超声刀在腹腔镜胆囊切除术的应用

目的 探讨胆囊结石合并肝硬化的患者使用超声刀行腹腔镜下胆囊切除术中的应用价值.方法 对56例合并肝硬化的胆囊结石患者在腹腔镜下使用超声刀行胆囊切除术的资料进行回顾性分析.结果 56例均成功完成胆囊切除术,无中转开腹;平均手术时间46min,术中平均出血15ml,无术后出血、胆管损伤、胆漏、腹腔感染、肝功能衰竭等并发症.术后平均住院4d,均顺利出院.结论 腹腔镜下应用超声刀对合并肝硬化的胆囊结石患者行胆囊切除术具有止血彻底、出血少、肝功能损害小、并发症少、操作简单容易掌握等优点,是治疗胆囊结石症有效、安全的好方法.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术在肝硬化患者中的应用

我院于1999年7月～2002年7月行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC组)的肝硬化患者共33例,同期行开腹胆囊切除术(OC组)的肝硬化患者有25例。现予回顾总结,旨在探讨对伴有肝硬化的胆囊结石或胆囊息肉患者进行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的特点和优点。1 临床资料1.1 一般资料 1999年7月～2002年7月我院共对58例肝硬化合并胆囊结石或胆囊息肉的患者实施了胆囊切除术,其中33例为腹腔镜切除(LC组):男,19例,女,14例;平均年龄     

胆囊结石合并肝硬化门静脉高压症行腹腔镜胆囊切除临床分析

目的：分析与总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗合并肝硬化门静脉高压症的胆囊结石患者的临床疗效,为临床手术方案选择提供参考依据。方法对60例胆囊结石合并肝硬化门静脉高压症患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗,对围手术期和手术的处理方法、效果等进行分析总结。结果60例患者全部治愈,手术时间平均50 min,无胆道损伤、术后出血及腹腔感染等并发症发生,9例患者术后留置了腹腔引流管,住院时间8-15 d,平均12 d。结论术前行肝功能Child分级、行肝胆增强CT了解肝十二指肠韧带处血管情况,以及胆囊病变程度,采取积极的预防措施,改善肝功能,术中仔细操作,采用腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗胆囊结石合并肝硬化门静脉高压症是安全可靠的,手术效果良好。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗合并肝硬化的胆囊结石49例报告

肝硬化患者因肝功能异常且合并门静脉高压症,手术并发症较无肝硬化患者高得多。我院于1996年7月～2007年9月为肝硬化合并胆囊结石患者施行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）49例,现报告如下。     

合并肝硬化患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术疗效观察

胆囊结石合并肝硬化时由于特殊的解剖和病理生理改变,使得腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)变得困难与复杂。笔者行LC治疗合并肝硬化的胆囊结石16例,总结报道如下。     

肝硬化患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术78例报告

目的探讨肝硬化合并胆囊结石患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（1aparoscopie cholecystectomy,LC）的可行性。方法2000年5月～2010年5月,78例肝硬化合并胆囊结石行四孔法LC,全麻,术前、术后加强保肝治疗。结果76例成功完成LC,手术时间20～110min,平均37min;术中出血量10～200ml,平均35ml。2例因术中出血,中转开腹完成胆囊切除术。术后出现胆囊床渗血6例、肝功能障碍12例、感染13例。74例平均随访13个月（6～24个月）,症状消失,无胆道并发症发生,14例有慢性腹水等肝功能不全表现,内科治疗好转但易复发。结论对肝功能ChildA、B级肝硬化合并胆囊结石的患者施行LC是安全可行的,可作为肝硬化合并胆囊结石的首选术式。     

肝硬化病人腹腔镜胆囊切除术47例报告

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术在胆囊结石合并肝硬化病人中的意义.方法 回顾分析2004年6月至2010年6月胆囊结石合并肝硬化行腹腔镜胆囊切除47例的临床资料,总结其手术指征及操作技巧.结果 全部47例,在腹腔镜下完成手术45例,中转开腹2例.其中,胆囊颈部结石嵌顿使三角区致密粘连1例;胆囊床剥离过深,镜下难以止血1例.术...     

症状性胆囊结石合并肝硬化的手术治疗

为总结症状性胆囊结石合并肝硬化的手术治疗方法，笔者回顾性分析18例症状性胆囊结石合并肝硬化患者的临床资料。18例中行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy, LC）8例，其中2例中转开腹；行脾切除加贲门周围血管离断术并一期胆囊切除10例，其中1例行胆囊大部切除术。全组无手术死亡。资料提示，对肝功能代偿良好者，可首选LC；对肝硬化门静脉高压症者行脾切除加贲门周围血管离断术的同时行一期胆囊切除是安全可行的。     

复杂性胆囊结石腹腔镜治疗体会

目的总结复杂性胆囊结石的腹腔镜手术治疗体会,探讨其安全性和可行性。方法对2009年5月～2012年5月行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的75例复杂性胆囊结石患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。其中,急性胆囊炎48例,坏疽性胆囊炎12例,萎缩性胆囊炎5例,合并肝硬化5例,胆囊十二指肠瘘1例,Mirizzi综合征1例,合并腹部手术史3例。结果本组手术时间52～180 min,平均(67.5±35.5)min;术中出血量50～140 ml,平均(75.3±55.5)ml;术后住院时间5～30 d,平均(6.5±2.0)d。完成腹腔镜手术73例,其中腹腔镜下顺行胆囊切除术67例,顺逆结合胆囊切除4例,胆囊大部分切除2例。中转开腹2例,1例为胆总管损伤,行开腹胆囊切除加胆总管T管引流,另1例为右肝管和胆囊管并行过长解剖不清同时合并术中出血;术后并发急性脑梗塞1例。无术后大出血、胆瘘、腹腔脓肿、肠梗阻等并发症发生。结论充分的术前准备,术中仔细操作,及时中转开腹,以及认真细致地术后处理,腹腔镜治疗复杂性胆囊结石是安全可行的。     

一项关于肝硬化患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术的前瞻性病例研究

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗合并肝硬化的胆囊结石患者的可行性和疗效。方法前瞻性选取2007年～2010年收治的21例合并肝硬化(肝功能Child-Pugh A,B级)的胆囊结石患者为试验组,并随机选取同期基本资料相同的21名非肝硬化患者作为对照组,对两组间手术中及手术后各项指标进行统计学分析。结果试验组的中转率和严重并发症发生率均高于对照组,但差异无统计学意义。试验组的手术时间、术中出血量、平均住院总费用和平均住院日均高于对照组,且差异具有统计学意义。结论对合并肝硬化的胆囊结石患者实施腹腔镜胆囊切除术是安全可行的,但较非肝硬化患者而言手术难度更大且花费更多。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.