Pilon骨折手术治疗方法选择

目的 探讨几种Pilon骨折手术方法的适应证及效果.方法 1994年1月至2006年1月期间共手术治疗Pilon骨折54例(男36例,女18例);年龄17～69岁(平均36岁);开放性骨折15例、闭合性骨折39例;Ruedi-AllgowerⅠ型9例、Ⅱ型15例、Ⅲ型30例;AO分型B3/C1型8例,C2型17例,C3型29例.采用闭合复位或有限切开复位加外固定架治疗37例,切开复位、钢板螺钉内固定17例.结果 16例失去随访,38例获1年以内随访,17例获1年以上随访,平均随访时间36个月(6～60个月);骨折全部愈合,平均愈合时间21周,5例出现内翻畸形愈合.3例伤口皮缘浅表坏死(经局部换药后痊愈),5例出现骨性关节炎表现(其中1例行踝关节置换术).Mazur评分结果,优12例,良13例,可7例,差6例.结论 Pilon骨折的治疗应根据骨折类型、软组织损伤程度选择手术方法,才能提高疗效,减少并发症.     

多钢板延期内固定治疗C3型Pilon骨折

目的 探讨多钢板延期切开复位内固定(ORIF)治疗AO分型C3型Pilon骨折的疗效.方法 对14例Pilon骨折采用胫骨前内侧标准入路切开复位预弯多钢板植骨内固定手术治疗.结果 随访4～37个月,平均17个月.所有骨折均获得骨性愈合,按Mazur评分系统进行评估:优5例,良7例,可2例,优良率85.7％.结论 多钢板延期固定治疗C3型Pilon骨折具有固定可靠、治疗个体化等优点.在骨折愈合、早期活动及功能恢复方面取得满意疗效.     

外固定与切开复位内固定治疗Pilon骨折

目的回顾分析我院治疗Pilon骨折的病例,探讨AO分型B和C型Pilon骨折的治疗方法。方法对2000年以来共27例AO分型B和C型Pilon骨折分别给予切开复位内固定或混合外固定治疗,同时术后对症处理和功能锻炼。结果随访6~29个月,按Mazur评分标准,优13例,良9例,中4例,差1例,优良率81.5%。并发症:骨折不愈合1例,延迟愈合3例,软组织浅表坏死2例,皮肤坏死1例,内外固定失效各1例,成角畸形愈合1例,14例踝关节活动较健侧差,骨性关节炎有7例发生在踝关节外侧,3例发生在内侧。结论充分的术前计划、恰当的手术时机、有限切开结合外固定是治疗B和C型Pilon骨折的有效治疗方法。     

老年桡骨远端骨折的治疗方法

目的 探讨老年桡骨远端骨折的治疗方法及临床疗效。方法 1999年1月-2004年3月，采用非手术及手术治疗老年桡骨远端骨折171例，男31例，女140例；年龄60-76岁，平均67．3岁。手术组95例，男19例，女76例；年龄60-76岁，平均69．1岁。按AO桡尺骨远端骨折的分型：B1型7例，B2型12例，B3型8例，C1型27例，C2型22例，C3型19例。非手术组76例，男12例，女64例；年龄60-69岁，平均65．1岁。按AO桡尺骨远端骨折的分型：A2型35例，A3型24例，Bl型5例．B2型4例，B3型3例，C1型2例，C2型1例，C3型2例。A型骨折首选闭合复位加石膏托外固定；对B型和C1型骨折在闭合复位不满意时首选切开复位“T”形纯钛金属板钉内固定；对C2和C3型骨折首选切开复位“T”形纯钛金属板钉内固定，当干骺端骨折线邻近关节面无法使用“T”形纯钛金属板钉固定时，采用切开复位外固定架固定，并根据术中复位的情况决定是否加克氏针内固定。此外对于骨质疏松严重的病例可选用带锁加压钢板内固定。结果 非手术组76例，23例获得随访，随访时间4-22个月．平均7个月；手术组95例均获得随访，随访时间3～20个月，平均6．5个月。X线显示骨折全部愈合。根据Aro关于Colles骨折复位后的功能评价：非手术组，优11例、良9例、可1例、差2例，优良率为86．9％；手术组，优46例、良40例、可7例、差2例，优良率为90．6％。结论 对经关节面骨折且有明显关节面移位的老年桡骨远端骨折可采用手术治疗，对简单干骺端骨折且骨质较好者可采用手法复位。     

解剖钢板内固定治疗Pilon骨折

目的:探讨切开复位解剖钢板内固定治疗Pilon骨折的手术时机和临床效果.方法:对于24例Ⅱ,ⅡⅢ型Pilon骨折(Ruedi-Allgower分型)采用切开复位解剖钢板内固定,术后随访12～28个月.结果:按Mazur疗效评价标准,优:14例,良:6例,可:3例,差:1例.结论:切开复位钢板内固定是治疗Pilon骨折较理想的方法.临床效果与骨折类型密切相关.     

超关节外固定支架联合切开有限内固定治疗严重Pilon骨折

目的探讨超关节外固定支架联合切开有限内固定治疗严重Pilon骨折的临床疗效。方法 2007年12月～2010年2月对25例高能量损伤的Pilon骨折,行胫骨切开复位有限内固定,内侧超关节外固定支架固定。结果手术时间80～210 min,平均95 min。2例术后出现浅表组织坏死,经换药后治愈。骨折愈合时间10～16周,平均13周。25例随访12～34个月,平均24个月。关节骨折复位采用Burwell&Charnley评分法:C1型全部解剖复位;C2型解剖复位8例,一般2例;C3型解剖复位4例,一般3例,差2例。术后12个月按Baird&Jackson的踝关节症状和功能评分法,优7例,良13例,可4例,差1例,优良率80.0%(20/25)。结论超关节外固定支架联合切开有限内固定治疗严重Pilon骨折能有效降低软组织并发症,提高关节面的复位质量。     

股骨髁间粉碎骨折的手术治疗及疗效观察

目的观察手术切开复位内固定治疗股骨髁间严重粉碎性骨折的临床疗效。方法股骨髁间严重粉碎性骨折按Neer分型为型,AO分型为C2或C3型,本组62例患者均采用手术切开复位内固定治疗。结果 62患者中60例获得随访,时间10～30个月（平均18个月）。58例骨折一期愈合,2例给予二期植骨后骨折愈合。骨折愈合时间3～18个月,平均6个月,未出现钢板螺钉松动移位、骨折塌陷、复位丢失等。术后膝关节功能按Kolmert标准评定,优19例,良33例,可5例,差3例,优良率为86.67%。结论对于股骨远端粉碎性骨折,通过关节内骨折的复位、坚强内固定的应用以及早期有效的功能锻炼,均能获得良好的治疗效果。     

手术治疗AO/OTAC型闭合性Pilon骨折的疗效分析

目的评估采用分期手术治疗策略治疗AO/OTA C型闭合性Pilon骨折的疗效。方法 58例AO/OTA C型闭合性Pilon骨折就诊后进行跟骨牵引软组织条件允许后行切开复位内固定术。结果 53例获随访12～44个月,解剖复位46例,复位良好7例。末次随访踝关节功能按Mazur评分:优14例,良31例,可8例,优良率84.9%。结论对于AO/OTA C型闭合性Pilon骨折,采用牵引、复位、内固定分期治疗可取得满意结果,术后切口感染率低,骨折易获得解剖复位。     

有限开放复位治疗Pilon骨折

目的:探讨Ⅱ、Ⅲ型Pilon骨折的临床治疗方法.方法:对21例Ruedi-Allgower分型的Ⅱ、Ⅲ型Pilon骨折,采用有限开放复位有限内固定或结合外固定方法治疗,术后功能锻炼,并进行疗效评定.随访11～26个月,平均18个月.结果:21例中,优11例,良7例,可2例,差1例,优良率85.7%.结论:采用有限开放复位有限内固定或结合外固定是治疗Ⅱ、Ⅲ型Pilon骨折的有效方法.     

胫骨远端前外侧切口L-解剖锁定板治疗B_3、C型Pilon骨折

目的探讨胫骨远端前外侧切口L-解剖锁定板固定治疗B3、C型Pilon骨折的疗效。方法应用胫骨远端前外侧切口L-解剖锁定板固定延期(伤后9~19 d)治疗36例B3、C型Pilon骨折患者。伤后早期石膏固定6例,骨牵引11例,腓骨克氏针联合石膏固定11例,跨关节外固定支架固定8例。结果患者均获得随访,时间8~43个月。术后2例出现医源性腓浅神经麻痹,1例闭合骨折出现伤口感染,2例骨折延迟愈合。Olerud-Molander踝关节骨折功能评分:优20例,良11例,可5例,优良率86.1%。SMFA问卷得分0~39(24.7±8.2)分。结论选择胫骨远端前外侧切口解剖复位、L-解剖锁定板坚强固定治疗B3、C型Pilon骨折可获得满意的临床疗效。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.