitive strains (str(s)gen(s)) at frequencies as high as 18% and double resistant fusants (str(r)gen(r)) at frequencies as high as 29%. Double resistant fusants showed GE2270 productivity intermediate between the productivity of the parental strains. Protoplast generation and fusion in P. rosea makes whole genome shuffling feasible as an approach to be used alternately with classical random mutagenesis in industrial strain improvement programs.     

利用原生质体诱变筛选L-亮氨酸高产菌株的研究

本实验以L-亮氨酸产生菌黄色短杆菌CF-435为出发菌株,制备原生质体,在原生质体形成率和再生率最佳的条件下,利用紫外线、利福平、氯化锂对原生质体进行复合处理,获得再生突变株,从中挑取单独菌落进行摇瓶发酵,筛选出高产菌株UV_3-29,在含有葡萄糖10%的培养基中发酵72h可积累L-亮氨酸26.73mg/ml,比原始菌种产酸量提高26%.     

Somatic Embryogenesis and Clonal Multiplication of Panax ginseng

Embryogenesis of PANAX GINSENG was induced from young flower buds via callus during a 3 months culture period. Matured embryos could be germinated on the 1/2 Murashige and Skoog's medium supplemented with GA (3) (1.4 microM)-BAP (2.2 microM) and 1.5% sucrose. In the medium containing 1.4 microM GA (3) and 11.1 microM BAP, a multiple shoot complex having 8 shoots per segment was formed from a single shoot set. On the other hand, the addition of 11.1 microM BAP and 1.4 microM GA (3) to the medium stimulated the flower bud formation. For root formation of shoots, the MS medium supplemented with 5.4 microM NAA was the most favourable. Subsequently the plantlet was transferred to vermiculite.     

林可链霉菌与委内瑞拉链霉菌种间原生质体融合的研究

本文报道氯霉素产生菌委内瑞拉链霉菌A-186株与林可霉素产生菌林可链霉菌林可变种78-11株种间原生质体融合的结果。首先,研究了委内瑞拉链霉菌A-186的原生质体制备和再生条件,再生率可达86％。然后,采用氯霉素产生菌S.venezuelae A-186的原生质体用紫外线灭活后,与具有耐药标记的S.lincolnensis var.lincolnensis78-11原生质体融合的方法,种间融合频率达到3.2×10~(-5) 。并筛选到一株遗传稳定的重组子,经初步鉴定它能同时产生两亲株所产的两种抗生素。