大学生性别角色与人际困扰的关系研究

为探讨性别角色与人际困扰的关系,采用相关量表对291名大学生进行调查.结果显示,不同性别角色的被试在人际困扰总分和各因子上的得分均有显著差异,双性化者和男性化者在人际困扰量表上得分显著低于女性化者和未分化者;性别角色量表中的男性量表与人际困扰量表有显著的负相关(即男性量表得分越高者人际困扰得分越低),而女性量表与人际困扰量表没有显著相关.这表明男性正性特质与大学生的人际关系有密切关系,拥有男性正性特质的个体在人际交往中占有一定优势.     

大学生性别角色类型与坚韧人格的相关性

探讨大学生性别角色类型与坚韧人格的关系,为提高大学生心理健康水平提供参考.方法 采用性别角色量表和大学生坚韧人格评定量表对安徽6所本科院校随机抽取的1 134名大学生进行测试和分析.结果 大学生中双性化比例为36.5%,未分化为35.1%,女性化为13.6%,男性化为14.8%.不同性别角色类型大学生坚韧人格的韧性、挑战、控制、投入维度得分和总分差异均有统计学意义(F值分别为97.59,100.58,101.81,87.22,133.53,P值均<0.05);男性化、女性化得分与坚韧人格得分均存在正相关(P值均<0.01);回归分析表明,个体的男性化得分能够正向预测坚韧人格(B=0.523,P<0.05).结论 双性化大学生比其他性别角色类型大学生人格坚韧性更好,男性化特质对坚韧人格有显著的正向预测作用.     

某高校大学生性别角色对主观幸福感的影响分析

目的 探讨大学生性别角色类型分布及其对主观幸福感的影响,为高校心理健康工作提供依据.方法 采用分层抽样方法和Bem性别角色量表(BSRI)和幸福感指数量表对某高校215名大学生施测.结果 大学生性别角色分布比例由高到低为双性化(37.2%)、未分化(36.3%)、女性化(13.5%)、男性化(13.0%),且存在性别差异(χ2=13.932,P<0.01);双性化被试的总体情感指数、生活满意度以及主观幸福感均显著地高于其他3种性别角色类型(P<0.01);女双性化者存总体情感指数、生活满意度上和主观幸福感的得分均高于男双性化者(P<0.01).结论 双性化是理想的性别角色类型,双性特质对女性所起的作用要显著优于男性.     

青少年性别角色与应对方式的关系模型及检验

目的以应对方式为指标,验证3种性别角色模型在我国青少年群体中的适用性。方法以贝姆性别角色量表和简易应对方式问卷为工具,对324名中学生进行测试,研究性别角色与应对方式之间的关系。结果男性化特质、女性化特质主效应及2者的交互作用有统计学意义,其他效应都无统计学意义。结论双性化乘法模型更适合解释我国青少年的性别角色与应对方式之间的关系。     

民族中学生性别角色与人际交往的关系

探讨中学生性别角色与人际关系之间的关系,为有效引导中学生性别角色发展与良好人际关系的建立提供依据.方法 采用贝姆性别角色量表和人际关系问卷,对整群抽取的云南省多个地区1 220名中学生进行测查.结果 男性化、女性化、双性化、未分化4种性别角色类型分布在男生和女生中差异均有统计学意义(x2值分别为141.10,138.23,P值均<0.01);男性化气质量表、女性化气质量表得分与人际关系各量表得分均存在显著负相关(P值均<0.05);在人际关系总量表(F=8.53)、交谈行为(F=6.93)、交际交友(F=4.97)、待人接物(F=5.42)、异性困扰(F=8.53)等4个分量表上,不同性别角色类型的中学生间差异有统计学意义(P值均<0.01).结论 双性化个体比其他性别角色类型中学生人际关系更好,未分化类型的人际关系困扰最突出.     

大学生性别特质分布特点研究

目的了解大学生性别特质分布的特点,为大学生的心理健康教育提供科学依据。方法采用性别角色量表,对399名理科、文科和医科一至三年级学生的性别特质分布进行问卷测试。结果男女大学生有双性化、男性化、女性化和未分化4种性别特质类型。医科大学生年级间的未分化性度取向及文科大学生年级间双性化、未分化性度取向的构成比例差别有统计学意义。文科三年级大学生双性化比例最高,未分化比例最低。结论对大学生进行人文教育有利于改变其性度取向,改善其心理品质。     

厦门市小学生性别角色与家庭因素的关联

目的 分析厦门市小学生性别特质得分和性别角色类型与家庭因素的关联,为促进儿童青少年性别角色健康发展提供科学依据.方法 采取整群抽样的方法,于2018年5月在厦门市2所九年一贯制学校开展调查,纳入823名小学生作为研究对象,通过儿童性别角色量表(CSRI)调查小学生男女性特质得分和性别角色类型(男性化、女性化、双性化、未...     

大学生自我概念在温暖理解式养育方式及性别角色之间的作用

目的探讨大学生温暖理解式父母养育方式、自我概念及性别角色之间的关系,为开展性别角色模式研究工作提供参考。方法采用自我概念量表、修订的性别角色量表和父母养育方式量表对成都市2所高校1 325名在校大学生进行调查。结果温暖理解式父母养育方式有利于大学生性别角色的塑造,对大学生形成积极的自我概念有正向作用;自我概念在温暖理解式父母养育方式及大学生性别角色之间起中介作用;母亲温暖理解对男性化特质的作用被自我概念完全中介。结论温暖理解式父母养育方式对大学生性别角色的形成和塑造具有重要作用,而自我概念在其中起中介作用。     

大学生主动性人格及其与性别角色的关系

目的 了解大学生主动性人格的发展状况,探讨与性别角色的关系,为大学生的成长提供更好的支持和帮助.方法 随机选取336名苏州大学学生作为被试,采用性别角色量表和主动性人格问卷对其进行测量.结果 大四年级学生主动性人格得分显著高于大一年级和大二年级学生(P＜0.05)；男生的主动性人格得分显著高于女生(P＜0.05)；学生干部的主动性人格得分显著高于非学生干部(P＜0.05)；大学生中双性化比例为29.2％、未分化为36.0％,都显著高于男性化和女性化；性别角色的男性化维度和主动性人格具有高相关(r=0.62),男性化特质更能预测主动性人格特质(R2 =0.39).结论 大学时期是主动性人格发展的重要时期,性别角色中的男性维度可以有效预测主动性人格.     

自我接纳和父母教养方式在初高中学生性别角色与社交焦虑之间的中介调节作用

目的 探究初高中生的性别角色与社交焦虑的关系,以及自我接纳的中介作用和父母教养方式的调节作用。方法 于2018年10月,采用性别角色量表(BSRI)、交往焦虑量表(IAS)、自我接纳问卷(SAQ)和父母教养方式问卷(EMBU)对大庆市9所学校的2 399名初高中生进行调查。结果 双性化、男性化、女性化和未分化分别为874例(36.43%)、378例(15.76%)、343例(14.30%)和804例(33.51%),且性别(男/女)和学历(初/高中)可显著影响性别角色分布(χ²=45.35、9.44,P＜0.01)。四种性别角色在IAS和SAQ得分上差异显著(F=127.15、79.11,P＜0.001),双性化社交焦虑得分最低、自我接纳得分最高,女性化则与之相反。当以双性化为对照时,自我接纳在男性化与社交焦虑之间起完全中介作用,在女性化和未分化与社交焦虑之间起部分中介作用,中介效应量分别为62.36%、56.67%和70.30%。潜在剖面分析将父母教养方式分为积极型、混合型和消极型三类。以消极型为对照时,在不同父母教养方式类型中,自我接纳对社交焦虑的预测作用有显著差异(△R²=0.005,P＜0.001),具体为积极型的效果优于消极型(β=0.33,P＜0.001)。结论 不同性别角色个体的自我接纳水平可预测其交往焦虑水平,但在不同父母教养方式类型中自我接纳对交往焦虑的预测作用有所差异。故今后,若欲通过提高初高中生自我接纳水平以减少其遭受社交焦虑困扰的风险时,父母应更多采用积极的教养方式以利于自我接纳发挥作用。     

Anxiety,Sex-Linked Behaviors,and Digit Ratios (2D:4D)

The second to fourth (2D:4D) digit ratio, a sexually dimorphic, phenotypic characteristic putatively associated with perinatal androgen action, has been used to evaluate the hypothesized relation between prenatal hormonal factors and a variety of sexually dimorphic behaviors, including sex-linked psychopathology. Smaller digit ratios, suggestive of stronger perinatal androgen action, have been associated with male-linked disorders (e.g., autism), and larger digit ratios, suggestive of weaker perinatal androgen action, have been associated with female-linked disorders (e.g., depression and eating disorders). To evaluate the possible relation between digit ratio and another traditionally female-linked disorder, anxiety, 2D:4D ratios were measured in a non-clinical sample (58 men, 52 women). Participants also completed a battery of anxiety and gender role measures and performed two spatial/cognitive tasks typically showing a male advantage (mental rotation and targeting) and two tasks typically showing a female advantage (location memory and spatial working memory). Men with a more feminine pattern of sex-linked traits and behaviors (including digit ratios) reported greater anxiety. In contrast, greater anxiety in women was associated with both female-typical and male-typical traits and behaviors, but and no significant association between digit ratio and anxiety was found. This pattern of results suggests that the development of anxiety is multiply determined, with contributing factors varying by sex.     

Sex role identity and depression in nurses

The relationship between sex role identity and depression in nurses was explored. It was posited that nurses tend to be high in feminine traits and have traditional attitudes and that these traits and attitudes will be correlated with depressive symptoms. The sample consisted of 203 nurses employed at a 350‐bed metropolitan hospital. The research questionnaire included: (a) the Maferr Inventory of Feminine Values, (b) the Bem Sex Role Inventory, (c) the Zung Self‐Rating Depression Scale, and (d) demographic data. It was found that a strong and positive association existed between traditional attitudes toward feminine sex roles and depressive symptoms. However, relationships between feminine traits and depressive symptoms were not found. Data analysis also indicated statistically significant relationships between both androgenous traits, masculine traits, and lack of depressive symptoms. Limitations in scope and sampling procedures were discussed. In addition, the significance to nursing was discussed.     

Comparison of sex-typed motor behavior in male-to-female transsexuals and women

Eight presurgical male-to-female transsexuals emitted significantly more feminine behaviors on a validated sex role motor behavior checklist than eight feminine women. Transsexuals also emitted more masculine behaviors than feminine women, although the total number of masculine behaviors in each group was far less than the total number of feminine behaviors. Indications for the management of transsexuals as well as the functions of sex role motor behavior in our society are discussed.     

Health perception,pain, and disability as correlates of anxiety and depression symptoms in primary care patients

BACKGROUND: Anxiety and depression occur frequently, and recognition of their symptoms can be difficult because of comorbid medical conditions. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relations among symptoms, diagnoses, and severity of illness as indicators of anxiety and depression in primary care. METHODS: This was an observational, cross-sectional study of adult patients in a large, academic family medicine clinic. Patients completed the Duke Health Profile, which measures health-related quality of life and screens for anxiety and depression. Providers recorded patient diagnoses and assessed severity of illness. RESULTS: Patients with higher levels of anxiety and depression symptoms were more likely to have the diagnoses of headache, osteoarthritis, abdominal pain, and diabetes mellitus. These diagnoses, however, were no longer highly associated with anxiety and depression after controlling for age, sex, payer status, perceived health, pain, and disability. The indicators of high anxiety and depression symptom levels that persisted after controlling for all the other variables were female sex, low perceived health, more pain, and greater disability. CONCLUSION: In a primary care setting, female sex, self-reported perceived health, pain, and disability were more predictive of anxiety and depression than any of the most prevalent medical illnesses. Primary care providers need to be knowledgeable about these health measures so they can recognize patients at risk for anxiety and depression regardless of their medical diagnoses.     

铁路重点部门职工抑郁与焦虑影响因素研究

目的了解铁路重点部门职工抑郁、焦虑及其影响因素,为职工心理健康教育提供依据。方法以抑郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)作为测评工具,对石家庄铁路地区职工,采用分层整群抽样方法进行现况调查。结果被调查铁路职工1 637名,抑郁发生率61.39%,焦虑发生率47.46%;铁路客运乘务员、车站职工、机务段的机车乘务员抑郁、焦虑发生率差异均具有统计学意义,机车乘务员抑郁、焦虑发生率最高,客运乘务员最低;抑郁和非抑郁者,焦虑与非焦虑者年龄、性别、学历、婚姻状况等差异均有统计学意义;职工抑郁与其所在部门、年龄、性别和受教育程度相关,焦虑与其所在部门、性别、婚姻状况和受教育程度相关。结论铁路重点部门职工多有抑郁和焦虑情绪发生,其中以机车乘务员最高;抑郁与职工所在部门、年龄、性别和受教育程度相关,焦虑的发生与职工所在部门、性别、婚姻状况和受教育程度相关。     

Adults’ Attitudes About Gender Nonconformity in Childhood

This study examined attitudes about outcomes associated with childhood gender nonconformity. Participants were 518 undergraduate students (337 female; 181 male) at a midwestern university in the U.S. Participants were presented with 1 of 10 vignettes describing a target child (male or female) who varied in gendered traits, interests, and behaviors (strongly masculine, moderately masculine, neutral, moderately feminine or strongly feminine). They completed a 50-item questionnaire including demographics, predicted outcomes for the target (e.g., masculinity and femininity in adulthood, pressure to change, psychological adjustment in childhood and adulthood, and sexual orientation), and the Attitudes toward Women Scale (Spence et al., 1973). Participants thought masculine and feminine targets would be masculine and feminine in adulthood, respectively: thus, stability was expected for both sexes. Feminine targets, boys or girls, were thought to be more likely to display internalizing (e.g., anxiety, depression) behaviors and masculine targets more likely to display externalizing (e.g., aggression, conduct disorders) behaviors in both childhood and adulthood. Gender-nonconforming children were expected to experience more pressure to change their behavior and less likely to be exclusively heterosexual adults, the latter particularly so for strongly feminine boys. There were few significant effects of participant sex and no effects of attitudes about gender on any of these measures. These findings add to the literature by demonstrating that degrees of masculinity and femininity as well as of gender nonconformity are expected to be associated with predictable outcomes in a linear fashion in both sexes, with only a few differences between expectations for boys and girls.     

Variations in men's psychological sex role self-perception as a function of work, social and sexual life roles

Research was conducted to determine whether or not sex role self-perception varied across life situations. Data including demographic information and situational and global sex role was collected from men employed at a large midwestern university. Findings indicate a significant variation in sex role self-perception across work, social and sexual interactions. Regardless of whether the man generally perceives himself as masculine, feminine, or androgynous, his perceptions may change when confronted with culturally stereotypic rules and role demands. The results suggest, first, that caution be exercised in assuming that global sex role perceptions generalize to various role situations and, second, that discrepancies between the global sex role and the situational sex role could result in role strain. The latter could have clear impact upon the dyadic sexual situation.     

Sex role identity and attitudes toward sexuality

This study examined the relationship between sex role identity and attitudes toward sexuality. The following hypotheses were tested and confirmed: males would have more positive attitudes toward sexuality than females, androgynous females would have more positive attitudes toward sexuality than feminine females, and androgynous males would have more positive attitudes toward sexuality than masculine males. The data suggest that androgynous individuals have more positive attitudes toward sexuality than individuals who are traditionally sex typed. Implications for these data are that people who have adopted an alternative sex role identity are better adjusted to or more comfortable with their sexuality.     

Sex role endorsement among homosexual men across the life span

This study assessed the sex role endorsement of homosexual men at different ages across the life span. A sample of homosexual men from dignity chapters in the northeastern, midwestern, southern, southwestern, and western United States was mailed a demographic questionnaire and the Bem Sex Role Inventory. Respondents were classified into four age brackets and categorized as androgynous, masculine, feminine, and undifferentiated. A pattern of diverse sex role endorsement was found from adolescence to maturity in which gay men were equally androgynous, masculine, feminine, and undifferentiated at each age level. This finding contradicted an earlier study of heterosexual men that reported increasing numbers of androgynous males with age. The contrast suggests that the sex role endorsement of gay men may be very different from their heterosexual counterparts. It was further suggested that gay men are capable of meshing masculine and feminine aspects of their personalities early as well as later in life, that gay men do not comprise a homogeneous group, and that the stereotype of cross-gender role endorsement is unfounded.This work was supported in part by funds from the foundation of the University of North Carolina at Charlotte and from the state of North Carolina.