替米沙坦3种制剂的人体生物等效性研究

目的:比较国产替米沙坦片及胶囊与进口替米沙坦片的相对生物利用度。方法:24名健康男性受试者采用3种制剂3周期随机交叉试验设计。反相高效液相色谱法测定单剂量口服80mg国产替米沙坦片、替米沙坦胶囊、进口替米沙坦片后的替米沙坦血药浓度。3P87程序计算药动学参数,AUC,cmax对数转换后进行方差分析并计算90%可信区间。结果:国产替米沙坦片、替米沙坦胶囊、进口替米沙坦片的主要药动学参数分别为:cmax(703±s209),(703±196),(707±202)μg·L-1;tmax(0.88±0.15),(0.91±0.18),(0.85±0.13)h;AUC0～84(17863±7223),(17995±7207),(17950±7616)μg·h·L-1;AUC0～∞(20587±7309),(20732±7129),(20960±7420)μg·h·L-1;MRT(35±5),(35±5),(36±6)h;t1/2:(25±4),(25±4),(26±5)h。结论:国产替米沙坦片、替米沙坦胶囊、进口替米沙坦片具有生物等效性。     

舒马普坦胶囊和片剂人体药物动力学及相对生物利用度研究

目的 研究国产舒马普坦胶囊、片剂在人体内的药物动力学及相对生物利用度。方法 采用随机、开放、3×3拉丁方设计,18名男性健康受试者分别单剂量口服试验制剂或参比制剂100 mg。采用HPLC-MS法测定给药后不同时间的血药浓度,采用双单侧t检验进行生物等效性判断。结果 进口参比制剂中舒马普坦的主要药物动力学参数Cmax为(41.68±18.38)μg·L-1;tmax为(2.08±0.65)h;AUC0→12为(152.14±61.63)μg·h·L-1;t1/2为(2.7±0.8)h。国产舒马普坦胶囊的主要药物动力学参数Cmax为(38.01±17.01)μg·L-1;tmax为(1.83±0.45)h;AUC0→12为(136.68±60.71)μg·h·L-1;t1/2为(2.7±1.0)h。国产舒马普坦片剂的主要药物动力学参数Cmax为(38.78±17.67)μg·L-1;tmax为(1.83±0.45)h;AUC0→12为(136.68±60.71)μg·h·L-1;t1/2为(2.7±1.0)h。国产胶囊剂和国产片剂对进口片剂的相对生物利用度分别为91.0％±14.8％和92.0％±11.6％。结论 经统计学分析,国产舒马普坦片剂和胶囊剂与进口制剂具有生物等效性,制剂间药物动力学参数无显著差异。     

氯雷他定片的人体相对生物利用度

目的研究氯雷他定片在健康人体内的相对生物利用度.方法18名健康男性志愿者按随机交叉试验设计口服单剂量受试制剂和参比制剂40mg,用高效液相色谱-质谱(HPLC-MS)法测定血药浓度,NDSr程序作统计学处理.结果受试制剂和参比制剂在血浆中的cmax分别为(51.05±23.16),(47.55±20.22)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(1.35±0.35),(1.44±0.53)h;T1/2分别为(13.16±5.20),(13.25±4.08)h;AUC0→36h分别为(135.27±62.82),(130.59±55.58)μg·h·L-1.主要药动学参数AUC0→36h,tmax,cmax经方差分析均无显著性差异.以AUC0→36h计算,受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(103.5±24.7)%.结论2种制剂具有生物等效性.     

西布曲明胶囊在中国人体内的生物等效性

目的研究西布曲明(SBT)胶囊在中国人体内的生物利用度.方法采用随机交叉试验设计,20名健康志愿者单剂量口服受试制剂SBT胶囊与参比制剂SBT片各20mg后,在规定时间取血,用HPLC-MS/MS法测定血药浓度,梯形法计算AUC.结果受试制剂和参比制剂的药动学参数分别为AUC0→∞(244.03±113.10),(233.77±91.74)μg·h·L-1;AUC0→72(223.46±105.12),(220.56±87.98)μg·h·L-1;tmax(3.08±1.57),(3.00±1.19)h;cmax(14.80±6.64),(14.98±5.32)μg·L-1;MRT/F(18.14±;.39),(18.49±1.68)h;T1/2(20.49±3.14),(20.23±3.43)h;药动学参数差异无显著意义.相对生物利用度(F)=(100.11±12.06)%.结论西布曲明2种制剂具有生物等效性.     

枸橼酸莫沙必利口服液与片剂人体生物等效性评价

目的建立测定枸橼酸莫沙必利血浆浓度的高效液相色谱(HPLC)法,并对枸橼酸莫沙必利的口服液与片剂进行人体相对生物利用度和生物等效性研究.方法20名健康志愿者分别单剂量口服枸橼酸莫沙必利口服液或片剂10 mg,HPLC测定血药浓度,采用DAS 1.0程序进行药动学分析,并评价两制剂的生物等效性.结果单剂量口服10 mg枸橼酸莫沙必利口服液和片剂的药动学参数,AUC0→t分别为(170.2±40.7)μg·h·L-1和(176.6±69.4)μg·h·L-1,AUC0→∞分别为(182.2±43.7)μg·h·L-1和(193.2±73.3)μg·h·L-1;Cmax分别为(61.3±17.0)μg·L-1和(58.6±22.0)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(0.60±0.21)h和(0.8±0.4)h.分别以AUC→t与AUC0→∞计算其相对生物利用度分别为(105.8±36.0)%和(102.9±35.1)%.结论两种制剂具生物等效性.     

国产与进口司他夫定胶囊的人体生物等效性

目的评价国产与进口司他夫定胶囊的人体生物等效性。方法20名健康受试者随机分组、自身交叉口服单剂量司他夫定试验制剂和参比制剂。血浆样品采用固相萃取处理,HPLC内标法测定。结果试验制剂与参比制剂的AUC0→10分别为(2.36±0.65)、(2.40±0.69)h·mg·L-1;AUC0→∞为(2.41±0.67)、(2.46±0.72)h·mg·L-1;cmax为(1.15±0.36)、(1.10±0.32)mg·L-1;tmax为(0.95±0.13)、(0.94±0.14)h;T1/2为(1.90±0.34)、(1.90±0.26)h。试验制剂相对参比制剂的人体生物利用度是(99.69±14.28)%(n=20,以AUC0→10计)。2种司他夫定胶囊的主要药动学参数经交叉试验方差分析示差异无显著性(P>0.05)。2制剂的AUC0→10、AUC0→∞、cmax经双单侧t检验示90%置信区间位于有效区间80%～125%范围内。结论司他夫定胶囊的国产制剂与进口制剂具有生物等效性。     

氟伐他汀片剂与胶囊在人体内的生物等效性

目的:评价氟伐他汀片剂与胶囊在人体内的生物等效性。方法:24例健康男性受试者随机交叉给药,单剂量口服40 mg受试制剂氟伐他汀片剂和参比制剂氟伐他汀胶囊,用液相色谱-质谱法测定氟伐他汀的体内血药浓度。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂的主要药动学参数t1/2分别为(2．6±s 1．5)和(2．9±0．8)h,cmax分别为(390±116)和(397±134)μg·L-1,tmax分别为(1．1±0．4)和(1．0±0．4)h, AUC0-12分别为(639±175)和(658±147)μg·h·L-1,AUC0-∞分别为(652±177)和(680±150)μg·h·L-1。经方差分析和双单侧t检验显示,主要药动学参数无显著差异;受试制剂的相对生物利用度为97．1％。结论:2种氟伐他汀制剂具有生物等效性。     

黄芩苷胶囊的人体生物等效性研究

目的:建立人血浆中黄芩苷浓度的高效液相-紫外(HPLC-UV)测定方法,测定志愿者口服黄芩苷胶囊后的血药浓度,估算其药动学参数并对供试制剂与参比制剂的生物等效性进行评价。方法:18名健康志愿者随机单剂量交叉口服黄芩苷试验胶囊和参比片750mg,血浆样品采用固相萃取法处理后,进行HPLC-UV测定。结果:受试及参比制剂中药物主要药动学参数如下:cmax分别为(91±s33)μg·L-1和(86±29)μg·L-1,tmax分别为(7.4±1.3)h和(7.4±1.0)h,AUC0~24分别为(586±233)μg·h·L-1和(579±173)μg·h·L-1,AUC0~∞分别为(616±249)μg·h·L-1和(613±180)μg·h·L-1。黄芩苷试验胶囊的相对生物利用度为(101±18)%。结论:本方法操作简单,专属性强,灵敏度高,准确性好。试验胶囊与参比片生物等效。     

罗红霉素胶囊的人体生物等效性

目的:评价2种罗红霉素胶囊的生物等效性。方法:20名健康受试者单剂量随机交叉口服2种罗红霉素胶囊150 mg,采用HPLC-MS法测定血药浓度。结果:2种罗红霉素制剂的T1／2分别为(13.18±2.01),(13.31±2.45)h,tmax分别为(1.8±1.2),(2.2±1.1)h;cmax分别为(6.14±1.76),(6.47±2.42)nag·L-1,AUC0→72h分别为(71.81±28.40),(73.12±31.77)mg·h·L-1,受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(100.6±11.4)％。结论:2种制剂具有生物等效性。     

雷贝拉唑胶囊和片剂的药动学和生物利用度

目的:研究雷贝拉唑胶囊和片剂的药动学与相对生物利用度,评价其生物等效性。方法:18名男性健康志愿者随机分2组,按双周期交叉口服雷贝拉唑的2种制剂,剂量40mg,用高效液相色谱法测定给药后不同时间点血浆中雷贝拉唑的浓度,计算2种制剂药动学参数和相对生物利用度,并评价其生物等效性。结果:口服雷贝拉唑片和雷贝拉唑胶囊的药动学参数:cmax分别为(1050±s470)和(1149±750)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(3.3±1.1)和(3.2±0.8)h;t12ke分别为(1.7±0.9)和(1.6±0.7)h;AUC0～t分别为(4211±3225)和(4373±3578)μg·h·L-1;AUC0～∞分别为(4340±3568)和(4478±3732)μg·h·L-1。2制剂间无显著差异(P>0.05)。雷贝拉唑胶囊相对生物利用度F0～t为(103±29)%。结论:方差分析及双单侧t检验表明,雷贝拉唑胶囊和片剂具有生物等效性。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.