心脏手术后混合静脉血氧饱和度与血容量心指数相关分析

为阐明混合静脉血氧饱和度（ＳｖＯ２）是否能有效监测术后血容量（ＢＶ）及心输出量（ＣＯ）变化。作者对２４例心脏术后病例分别于术毕处于机械通气及睡眠状态（术后Ｉ组），术后６小时处于机械通气及清醒状态（术后Ｉ组），及术后２４小时处于自主呼吸及清醒状态（术后ＩＩ组）下测定ＳｖＯ２与ＢＶ、心指数（ＣＩ）进行相关分析。结果：术后Ｉ组ＳｖＯ２与ＢＶ、ＣＩ相关系数分别为０．７８５６和０．８０４０（Ｐ＜０．００１）；术后ＩＩ组为０７７８１和０８８１５（Ｐ＜０００１）；术后ＩＩ组为０．７２４３和０．８５３３（Ｐ＜０．００１）。结论：心脏术后不同条件下ＳｖＯ２与ＢＶ、ＣＩ具显著相关性，ＳｖＯ２作为术后ＢＶ及ＣＯ变化的一种监测指标是敏感可靠的。     

不同剂量异丙酚和硫喷妥钠静脉注射对血流动力学的影响

目的：研究异丙酚对血流动力学影响。方法：３０例病人（ＡＳＡⅠ～Ⅱ级）随机分为三组，第１组硫喷妥钠用量为５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，第２、３组异丙酚剂量分别为１．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ和２．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，用阻抗法观察ＭＡＰ、ＨＲ、ＣＯ、ＣＩ、ＳＶ、ＳＩ、ＴＦＩ、ＶＥＴ、ＳＶＲ的变化。结果：注药后１０ｍｉｎＣＯ、ＣＩ、ＳＶ、ＳＩ等值在第１组下降２０％～３０％，第２组下降少于１０％，而第３组下降１０％～２０％。结论：异丙酚对循环系统影响轻于硫喷妥钠。     

冠状动脉旁路移植术中连续心排血量及混合静脉血氧饱和度的 …

目的：观察冠状动脉旁路移植术中连续心排血量和混合静脉血氧饱和度的监测的临床意义及影响因素。方法：５０例冠状动脉旁路移植术病人，从颈内静脉放置ＣＣＯ－ＳＶＯ２Ｓｗａｎ－Ｇａｎｚ导管，连续监测心排血量和混合静脉血氧饱和度的变化。结果：体外循环前ＣＩ最低值为１．１Ｌｍｉｎ＾－１．ｍ＾－１，但ＳｖＯ２均〉６５％，ＣＯ与ＳＶＯ２无相关性。ＣＰＢ中有５例ＳＶＯ〈６５％，其中有２例因Ｃ炒能满足组织氧合的需要，１     

中心静脉与混合静脉血氧饱和度监测术后血容量变化的比较

目的比较中心静脉血氧饱和度（ｃｅｎｔｒａｌｖｅｎｏｕｓｏｘｙｇｅｎｓａｔｕｒａｔｉｏｎ，ＳｃｖＯ２，经右心房）与混合静脉血氧饱和度（ｍｉｘｅｄｖｅｎｏｕｓｏｘｙｇｅｎｓａｔｕｒａｔｉｏｎ，ＳｖＯ２，经肺动脉）在监测心脏术后血容量（ＢＶ）变化时的意义。方法２４例心脏手术后患者，分别于术后进入ＩＣＵ处于机械通气及睡眠状态（Ⅰ组）；术后６小时处于机械通气及清醒状态（Ⅱ组）；术后２０小时处于自主呼吸及清醒状态（Ⅲ组）；同时测定ＳｃｖＯ２，ＳｖＯ２，ＢＶ和其他血流动力学指标并进行相关分析。结果ＳｃｖＯ２与ＢＶ相关系数（ｒ）分别为Ⅰ组０．５８９１（Ｐ＜０．０１），Ⅱ组０．５５９０（Ｐ＜０．０１），Ⅲ组０．６９６２（Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＳｖＯ２与ＢＶｒ分别为Ⅰ组０．７８５６，Ⅱ组０．７７８１（Ｐ＜０．０１），Ⅲ组０．７２４３（Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＳｃｖＯ２与ＳｖＯ２ｒ分别为Ⅰ组０．８６８９，Ⅱ组０．８９７１，Ⅲ组０．９５１３（Ｐ＜０．０１）。表明ＳｃｖＯ２与ＢＶ，ＳｖＯ２在心脏术后不同状态下具有相关性。结论ＳｃｖＯ２能代替ＳｖＯ２作为反映心脏术后ＢＶ变化的一种监测指标     

高渗氯化钠溶液对前列环素和内皮素的影响

比较３０例硬膜外阻滞择期手大患者，输入７．５％ＨＳ和５％ＧＳ后血浆ＰＧＩ２、ＥＴ及血流动力学的变化。输入ＨＳ后ＰＧＩ２明显升高，ＥＴ显著降低，伴主动脉顺应性快速增加。输入ＧＳ后１０分钟ＰＧＩ２和ＥＴ均无明显变化，６０分钟时ＰＧＩ２轻度增加，ＥＴ亦有上升，但较离散；ＴＰＲ持续增加，ＣＯ和ＳＶ短暂降低，血压明显下降。本研究提示ＰＧＩ２和ＥＴ在ＨＳ降低外周血管阻力、改善血流动力学过程中可能起着重要的介导作用。     

混合静脉血氧饱和度与心脏指数关系研究及临床应用

近年来，ＳｖＯ２与ＣＩ关系引起了许多学者 麻醉，危重病人，特别是心脏手术后患者监测中，ＣＩ是观察病情，稀量治疗效果，估计预后的一个重要指标，多数学者认为，ＳｖＯ２与ＣＩ相关甚好，要以通过间断或连续测量ＳｖＯ２来了解ＣＩ情况，从而指导临床治疗。     

不同剂量异丙酚和硫喷妥钠静脉注对血流动力学的影响

目的：研究异丙酚对血流动力学影响。方法：３０例病人随机分为三组，第１组硫喷妥钠用量为５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，第２、３划丙酚剂量分别为１．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ和２．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，用阻抗法观察ＭＡＰＨＲ、ＣＯ、ＣＩ、ＳＶ、ＳＩ、ＴＦＩ、ＶＥＴ、ＳＶＲ的变化。结果：注药后１０ｍｉｎＣｏ、Ｃｉ、ＳＶ、Ｓｉ等在第１组下降２０％－３０％，第２组下降少于１０％，而第３组下降１０－２０％。结论：异丙酚对循环系统影响轻于硫喷妥钠。     

连续温度稀释法测定心排血量的临床应用及评价

目的与方法：２０例心脏手术病人采用连续温度稀释法进行转术期ＣＯ和Ｓ＾－ｖＯ２测定。结果：（１）ＣＣＯ从诱导后至ＣＰＢ启动明显降低,ＣＰＢ后升高,关胸后下降,术后２ｈ降至最低,随后缓慢升高,４８ｈ后显著升高;（２）ＣＣＯ和ＩＣＯ高度相关,ｒ＝０．９３２（ｎ＝４０）;（３）机器Ｓ＾－ｖＯ２和血气Ｓ＾－ｖＯ２高度相关,ｒ＝０．９５４（ｎ＝３１）。结论：（１）本法测定ＣＯ和Ｓ＾－ｖＯ２标准可靠;（２）动态     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术与循环呼吸功能变化

腹腔镜胆囊切除术循环功能变化是ＣＯ２气腹后即时ＣＩ降低。头高位对循环影响，ＭＡＰ，ＳＶＲ升高。呼吸功能变化的胞肺顺应性、ＦＲＣ降低，ＰａＯ２无明显变化，ＳｖＯ２下降，ＰａＣＯ２增高。可发生通气障碍，节段性肺不张。ＡＳＡⅢ－Ⅳ病人强调监测ＣＩ，ＳｖＯ２，吸气平台压，ＰａＣＯ２。     

静脉注射不同剂量异丙酚对血流动力学及通气功能的影响

应用阻抗法和分气流监测法观察静脉注射不同剂量异丙酚（Ｐｒｏｐｏｆｏｌ，ＰＲＯ）后患者血流动力学（ＭＡＰ、ＮＲ、ＳＬＣＩ、ＩＦＩ、ＶＥＴ、ＥＶＩ、ＳＶＲＩ、ＩＣ、ＰＦＩ、ＬＳＷＩ）与通气功能（ＶＴ、ＲＲ、ＶＥ、ＦＥＶ１％、ＥＴＣＯ２、ＳＰＯ２、 Ｉ－ＥｔＯ２）的变化。 ４０例（ＡＳＡⅠ～ Ⅱ）随机分成四组，ＰＲＯ剂量分别为 １．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ、１．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ、２．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ、２．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ。结果：（１）１～４组呼吸暂停发生率为０％、２０％、３０％、８０％，苏醒时间分别为３ ０±１．５、７．４±２．３、９．１±３．６、９．６±４．２分钟：（２）静脉注射不同剂量ＰＲＯ启ＳＡＰ、ＤＡＰ、ＭＡＰ、ＳＩ下降，ＨＲ、ＣＩ、ＳＶＲＩ无明显变化，心肌收缩性（ＩＣ、ＰＦＩ、ＥＶＩ）明显减弱，ＳＶＲＩ减少；（３）ＰＲＯ对呼吸有抑制作用，以ＶＴ和ＶＥ影响最大，与剂量呈正相关；对面罩吸氧患者ＳｐＯ２、ＲＲ、ＥＴＣＯ２无明显改变，Ｉ－ＥｔＯ２减少；舌后坠者托起下颌对ＶＴ、ＶＥ的恢复颇为有效。     

浅低温体外循环冠脉搭桥患者术中氧供和氧耗变化

观察浅低温体外循环冠脉搭手术期间患者氧供和氧耗的变化特点。方法：冠脉搭桥术患者３０例,小剂量芬太尼辅以异氟醚和异丙酚维持麻醉,于麻醉后切皮瓣、开胸后体外循环前,体外循环３０分钟、６０分钟停机后２０仲,手术结束六个时点,观测氧供（ＤＯ２）、氧耗（ＶＯ２）氧摄取率（Ｏ２ＥＲ）、混合静脉血氧饱和度（ＳｖＯ２）、动脉血乳酸（ＢＬ）及血流动力学等变化。结果：和体外循环前相比,体外循环中和体外循环后除ＳｐＯ２     

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a COX-2 inhibitor (Rofecoxib) in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery

The endothelium of patients with coronary artery disease shows increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) during coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) using cardiopulmonary bypass. This, together with serotonin, may lead to coronary microvessel spasm, which potentially, can contribute to myocardial ischemia and injury after surgery. We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients undergoing isolated CABG to determine whether short-term treatment with a selective COX-2 inhibitor, Rofecoxib (25 mg), given preoperatively and for 5 days after operation, can offer better myocardial protection in patients undergoing CABG by measuring serial cardiac troponin T (cTnT) levels. The study was powered to recruit 150 consecutive patients undergoing isolated CABG but the study was terminated prematurely by the worldwide withdrawal of rofecoxib. There were highly statistically significant (P<0.001) increases in cTnT in both groups at each time point (1, 6, 24 and 48 h after onset of cardiopulmonary bypass) compared to preoperative levels. cTnT levels were similar at all post-operative time points between the 2 groups. There is no evidence that short-term treatment with rofecoxib has a myocardial protective effect in patients undergoing CABG. There is also no evidence that its effect is deleterious to the myocardium in patients undergoing CABG.     

Vital capacity inhalation induction with sevoflurane: an alternative to standard intravenous induction for patients undergoing cardiac surgery

OBJECTIVE: To determine the respiratory and cardiovascular effects of a high concentration vital capacity induction with sevoflurane compared with an intravenous induction with etomidate in patients scheduled for elective coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. SETTING: Cardiothoracic unit at a university hospital referral center. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-two patients undergoing elective CABG surgery. INTERVENTIONS: The study group (group S) received a vital capacity gaseous induction with sevoflurane 8% (n = 12) and the control group (group E) were given etomidate, 0.2 to 0.3 mg/kg (n = 10). Anesthesia was supplemented with fentanyl, 8 microg/kg, and vecuronium, 0.1 mg/kg, in both groups. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The speed of induction of anesthesia was comparable between the groups. There was a significant increase in minute ventilation after induction of anesthesia in both groups. This increase was associated with a small reduction in PaCO2. There were no clinically significant changes in pH and PaO(2). The incidence of breath-holding and the need for an oropharyngeal airway were similar between the groups. Both groups had similar reductions in mean arterial pressure and cardiac output during the study period; however, a downward trend in mean pulmonary artery pressure was noted in group S, whereas in group E it remained unchanged. Absolute plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine values were low during the precardiopulmonary bypass period in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The technique of vital capacity inhalation induction with 8% sevoflurane offers a rapid onset of anesthesia, satisfactory airway control, and a good hemodynamic profile. Consideration should be given to the benefits of single-agent anesthesia and lowered pulmonary artery pressure during the precardiopulmonary bypass period. In addition to CABG surgery, this technique could be considered in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing noncardiac surgery, particularly for procedures in which spontaneous ventilation is preferred.     

Effects of coronary artery bypass grafting on cellular immunity with or without cardiopulmonary bypass: changes in lymphocytes subsets

Cell-mediated immunity responses decrease after all kinds of surgical procedures. Either anesthesia or surgical trauma plays an important role in this effect. Identification of functional lymphocyte subsets, by using appropriate monoclonal antibodies and analysis of flow cytometry data, appears to provide an accurate measurement of cellular immune competence. We found a significant decrease in the total number of T helper/inducer cells (p<0.035), B cells (p<0.043) and natural killer cells (NK) (p<0.018) but in contrast, increase in NK cell activity (p<0.012) in the peripheral arterial blood of ten patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass (group 1) immediately after surgery and postoperative day 1 (POD1). On the other hand, there was no significant change of these parameters occurred in the peripheral arterial blood of ten patients (group 2) who were undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass. Therefore, we conclude that coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with cardiopulmonary bypass induce a greater decrease in immunologic response than CABG without cardiopulmonary bypass (off pump) operations. Nevertheless, off pump CABG operations do not induce a greater decrease in immunologic response than other surgical operations.     

A systematic review of outcomes following staged and synchronous carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass.

OBJECTIVES: to determine the overall cardiovascular risk for patients with combined cardiac and carotid artery disease undergoing synchronous coronary artery bypass (CABG) and carotid endarterectomy (CEA), staged CEA then CABG and reverse staged CABG then CEA. DESIGN: systematic review of 97 published studies following 8972 staged or synchronous operations. RESULTS: mortality was highest in patients undergoing synchronous CEA+CABG (4.6%, 95% CI 4.1-5.2). Reverse staged procedures (CABG-CEA) were associated with the highest risk of ipsilateral stroke (5.8%, 95% CI 0.0-14.3) and any stroke (6.3%, 95% CI 1.0-11.7). Peri-operative myocardial infarction (MI) was lowest following the reverse staged procedure (0.9%, 95% CI 0.5-1.4) and highest in patients undergoing staged CEA-CABG (6.5%, 95% CI 3.2-9.7).The risk of death+/-any stroke was highest in patients undergoing synchronous CEA+CABG (8.7%, 95% CI 7.7-9.8) and lowest following staged CEA-CABG (6.1%, 95% CI 2.9-9.3). The risk of death/stroke or MI was 11.5% (95% CI 10.1-12.9) following synchronous procedures versus 10.2% (95% CI 7.4-13.1) after staged CEA then CABG. CONCLUSIONS: 10-12% of patients undergoing staged or synchronous procedures suffered death or major cardiovascular morbidity (stroke, MI) within 30 days of surgery. Overall, there was no significant difference in outcomes for staged and synchronous procedures and no comparable data for patients with combined cardiac and carotid disease not undergoing staged or synchronous surgery.     

Staged anesthesia for combined carotid and coronary artery revascularization: a different approach

OBJECTIVE: Combined coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery and carotid endarterectomy (CEA) are performed in an attempt to reduce the risk of postoperative stroke after CABG surgery in patients with significant or symptomatic carotid artery stenosis. The choice between regional and general anesthesia for CEA is still under debate. Regional anesthesia offers an excellent monitoring technique of the neurologic status of the awake patient during carotid clamping. In an attempt to improve monitoring of the neurologic status and avoid the use of temporary shunting in patients undergoing the combined procedure, a different approach is described combining regional anesthesia for CEA followed immediately by general anesthesia for CABG surgery. DESIGN: Prospective nonrandomized case series. SETTING: University hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty patients scheduled for combined CEA and CABG surgery underwent a "staged" anesthetic approach from January to December 2004. INTERVENTIONS: Pulmonary, femoral artery, and urinary catheters were inserted under local anesthesia. A deep cervical plexus block was then performed and supplemented by a superficial cervical plexus block. The patient was draped for standard combined CEA and CABG surgery. CEA was then performed using standard techniques. Without altering the surgical field, general anesthesia was given and endotracheal intubation performed following the successful CEA. Coronary revascularization was then completed. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: CEA and CABG surgery were completed successfully in all patients. There was no need for conversion from local to general anesthesia. Endotracheal intubation was easily performed in all patients. There was no hospital mortality in this series. No neurologic events were observed during the CEA. A reversible ischemic stroke, ipsilateral to the CEA, occurred postoperatively on awakening from CABG surgery in 1 patient. CONCLUSIONS: This staged anesthetic approach for combined CABG and CEA surgery is an alternative in this complex subset of patients.     

左侧星状神经节阻滞对冠状动脉旁路移植术患者心功能的影响

目的 评价左侧星状神经节阻滞(SGB)对冠状动脉旁路移植术患者心功能的影响.方法 择期行冠状动脉旁路移植术患者38例,性别不限,年龄42～64岁,ASA Ⅱ或Ⅲ级,随机分为2组(n=19):对照组(C组)和星状神经节阻滞组(S组).入室后局麻下置入Swan-Ganz导管,以前入路法行SGB,C组注入生理盐水10 ml,S组注入1%利多卡因10 ml.于SGB前(T0)、SGB后5、10和15 min(T1-3)时记录心排血量(CO)、心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、中心静脉压(CVP)、平均肺动脉压(MPAP)、肺小动脉楔压(PAWP),并计算每搏指数(SI)、心脏指数(CI)、周围血管阻力(SVR)、肺血管阻力(PVR)、左室每搏功指数(LVSWI)和右室每搏功指数(RVSWI).结果 与C组比较,9组T1-2时CO和CI、T2时RVSWI增加,T1-3时CVP和T3时PAWP降低(P<0.05),其余指标差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与T0时比较,S组T1～3,时RVSWI升高(P<0.05).结论 左侧SGB可增加冠状动脉旁路移植术患者的心排血量,改善心功能.     

Effects of amrinone in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

We evaluated the effect of amrinone in 41 patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting(CABG) retrospectively. Amrinone was intravenously administered at the rate of 5 mcg.kg-1.min-1 after coronary artery anastomosis (A 1 group: 11 cases) or after induction of anesthesia(A 2 group: 13 cases). The hemodynamic variables and use of concomitant drugs were compared among A 1, A 2 and the non-amrinone group (control group: 17 cases). Hemodynamics was measured before, during, after coronary artery anastomosis, and after the chest closure. Catecholamine and vasodilator were used to maintain mean arterial pressure (> 60 mmHg) and cardiac index(> 3.0 l.min-1.m-2). Mean pulmonary artery pressure, right atrial pressure and pulmonary artery wedge pressure were significantly higher during anastomosis than before anastomosis in control and A 1 group, but no significant changes in these parameters were observed in A 2 group. In addition, these variables increased significantly after chest closure in control group, but were unchanged in A 1 and A 2 groups. Patients with concomitant use of catecholamine and vasodilator in A 2 group were fewer than those in control and A 1 group. In conclusion, in the patients undergoing off-pump CABG, infusion of amrinone was recommended from the end of the induction of anesthesia.     

常温不停跳冠状动脉搭桥术对机体氧供需的影响

目的：研究常温心脏不停跳冠状动脉搭桥术对机体氧供需平衡的影响。方法：16例冠心病患者，在咪唑安定，芬太尼，丙泊酸，维库溴铵及异氟醚静吸复合麻醉下，心脏不停跳行冠状动脉搭桥手术，术中监测ECG，SpO2及血液动力学指标。于冠脉血管吻合前后，分别取挠动脉及肺动脉血，测定血红蛋白（Hb)和动脉血氧饱和度（SaO2)，并计算全身氧供需平衡，结果：冠状动脉搭桥前后CaO,CvO2,DO2,VO2,O2ER,A-aDO2等均无明显变化（P＞0．05），CO搭桥后比搭桥前增加，但无显著性差异，结论：常温心脏不停跳冠状动脉搭桥手术对全身氧供需平衡没有明显影响。     

Coronary artery bypass graft surgery outcomes among African-Americans and Caucasian patients

There have been few studies to date that investigate the effect of race on outcomes related to coronary artery bypass grafting. The objective of the present study was to investigate race as an independent predictor of outcomes among patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). A nested case-control study from a twelve-year hospitalization cohort (N=9671) in which data were collected prospectively was conducted. Cases were African-American patients undergoing CABG (N=644). Controls were randomly selected Caucasian patients undergoing CABG (N=1932). Controls were matched to cases 3:1 on year of surgery. Fifteen preoperative and intraoperative risk factors and 14 outcomes were examined. The 14 outcomes of interest were length of stay, readmission to ICU, total ICU stay, total hours on ventilator post-op, reoperation for bleeding/tamponade, deep sternal wound infection, neurological complications, pneumonia, other pulmonary complications, renal failure, gastrointestinal complications, atrial fibrillation requiring treatment, in-hospital mortality, and intraoperative complications. Regression analysis was used to control for risk factors. Multivariate analysis revealed African-Americans were at greater risk for renal complications (OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.27-2.77), neurological complications (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.01-1.77), and pulmonary complications (OR 2.11, 95% CI 1.72-2.59). African Americans had a significantly longer hospitalization post-operatively (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.66-0.96), but were less likely to experience post-operative atrial fibrillation requiring treatment than Caucasians (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.49-0.84). Even after multiple adjustments, African-Americans undergoing CABG surgery had significantly greater morbidity compared to Caucasian patients.