电视纵隔镜在纵隔疾病诊断及肺癌分期中的应用

目的探讨电视纵隔镜检查术（video-mediastinoscopy,VM）在纵隔疾病诊断和肺癌合并纵隔淋巴结肿大术前分期中的价值。方法对41例CT等影像学检查发现有纵隔疾病患者和27例术前经胸部CT、PET、纤维支气管镜等检查诊断肺癌合并纵隔淋巴结肿大患者进行纵隔镜检查,根据病理结果行诊断和分期。结果41例纵隔疾病患者39例经电视纵隔镜术后确诊,2例诊断不明或可能误诊,其中1例转院失访,另1例经开胸活检证实为肺大B细胞淋巴瘤;27例肺癌合并纵隔淋巴结肿大患者经纵隔镜检查后,其中12例有纵隔淋巴结转移,15例无转移,后者经开胸手术病理确诊为肺癌无纵隔淋巴结转移。平均手术时间52min,平均出血40ml,术后无死亡,无切口感染,1例出血,3例喉返神经麻痹。结论电视纵隔镜术是纵隔疾病、肺癌术前病理分期的重要检查方法,具有诊断准确率高、安全可靠等优点。     

电视纵隔镜技术在纵隔病变临床诊断中的应用及体会

目的探讨电视纵隔镜技术对诊断疑难纵隔疾病或胸部病变累及纵隔淋巴结时的临床应用价值。方法分析我科行纵隔镜检查术的50例患者,本组病例术前均行胸部CT、细胞学相关检查,其中9例行PET/CT检查,5例行EBUS-TBNA检查,将纵隔镜检查手术前后诊断符合率进行对比分析。结果术前相关检查中恶性24例,良性26例,所有病例均成功取得或切除目标组织,最终病理结果恶性19例,良性31例,经对比分析,影像学及细胞学等检查确诊率为61.53%,误诊率38.47%。全组无手术死亡病例,术中出血1例,成功压迫止血,术后颈部切口感染1例,经换药后愈合良好。结论影像学及细胞学等检查在纵隔疾病的诊断中,存在一定的误诊率,纵隔镜检查是获得病理诊断的最佳途径,确诊率较高,该技术安全有效。     

成人纵隔淋巴结结核16例临床分析

目的探讨纵隔淋巴结结核的临床表现。方法总结自1999年1月~2004年12月收治并确诊为成人纵隔淋巴结结核的16例患者的临床症状、体征、辅助检查及诊断要点。结果16例患者中,男10例,女6例,年龄22~63岁,平均41.25±21.2岁。诊断依据是16例患者有不同程度发热、咳嗽、消瘦、乏力等结核中毒症状。8例(50%)有浅表淋巴结肿大,活检或穿刺病理确诊。16例经胸部CT扫描,肿大淋巴结位于右纵隔8例,左纵隔4例,双侧纵隔4例,12例行增强CT扫描有环形强化表现,占75%,其中2例合并腹膜后淋巴结亦呈环形强化表现。13例行PPD试验(5u)的患者中有12例(92.3%)阳性(8例强阳性,2例中度阳性,2例弱阳性),仅1例阴性。血沉12例增快,4例正常。12例经病理确诊,其中7例淋巴结活检病理证实,1例经淋巴结穿刺病理证实,1例经胸腔镜活检病理证实,1例经支气管镜TBLT活检病理证实,1例经纵隔镜活检病理证实。1例误诊为食道平滑肌瘤而手术病理为肉芽肿改变,凝固性坏死,经验性抗结核治疗有效明确诊断。结论成人纵隔淋巴结结核少见,并易误诊为其它疾病,但结合临床仔细体检发现浅表肿大淋巴结并活检,胸部增强CT扫描有环形强化,结合结核毒血症状、PPD试验和血沉等指标诊断并不困难。疑难病人可行纵隔镜或胸腔镜病理活检明确诊断。     

多层螺旋CT对纵隔淋巴结肿大的诊断及鉴别诊断

目的探讨和分析纵隔淋巴结肿大的CT表现及特征。方法对62例经手术、淋巴结活检和临床治疗证实纵隔淋巴结肿大患者行CT分析。所有患者行胸部CT检查,其中40例同时做了增强CT检查。结果 62例中转移性淋巴结肿大22例,结核13例,恶性淋巴瘤11例,结节病15例,坏死性淋巴结炎1例。胸部CT平扫在62例中均能发现纵隔淋巴结增大的部位、数目、大小和形态。转移性淋巴结肿大多数与淋巴引流区分布有关且多无明显强化,结核性淋巴结肿大多数与引流区分布无明显相关,强化不明显或稍有强化,淋巴瘤引起的淋巴结增大多伴有融合,部分轻中度强化结节病引起的淋巴结肿大强化明显。结论多层螺旋CT检查是诊断纵隔淋巴结大小的首选方法,对纵隔淋巴结肿大具有重要的诊断及鉴别诊断价值。     

纵隔镜在胸外科的临床应用价值

目的 探讨电视纵隔镜检查术(video-mediastinoscopy,VM)在肺癌(无肺癌根治术指征者)纵隔淋巴结肿大、纵隔不明肿物诊断中的应用价值.方法 采用全麻并气管插管,共行纵隔镜检查术82例,均经颈部检查.结果 82例患者手术过程顺利,无术后并发症.病理以转移癌、淋巴瘤、结核病、结节病、castleman病等为主.结论 纵隔镜检查术对纵隔不明肿大淋巴结的诊断率为100%,是肺癌手术前分期最准确的检查手段和制定治疗方案的重要依据.     

超声支气管镜下穿刺活检对成人纵隔淋巴结结核的早期诊断价值（附87例临床报告）

目的 探讨超声支气管镜下穿刺活检（EBUS-TBNA）对于纵隔淋巴结结核的早期诊断价值。方法 选取上海市肺科医院2010年1月至2012年12月期间,影像学及临床诊断为纵隔淋巴结结核但气管镜检查无异常的患者共87例;其中男51例,女36例,年龄21～70岁,平均（48.5±11.5）岁。所有患者行EBUS-TBNA,标本送检病理、抗酸杆菌涂片、培养和体外聚合酶链反应检测,根据检测结果进行诊断性治疗并随访3个月,治疗无效者进行纵隔镜检查,最终统计EBUS-TBNA在纵隔淋巴结结核诊断中的诊断率。应用统计软件SPSS 13.0进行数据分析和计算。 结果 66例患者通过EBUS-TBNA直接确诊结核病,1例确诊为非结核分枝杆菌（NTM）感染（菌型鉴定为鸟-胞内分枝杆菌,MAC）;5例确诊肺癌,2例确诊结节病,13例未得到任何阳性证据;13例中6例通过诊断性抗结核治疗确诊结核病,7例行纵隔镜检查,其中3例确诊淋巴瘤,3例肺癌,1例结核病。因此87例患者中最终确诊结核病73例,其中通过EBUS-TBNA确诊66例（90.41%,66/73）。经过EBUS-TBNA确诊结核病的66例中21例（31.82%,21/66）为结核分枝杆菌涂片和（或）培养阳性（3例结核分枝杆菌药敏试验提示耐药）;40例（60.61%,40/66）结核分枝杆菌聚合酶链反应检测阳性,38例（57.58%,38/66）病理检测结果为干酪样坏死或者结核性肉芽肿。 结论 EBUS-TBNA在纵隔淋巴结结核特别是耐药纵隔淋巴结结核的早期诊断上可能具有一定的价值。     

电视纵隔镜对纵隔肿大淋巴结的诊断效果

目的探讨电视纵隔镜对纵隔淋巴结肿大的诊断效果。方法 2008年1月至2009年12月20例行电视纵隔镜检查患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果全部20例患者均获得病理诊断,无手术并发症。讨论电视纵隔镜对于纵隔淋巴结肿大的诊断以及肺癌术前病理分期具有很高的准确性。     

电视纵隔镜在胸部疾病诊断的应用价值

目的探讨应用电视纵隔镜行肺癌分期和纵隔疑难疾病诊断的价值和围手术期并发症的预防。方法回顾分析我院行纵隔镜检查的63例患者,其中颈部纵隔镜术58例,胸骨旁纵隔镜术5例,手术均在全麻下完成,单纯纵隔肺门疑难疾病48例,高度怀疑肺癌或诊断为非小细胞肺癌伴有纵隔淋巴结肿大的患者15例。结果15例怀疑或已确诊为肺癌患者,淋巴结病理阳性率为60．0％（9／15）,CMS病理假阴性率16．7％（1／6）。48例纵隔疑难疾病患者,47例获得病理诊断,1例临床证实,经验性治疗肿块明显缩小,疾病确诊率98％（47／48）。无手术死亡,1例大出血保守治疗成功。无其他相关的术后并发症。结论纵隔镜技术安全有效,对明确肺癌的分期和诊断纵隔疑难疾病检查准确率高。     

纵隔镜对胸部疑难疾病的诊断价值

胸部疑难疾病的诊断一直是困扰胸科医生的重要问题。纵隔镜检查可活检获得病理组织以明确诊断。我们对2 1例诊断不清的纵隔疾病患者施行了纵隔镜手术 ,现总结如下。对象与方法　 2 0 0 3年 2～ 9月我科对 2 1例纵隔肿物诊断不明的患者行纵隔镜检查。其中男 8例 ,女 13例。年龄18～ 6 6岁 ,平均 37岁。纵隔镜检查前患者均具有胸部X线平片及CT检查结果 ,部分患者有结核菌素试验等诊断结核病的辅助检查结果、血管紧张素转换酶等诊断结节病的检查结果。术前诊断为结节病 9例 ,淋巴瘤 6例 ,肺癌并纵隔转移4例 ,结核 2例。手术方法采取经颈纵隔…     

电视纵隔镜联合CD4/CD8对纵隔结核和结节病的诊断价值

目的探讨电视纵隔镜联合检测CD4／CD8在纵隔结核病和结节病诊断中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2003年2月至2005年9月我院单纯纵隔病灶诊断不明行电视纵隔镜检查患者90例,应用免疫组化法对病理证实为结节病、结核病或不典型肉芽肿的患者57例检测CD4／CD8的表达情况。结果纵隔病灶活检确诊为结节病37例,结核病14例,淋巴瘤15例,原因不明的纵隔转移癌18例,无干酪性坏死又无典型结节细胞的肉芽肿6例,疾病确诊率为93．3％（84／90）;结节病病灶中CD4为（65±13）％,CD8为（9．4±2．6）％,CD4／CD8为7．3±1．8;结核病病灶中CD4为（41±11）％,CD8为（11．8±3．4）％,CD4／CD8为3．6±1．1,结节病病灶中的CD4／CD8明显高于结核病病灶。如果将CD4／CD8〉5作为诊断结节病的标准,则诊断结节病的准确性、特异性和敏感性分别为90．2％、85．7％和91．9％。本组病例未发生手术并发症,无死亡病例。结论电视纵隔镜检查对诊断纵隔疑难病灶的准确率高,部分病例结合CD4／CD8比值对诊断结核病和结节病有一定价值。     

非黄型结节病21例临床分析

目的 提高对非典型结节病的认识,方法 回顾性分析了２１例非典型结节病的临床资料,所有病例以病理检查证实。结果 不典型结节病影像学可表现为：１）肺内病变;有孤立结节影,肺不张,单侧,双侧肺实变,双肺栗粒样结节。（２）单纯纵隔淋巴结变;有纵隔肿物,纵隔淋巴结肿大和单侧肺门淋巴结肿大,纵隔单纯淋巴结肿大。（３）胸膜病变;有液,气胸,胸膜增厚。（４）肺门病变：有单侧肺门淋巴 肿大和纵隔淋巴 肿大,双侧肺门     

非典型结节病21例临床分析

目的　提高对非典型结节病的认识。方法　回顾性分析了２１ 例非典型结节病的临床资料,所有病例均经病理检查证实。结果　不典型结节病影像学可表现为：（１）肺内病变：有孤立结节影,肺不张,单侧、双侧肺实变,双肺栗粒样结节。（２） 单纯纵隔淋巴结病变：有纵隔肿物,纵隔淋巴结肿大和单侧肺门淋巴结肿大,纵隔单纯淋巴结肿大。（３） 胸膜病变：有液、气胸,胸膜增厚。（４） 肺门病变：有单侧肺门淋巴结肿大和纵隔淋巴结肿大,双侧肺门淋巴结非对称性肿大, 单侧肺门淋巴结肿大钙化。结论　不典型结节病临床表现多种多样,影像学检查难以满足诊断需要。只有对结节病有足够认识,辅以其他检查,其诊断并不困难。     

超声支气管镜引导下经支气管针吸活检70例临床分析

目的 评价超声支气管镜引导下的经支气管针吸活检(EBUS-TBNA)对纵隔和肺门淋巴结肿大和肺内肿块的诊断价值和安全性.方法 对2009年7月至2010年1月上海市肺科医院胸部CT检查显示胸腔内肿物和(或)纵隔-肺门淋巴结肿大的门诊或住院患者行EBUS-TBNA,观察诊治效果.结果 入选患者70例,男47例,女23例,年龄22～84岁,平均55.7岁.其中门诊患者25例,住院患者45例.穿刺肺门淋巴结120组,肺内肿块11例次.70例患者中,在没有采用现场细胞学诊断的条件下,46例初诊肺癌患者通过EBUS-TBNA明确诊断44例,假阴性2例,诊断肺癌的敏感度为96%,特异度为100%,阳性预测值为100%,阴性预测值为92%,准确率为97%;10例临床诊断为结节病的患者中,5例镜下可见上皮细胞形成的非干酪样肉芽肿改变;4例结核患者中,1例淋巴结涂片中找到抗酸杆菌,淋巴结活枪病理示凝固性坏死.所有患者手术期间未发生并发症.结论 EBUS-TBNA是诊断肺癌和其他不明因纵隔-肺门淋巴结肿大的一种安全、有效的方法.     

Bilateral ankle arthritis with mediastinal lymphadenopathy: a clinician's perspective

Aim: This study is a clinician's perspective of the association of bilateral ankle arthritis with mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Method: Forty‐three patients with bilateral ankle arthritis with mediastinal lymphadenopathy were included in a 14‐month prospective follow‐up study in our hospital. Complete history, examination and investigations were carried out. Result: There were 27 female and 16 male patients. Ankle arthritis with tuberculous mediastinal lymphadenopathy was associated in 58.13%, sarcoidosis in 32.5% and 9.3% were non‐specific. The patients were clustered in the spring‐summer months. Erythema nodosum was found in 14.3%, polyarticular presentation in 25%. Thirteen out of 43 patients (28.2%) had biopsy/fine needle aspiration (FNA), of which 69.23% had histopathological evidence of tuberculosis. Conclusion: The aetiology of bilateral ankle arthritis associated with mediastinal lymphadenopathy may be tuberculosis as opposed to sarcoidosis. There is a seasonal clustering of these cases. FNA of mediastinal lymphadenopathy is a fairly safe procedure and should be carried out when feasible, for confirmation of diagnosis.     

超声支气管镜引导下经支气管针吸活检术136例临床应用分析

目的 评价超声支气管镜引导下经支气管针吸活检术（EBUS-TBNA）对纵隔和肺门淋巴结肿大或支气管腔外肿物的诊断价值和安全性.方法 回顾性分析2011年5月～2013年7月于我院行EBUS-TBNA检查的136例患者临床资料.结果 共穿刺纵隔或肺门淋巴结185例次,腔外肿物44例次.病理学检查诊断为恶性肿瘤81例（64.3％）,良性疾病22例（17.5％）,可疑恶性疾病9例（7.1％）,病理结果无诊断意义14例（11.1％）,穿刺失败10例（7.3％）.恶性肿瘤中小细胞肺癌36例（44.4％）,非小细胞肺癌32例（39.5％）,恶性淋巴瘤1例（1.2％）,转移癌4例（4.9％）,无法分型者8例（9.9％）.良性疾病中肉芽肿性疾病16例（72.7％）,普通炎症2例（9.1％）,经抗酸染色直接明确诊断结核4例（18.2％）,肉芽肿性疾病中诊断结核3例（18.8％）,结节病11例（68.8％）,曲霉菌感染2例（12.5％）.EBUS-TBNA诊断恶性疾病的敏感度为90.0％,特异度为100％;诊断良性疾病的敏感度为37.5％,特异度为100％.所有患者术中术后均未发生严重并发症.结论 EBUS-TBNA对不明原因纵隔-肺门淋巴结肿大或气管/支气管腔外病变的诊断具有重要价值.     

经气管镜超声引导针吸活检术在定性诊断不明原因肺门及纵隔肿块、纵隔淋巴结肿大中的应用价值

背景 不明原因肺门及纵隔肿块、纵隔淋巴结肿大是胸外科常见的一种疾病,尽管纵隔镜或胸腔镜检查是临床诊断纵隔病变良恶性的"金标准",但因对机体损伤较大、检查费用高昂、可重复性差等导致其临床应用受限,故寻找一种安全、有效的诊断方法一直是临床医师面对的难题.目的 探讨经气管镜超声引导针吸活检术(EBUS-TBNA)在定性诊断不...     

Accuracy of TB-PCR using endobronchial ultrasound guided trans-bronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) samples in mediastinal granulomatous lymphadenopathy

IntroductionMediastinal granulomatous lymphadenopathies, such as tuberculous lymphadenitis, sarcoidosis, are frequently encountered by respiratory physicians, and their diagnosis is based on histological and microbiological tests. Endobronchial ultrasound-guided Trans bronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is widely used to perform mediastinal lymph node sampling. However, very limited data is available on the yield of polymerase chain reaction for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB-PCR) using EBUS-TBNA samples in patients with mediastinal granulomatous lymphadenopathy.Materials and methodsA retrospective study using a prospectively collected database was performed from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018, to evaluate the efficacy of the TB-PCR test using EBUS-TBNA samples in patients with benign mediastinal lymphadenopathy which included both granulomatous lymphadenopathy and reactive lymphadenopathy. The cohort with reactive lymphadenopathy acted as the control group of the study population. The patients with mediastinal lymphadenopathy who were awaiting EBUS-TBNA either for diagnostic evaluation of primary disease or for staging of a known malignancy were included in the study. The patients were then followed up for 1 year post procedure with clinical and radiological evaluation.ResultsOf the 310 patients with mediastinal lymphadenopathy who underwent EBUS-TBNA, 190 cases had a benign pathology with granulomatous lymphadenopathy in 120 and reactive lymphadenopathy in 70 patients. The sensitivity, specificity, the positive predictive value and the negative predictive value of TB-PCR was at 90%, 97.14%, 98.18%, and 85% respectively. The accuracy of TB-PCR is 92.63%.ConclusionTB-PCR using EBUS-TBNA samples is an effective tool for diagnosing mediastinal granulomatous lymphadenopathy. This technique can prevent further invasive interventions like mediastinoscopy in patients whose histological and microbiological tests are non-diagnostic. It should always be performed when tuberculosis is in the differential diagnosis of a patient with mediastinal lymphadenopathy.     

Relationship between the ratios of CD4/CD8 T-lymphocytes in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lymph nodes in patients with sarcoidosis

BackgroundEvaluating the ratio of CD4/CD8 T-lymphocytes in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) is important for understanding the clinical and pathological conditions of patients with sarcoidosis. However, few studies have thus far demonstrated the usefulness of evaluating the relationship between the ratios of CD4/CD8 T-lymphocytes in the mediastinal lymph nodes and BALF. This study aimed to investigate and identify the relationships between CD4/CD8 T-lymphocyte ratio in the mediastinal lymph nodes and BALF in patients with sarcoidosis.MethodsThirty-three consecutive patients with sarcoidosis with enlarged mediastinal and/or hilar lymphadenopathy were enrolled in the study, and endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were simultaneously performed. The CD4/CD8 T-lymphocyte ratios in the mediastinal lymph nodes and BALF were evaluated using immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry, respectively.ResultsThe interobserver variability in the CD4/CD8 ratio in the mediastinal lymph nodes as determined by immunostaining was low, and the pathological and cytological profiles of T-lymphocytes in the mediastinal and/or hilar lymph nodes and BALF were correlated in patients with sarcoidosis. Additionally, the CD4/CD8 T-lymphocyte ratios in BALF were significantly higher than those in the mediastinal lymph nodes. Importantly, non-caseating granulomas were detected at a high rate by using EBUS-TBNA.ConclusionsPerforming EBUS-TBNA in patients with sarcoidosis allows correct diagnosis as well as the estimation of the ratio of CD4/CD8 T-lymphocytes in BALF.     

Real-time endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration is useful for diagnosing sarcoidosis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Several studies of real-time endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) have reported a sensitivity of approximately 90% in the diagnosis of mediastinal and hilar malignancies. However, few studies have addressed its role in the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. The aim of the present study was to assess the utility of EBUS-TBNA in confirming a pathological diagnosis of sarcoidosis. METHODS: Fifteen consecutive patients with suspected sarcoidosis and mediastinal and/or hilar lymphadenopathy were investigated prospectively. EBUS-TBNA with an echo-bronchoscope and a dedicated echogenic 22-gauge needle was carried out in patients under conscious sedation, followed by conventional TBNA of the same lesion using a 19-gauge needle. RESULTS: EBUS-TBNA and/or TBNA demonstrated non-caseating epithelioid cell granulomas in 14 of 15 patients (93%). All 14 patients with a pathological diagnosis of sarcoidosis were considered to have sarcoidosis based on subsequent clinical assessments. The single patient with a negative EBUS-TBNA and TBNA had a malignant melanoma diagnosed following surgical biopsy. EBUS-TBNA confirmed a diagnosis of sarcoidosis in 13 of the 14 patients (93%) by identifying non-caseating epithelioid cell granulomas in 18 of 23 lymph nodes (78%) sampled. When two needle aspirates of one or two lymph nodes were carried out, the percentage positive pathological diagnosis for sarcoidosis for (i) EBUS-TBNA; (ii) TBNA; and (iii) the combination of EBUS-TBNA and TBNA were 93% (13 of 14 patients), 93% (13 of 14 patients) and 100% (14 of 14 patients), respectively. There were no complications associated with the procedures. CONCLUSION: EBUS-TBNA is less invasive and acceptably sensitive as a method for obtaining pathological confirmation of sarcoidosis.     

Tuberculous pericardial effusion--mediastinal lymph glands: the cause and clue to the etiology

BACKGROUND: Tuberculous pericardial effusion is most often due to the spread of tuberculosis from the mediastinal lymph glands; however, no attempt has yet been made to study these glands. We studied the mediastinal glands in proven tuberculous pericardial effusion patients and hypothesized that the findings may be of use in the etiological diagnosis of pericardial effusion. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied 45 patients with large pericardial effusion or tamponade. All underwent chest computed tomographic studies that were reviewed by radiologists blinded to the diagnosis. Of these 45 patients, 27 had tuberculosis and 18 had viral or idiopathic effusion. Pericardial biopsy was done in 25/27 and tuberculin skin test in 22/27 patients with tuberculosis, and all received specific treatment. In patients with tuberculosis the skin test measured 17+/-3.3 mm. All 27 had mediastinal lymph glands > or = 10 mm in size. The mean size of the mediastinal glands was 19.5+/-8.6 mm and the mean number was 2.5+/-1.2. The aortopulmonary glands were the most frequently enlarged (63%), and hilar the least often (14.8%). The glands showed a hypodense center in 52% of the patients. On follow-up of 15.8+/-10.4 months, glands were not seen in 80.9%, and were smaller in size in 19%; none had a hypodense center. Marked lymphadenopathy was not seen in any patient with viral/idiopathic pericardial effusion. Two had glands < or = 5 mm in size. CONCLUSIONS: Only patients with tuberculosis had substantial mediastinal lymph gland enlargement and not those with viral or idiopathic pericardial effusion. Such glands disappeared or regressed on treatment. In the appropriate clinical context, marked nonhilar mediastinal lymphadenopathy on chest computed tomographic studies along with a strongly positive tuberculin skin test could be of value in the noninvasive diagnosis of pericardial effusion due to tuberculosis.